docs: Update server.go (#1010)

Typo in the docs

.github/FUNDING.yml

@@ -1,12 +1,4 @@
 # These are supported funding model platforms
 
-github: [hibiken] # Replace with up to 4 GitHub Sponsors-enabled usernames e.g., [user1, user2]
-patreon: # Replace with a single Patreon username
-open_collective: # Replace with a single Open Collective username
-ko_fi: # Replace with a single Ko-fi username
-tidelift: # Replace with a single Tidelift platform-name/package-name e.g., npm/babel
-community_bridge: # Replace with a single Community Bridge project-name e.g., cloud-foundry
-liberapay: # Replace with a single Liberapay username
-issuehunt: # Replace with a single IssueHunt username
-otechie: # Replace with a single Otechie username
-custom: # Replace with up to 4 custom sponsorship URLs e.g., ['link1', 'link2']
+github: [hibiken]
+open_collective: ken-hibino

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.md

@@ -3,13 +3,20 @@ name: Bug report
 about: Create a report to help us improve
 title: "[BUG] Description of the bug"
 labels: bug
-assignees: hibiken
-
+assignees:
+  - hibiken
+  - kamikazechaser
+  
 ---
 
 **Describe the bug**
 A clear and concise description of what the bug is.
 
+**Environment (please complete the following information):**
+ - OS: [e.g. MacOS, Linux]
+ - `asynq` package version [e.g. v0.25.0]
+ - Redis/Valkey version 
+
 **To Reproduce**
 Steps to reproduce the behavior (Code snippets if applicable):
 1. Setup background processing ...
@@ -22,9 +29,5 @@ A clear and concise description of what you expected to happen.
 **Screenshots**
 If applicable, add screenshots to help explain your problem.
 
-**Environment (please complete the following information):**
- - OS: [e.g. MacOS, Linux]
- - Version of `asynq` package [e.g. v1.0.0]
-
 **Additional context**
 Add any other context about the problem here.

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.md

@@ -3,7 +3,9 @@ name: Feature request
 about: Suggest an idea for this project
 title: "[FEATURE REQUEST] Description of the feature request"
 labels: enhancement
-assignees: hibiken
+assignees:
+  - hibiken
+  - kamikazechaser
 
 ---
 

.github/dependabot.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+version: 2
+updates:
+  - package-ecosystem: "gomod"
+    directory: "/"
+    schedule:
+      interval: "weekly"
+    labels:
+      - "pr-deps"
+  - package-ecosystem: "gomod"
+    directory: "/tools"
+    schedule:
+      interval: "weekly"
+    labels:
+      - "pr-deps"
+  - package-ecosystem: "gomod"
+    directory: "/x"
+    schedule:
+      interval: "weekly"
+    labels:
+      - "pr-deps"
+  - package-ecosystem: "github-actions"
+    directory: "/"
+    schedule:
+      interval: "weekly"

.github/workflows/benchstat.yml

@@ -11,20 +11,20 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     services:
       redis:
-        image: redis
+        image: redis:7
         ports:
           - 6379:6379
     steps:
       - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v2
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
       - name: Set up Go
-        uses: actions/setup-go@v2
+        uses: actions/setup-go@v5
         with:
-          go-version: 1.16.x
+          go-version: 1.23.x
       - name: Benchmark
         run: go test -run=^$ -bench=. -count=5 -timeout=60m ./... | tee -a new.txt
       - name: Upload Benchmark
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v2
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
         with:
           name: bench-incoming
           path: new.txt
@@ -33,22 +33,22 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     services:
       redis:
-        image: redis
+        image: redis:7
         ports:
           - 6379:6379
     steps:
       - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v2
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
         with:
           ref: master
       - name: Set up Go
-        uses: actions/setup-go@v2
+        uses: actions/setup-go@v5
         with:
-          go-version: 1.15.x
+          go-version: 1.23.x
       - name: Benchmark
         run: go test -run=^$ -bench=. -count=5 -timeout=60m ./... | tee -a old.txt
       - name: Upload Benchmark
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v2
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
         with:
           name: bench-current
           path: old.txt
@@ -58,25 +58,25 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
       - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v2
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
       - name: Set up Go
-        uses: actions/setup-go@v2
+        uses: actions/setup-go@v5
         with:
-          go-version: 1.15.x
+          go-version: 1.23.x
       - name: Install benchstat
         run: go get -u golang.org/x/perf/cmd/benchstat
       - name: Download Incoming
-        uses: actions/download-artifact@v2
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
         with:
           name: bench-incoming
       - name: Download Current
-        uses: actions/download-artifact@v2
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
         with:
           name: bench-current
       - name: Benchstat Results
         run: benchstat old.txt new.txt | tee -a benchstat.txt
       - name: Upload benchstat results
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v2
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
         with:
           name: benchstat
           path: benchstat.txt

.github/workflows/build.yml

@@ -7,20 +7,21 @@ jobs:
     strategy:
       matrix:
         os: [ubuntu-latest]
-        go-version: [1.14.x, 1.15.x, 1.16.x, 1.17.x, 1.18.x]
+        go-version: [1.22.x, 1.23.x]
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
     services:
       redis:
-        image: redis
+        image: redis:7
         ports:
           - 6379:6379
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
 
       - name: Set up Go
-        uses: actions/setup-go@v2
+        uses: actions/setup-go@v5
         with:
           go-version: ${{ matrix.go-version }}
+          cache: false
 
       - name: Build core module
         run: go build -v ./...
@@ -28,9 +29,6 @@ jobs:
       - name: Build x module
         run: cd x && go build -v ./... && cd ..
 
-      - name: Build tools module
-        run: cd tools && go build -v ./... && cd ..
-
       - name: Test core module
         run: go test -race -v -coverprofile=coverage.txt -covermode=atomic ./...
 
@@ -41,4 +39,45 @@ jobs:
         run: go test -run=^$ -bench=. -loglevel=debug ./...
 
       - name: Upload coverage to Codecov
-        uses: codecov/codecov-action@v1
+        uses: codecov/codecov-action@v5
+
+  build-tool:
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        os: [ubuntu-latest]
+        go-version: [1.22.x, 1.23.x]
+    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
+    services:
+      redis:
+        image: redis:7
+        ports:
+          - 6379:6379
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+
+      - name: Set up Go
+        uses: actions/setup-go@v5
+        with:
+          go-version: ${{ matrix.go-version }}
+          cache: false
+
+      - name: Build tools module
+        run: cd tools && go build -v ./... && cd ..
+
+      - name: Test tools module
+        run: cd tools && go test -race -v ./... && cd ..
+
+  golangci:
+    name: lint
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+
+      - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
+        with:
+          go-version: stable
+
+      - name: golangci-lint
+        uses: golangci/golangci-lint-action@v6
+        with:
+          version: v1.61

CHANGELOG.md

@@ -7,7 +7,68 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0
 
 ## [Unreleased]
 
-## [0.23.0] - 2022-03-11
+## [0.25.1] - 2024-12-11
+
+### Upgrades
+
+* Some packages
+
+### Added
+
+* Add `HeartbeatInterval` option to the scheduler (PR: https://github.com/hibiken/asynq/pull/956)
+* Add `RedisUniversalClient` support to periodic task manager (PR: https://github.com/hibiken/asynq/pull/958)
+* Add `--insecure` flag to CLI dash command (PR: https://github.com/hibiken/asynq/pull/980)
+* Add logging for registration errors (PR: https://github.com/hibiken/asynq/pull/657)
+
+### Fixes
+- Perf: Use string concat inplace of fmt.Sprintf in hotpath (PR: https://github.com/hibiken/asynq/pull/962)
+- Perf: Init map with size (PR: https://github.com/hibiken/asynq/pull/673)
+- Fix: `Scheduler` and `PeriodicTaskManager` graceful shutdown (PR: https://github.com/hibiken/asynq/pull/977)
+- Fix: `Server` graceful shutdown on UNIX systems (PR: https://github.com/hibiken/asynq/pull/982)
+
+## [0.25.0] - 2024-10-29
+
+### Upgrades
+- Minumum go version is set to 1.22 (PR: https://github.com/hibiken/asynq/pull/925)
+- Internal protobuf package is upgraded to address security advisories (PR: https://github.com/hibiken/asynq/pull/925)
+- Most packages are upgraded
+- CI/CD spec upgraded
+
+### Added
+- `IsPanicError` function is introduced to support catching of panic errors when processing tasks (PR: https://github.com/hibiken/asynq/pull/491)
+- `JanitorInterval` and `JanitorBatchSize` are added as Server options (PR: https://github.com/hibiken/asynq/pull/715)
+- `NewClientFromRedisClient` is introduced to allow reusing an existing redis client (PR: https://github.com/hibiken/asynq/pull/742)
+- `TaskCheckInterval` config option is added to specify the interval between checks for new tasks to process when all queues are empty (PR: https://github.com/hibiken/asynq/pull/694)
+- `Ping` method is added to Client, Server and Scheduler ((PR: https://github.com/hibiken/asynq/pull/585))
+- `RevokeTask` error type is introduced to prevent a task from being retried or archived (PR: https://github.com/hibiken/asynq/pull/882)
+- `SentinelUsername` is added as a redis config option (PR: https://github.com/hibiken/asynq/pull/924)
+- Some jitter is introduced to improve latency when fetching jobs in the processor (PR: https://github.com/hibiken/asynq/pull/868)
+- Add task enqueue command to the CLI (PR: https://github.com/hibiken/asynq/pull/918)
+- Add a map cache (concurrent safe) to keep track of queues that ultimately reduces redis load when enqueuing tasks (PR: https://github.com/hibiken/asynq/pull/946)
+
+### Fixes
+- Archived tasks that are trimmed should now be deleted (PR: https://github.com/hibiken/asynq/pull/743)
+- Fix lua script when listing task messages with an expired lease (PR: https://github.com/hibiken/asynq/pull/709)
+- Fix potential context leaks due to cancellation not being called (PR: https://github.com/hibiken/asynq/pull/926)
+- Misc documentation fixes
+- Misc test fixes
+
+
+## [0.24.1] - 2023-05-01
+
+### Changed
+- Updated package version dependency for go-redis 
+
+## [0.24.0] - 2023-01-02
+
+### Added
+- `PreEnqueueFunc`, `PostEnqueueFunc` is added in `Scheduler` and deprecated `EnqueueErrorHandler` (PR: https://github.com/hibiken/asynq/pull/476)
+
+### Changed
+- Removed error log when `Scheduler` failed to enqueue a task. Use `PostEnqueueFunc` to check for errors and task actions if needed.
+- Changed log level from ERROR to WARNINING when `Scheduler` failed to record `SchedulerEnqueueEvent`.
+
+## [0.23.0] - 2022-04-11
 
 ### Added
 

CONTRIBUTING.md

@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ Thank you! We'll try to respond as quickly as possible.
 ## Contributing Code
 
 1. Fork this repo
-2. Download your fork `git clone https://github.com/your-username/asynq && cd asynq`
+2. Download your fork `git clone git@github.com:your-username/asynq.git && cd asynq`
 3. Create your branch `git checkout -b your-branch-name`
 4. Make and commit your changes
 5. Push the branch `git push origin your-branch-name`

Makefile

@@ -4,4 +4,8 @@ proto: internal/proto/asynq.proto
 	protoc -I=$(ROOT_DIR)/internal/proto \
 				 --go_out=$(ROOT_DIR)/internal/proto \
 				 --go_opt=module=github.com/hibiken/asynq/internal/proto \
-				 $(ROOT_DIR)/internal/proto/asynq.proto
+				 $(ROOT_DIR)/internal/proto/asynq.proto
+
+.PHONY: lint
+lint:
+	golangci-lint run

README.md

@@ -33,10 +33,10 @@ Task queues are used as a mechanism to distribute work across multiple machines.
 - Low latency to add a task since writes are fast in Redis
 - De-duplication of tasks using [unique option](https://github.com/hibiken/asynq/wiki/Unique-Tasks)
 - Allow [timeout and deadline per task](https://github.com/hibiken/asynq/wiki/Task-Timeout-and-Cancelation)
+- Allow [aggregating group of tasks](https://github.com/hibiken/asynq/wiki/Task-aggregation) to batch multiple successive operations
 - [Flexible handler interface with support for middlewares](https://github.com/hibiken/asynq/wiki/Handler-Deep-Dive)
 - [Ability to pause queue](/tools/asynq/README.md#pause) to stop processing tasks from the queue
 - [Periodic Tasks](https://github.com/hibiken/asynq/wiki/Periodic-Tasks)
-- [Support Redis Cluster](https://github.com/hibiken/asynq/wiki/Redis-Cluster) for automatic sharding and high availability
 - [Support Redis Sentinels](https://github.com/hibiken/asynq/wiki/Automatic-Failover) for high availability
 - Integration with [Prometheus](https://prometheus.io/) to collect and visualize queue metrics
 - [Web UI](#web-ui) to inspect and remote-control queues and tasks
@@ -44,13 +44,19 @@ Task queues are used as a mechanism to distribute work across multiple machines.
 
 ## Stability and Compatibility
 
-**Status**: The library is currently undergoing **heavy development** with frequent, breaking API changes.
+**Status**: The library relatively stable and is currently undergoing **moderate development** with less frequent breaking API changes.
 
-> ☝️ **Important Note**: Current major version is zero (`v0.x.x`) to accomodate rapid development and fast iteration while getting early feedback from users (_feedback on APIs are appreciated!_). The public API could change without a major version update before `v1.0.0` release.
+> ☝️ **Important Note**: Current major version is zero (`v0.x.x`) to accommodate rapid development and fast iteration while getting early feedback from users (_feedback on APIs are appreciated!_). The public API could change without a major version update before `v1.0.0` release.
+
+### Redis Cluster Compatibility
+
+Some of the lua scripts in this library may not be compatible with Redis Cluster.
+
+## Sponsoring
+If you are using this package in production, **please consider sponsoring the project to show your support!**
 
 ## Quickstart
-
-Make sure you have Go installed ([download](https://golang.org/dl/)). Version `1.14` or higher is required.
+Make sure you have Go installed ([download](https://golang.org/dl/)). The **last two** Go versions are supported (See https://go.dev/dl).
 
 Initialize your project by creating a folder and then running `go mod init github.com/your/repo` ([learn more](https://blog.golang.org/using-go-modules)) inside the folder. Then install Asynq library with the [`go get`](https://golang.org/cmd/go/#hdr-Add_dependencies_to_current_module_and_install_them) command:
 
@@ -291,12 +297,12 @@ Asynq ships with a command line tool to inspect the state of queues and tasks.
 To install the CLI tool, run the following command:
 
 ```sh
-go get -u github.com/hibiken/asynq/tools/asynq
+go install github.com/hibiken/asynq/tools/asynq@latest
 ```
 
-Here's an example of running the `asynq stats` command:
+Here's an example of running the `asynq dash` command:
 
-![Gif](/docs/assets/demo.gif)
+![Gif](/docs/assets/dash.gif)
 
 For details on how to use the tool, refer to the tool's [README](/tools/asynq/README.md).
 

asynq.go

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 	"time"
 
-	"github.com/go-redis/redis/v8"
+	"github.com/redis/go-redis/v9"
 	"github.com/hibiken/asynq/internal/base"
 )
 
@@ -201,7 +201,7 @@ const (
 	// Indicates that the task is processed successfully and retained until the retention TTL expires.
 	TaskStateCompleted
 
-	// Indicates that the task is waiting in a group to be aggreated into one task.
+	// Indicates that the task is waiting in a group to be aggregated into one task.
 	TaskStateAggregating
 )
 
@@ -316,6 +316,9 @@ type RedisFailoverClientOpt struct {
 	// https://redis.io/topics/sentinel.
 	SentinelAddrs []string
 
+	// Redis sentinel username.
+	SentinelUsername string
+
 	// Redis sentinel password.
 	SentinelPassword string
 
@@ -364,6 +367,7 @@ func (opt RedisFailoverClientOpt) MakeRedisClient() interface{} {
 	return redis.NewFailoverClient(&redis.FailoverOptions{
 		MasterName:       opt.MasterName,
 		SentinelAddrs:    opt.SentinelAddrs,
+		SentinelUsername: opt.SentinelUsername,
 		SentinelPassword: opt.SentinelPassword,
 		Username:         opt.Username,
 		Password:         opt.Password,
@@ -519,7 +523,7 @@ func parseRedisSentinelURI(u *url.URL) (RedisConnOpt, error) {
 	if v, ok := u.User.Password(); ok {
 		password = v
 	}
-	return RedisFailoverClientOpt{MasterName: master, SentinelAddrs: addrs, Password: password}, nil
+	return RedisFailoverClientOpt{MasterName: master, SentinelAddrs: addrs, SentinelPassword: password}, nil
 }
 
 // ResultWriter is a client interface to write result data for a task.

asynq_test.go

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
 
-	"github.com/go-redis/redis/v8"
+	"github.com/redis/go-redis/v9"
 	"github.com/google/go-cmp/cmp"
 	"github.com/google/go-cmp/cmp/cmpopts"
 	"github.com/hibiken/asynq/internal/log"
@@ -143,9 +143,9 @@ func TestParseRedisURI(t *testing.T) {
 		{
 			"redis-sentinel://:mypassword@localhost:5000,localhost:5001,localhost:5002?master=mymaster",
 			RedisFailoverClientOpt{
-				MasterName:    "mymaster",
-				SentinelAddrs: []string{"localhost:5000", "localhost:5001", "localhost:5002"},
-				Password:      "mypassword",
+				MasterName:       "mymaster",
+				SentinelAddrs:    []string{"localhost:5000", "localhost:5001", "localhost:5002"},
+				SentinelPassword: "mypassword",
 			},
 		},
 	}

benchmark_test.go

@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ func BenchmarkEndToEndSimple(b *testing.B) {
 		}
 		b.StartTimer() // end setup
 
-		srv.Start(HandlerFunc(handler))
+		_ = srv.Start(HandlerFunc(handler))
 		wg.Wait()
 
 		b.StopTimer() // begin teardown
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ func BenchmarkEndToEnd(b *testing.B) {
 		}
 		b.StartTimer() // end setup
 
-		srv.Start(HandlerFunc(handler))
+		_ = srv.Start(HandlerFunc(handler))
 		wg.Wait()
 
 		b.StopTimer() // begin teardown
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ func BenchmarkEndToEndMultipleQueues(b *testing.B) {
 		}
 		b.StartTimer() // end setup
 
-		srv.Start(HandlerFunc(handler))
+		_ = srv.Start(HandlerFunc(handler))
 		wg.Wait()
 
 		b.StopTimer() // begin teardown
@@ -215,7 +215,7 @@ func BenchmarkClientWhileServerRunning(b *testing.B) {
 		handler := func(ctx context.Context, t *Task) error {
 			return nil
 		}
-		srv.Start(HandlerFunc(handler))
+		_ = srv.Start(HandlerFunc(handler))
 
 		b.StartTimer() // end setup
 

client.go

@@ -10,11 +10,11 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 	"time"
 
-	"github.com/go-redis/redis/v8"
 	"github.com/google/uuid"
 	"github.com/hibiken/asynq/internal/base"
 	"github.com/hibiken/asynq/internal/errors"
 	"github.com/hibiken/asynq/internal/rdb"
+	"github.com/redis/go-redis/v9"
 )
 
 // A Client is responsible for scheduling tasks.
@@ -25,15 +25,26 @@ import (
 // Clients are safe for concurrent use by multiple goroutines.
 type Client struct {
 	broker base.Broker
+	// When a Client has been created with an existing Redis connection, we do
+	// not want to close it.
+	sharedConnection bool
 }
 
 // NewClient returns a new Client instance given a redis connection option.
 func NewClient(r RedisConnOpt) *Client {
-	c, ok := r.MakeRedisClient().(redis.UniversalClient)
+	redisClient, ok := r.MakeRedisClient().(redis.UniversalClient)
 	if !ok {
 		panic(fmt.Sprintf("asynq: unsupported RedisConnOpt type %T", r))
 	}
-	return &Client{broker: rdb.NewRDB(c)}
+	client := NewClientFromRedisClient(redisClient)
+	client.sharedConnection = false
+	return client
+}
+
+// NewClientFromRedisClient returns a new instance of Client given a redis.UniversalClient
+// Warning: The underlying redis connection pool will not be closed by Asynq, you are responsible for closing it.
+func NewClientFromRedisClient(c redis.UniversalClient) *Client {
+	return &Client{broker: rdb.NewRDB(c), sharedConnection: true}
 }
 
 type OptionType int
@@ -150,9 +161,9 @@ func (t deadlineOption) Value() interface{} { return time.Time(t) }
 // TTL duration must be greater than or equal to 1 second.
 //
 // Uniqueness of a task is based on the following properties:
-//     - Task Type
-//     - Task Payload
-//     - Queue Name
+//   - Task Type
+//   - Task Payload
+//   - Queue Name
 func Unique(ttl time.Duration) Option {
 	return uniqueOption(ttl)
 }
@@ -237,7 +248,7 @@ func composeOptions(opts ...Option) (option, error) {
 		retry:     defaultMaxRetry,
 		queue:     base.DefaultQueueName,
 		taskID:    uuid.NewString(),
-		timeout:   0, // do not set to deafultTimeout here
+		timeout:   0, // do not set to defaultTimeout here
 		deadline:  time.Time{},
 		processAt: time.Now(),
 	}
@@ -307,6 +318,9 @@ var (
 
 // Close closes the connection with redis.
 func (c *Client) Close() error {
+	if c.sharedConnection {
+		return fmt.Errorf("redis connection is shared so the Client can't be closed through asynq")
+	}
 	return c.broker.Close()
 }
 
@@ -317,7 +331,7 @@ func (c *Client) Close() error {
 // The argument opts specifies the behavior of task processing.
 // If there are conflicting Option values the last one overrides others.
 // Any options provided to NewTask can be overridden by options passed to Enqueue.
-// By deafult, max retry is set to 25 and timeout is set to 30 minutes.
+// By default, max retry is set to 25 and timeout is set to 30 minutes.
 //
 // If no ProcessAt or ProcessIn options are provided, the task will be pending immediately.
 //
@@ -333,7 +347,7 @@ func (c *Client) Enqueue(task *Task, opts ...Option) (*TaskInfo, error) {
 // The argument opts specifies the behavior of task processing.
 // If there are conflicting Option values the last one overrides others.
 // Any options provided to NewTask can be overridden by options passed to Enqueue.
-// By deafult, max retry is set to 25 and timeout is set to 30 minutes.
+// By default, max retry is set to 25 and timeout is set to 30 minutes.
 //
 // If no ProcessAt or ProcessIn options are provided, the task will be pending immediately.
 //
@@ -405,6 +419,11 @@ func (c *Client) EnqueueContext(ctx context.Context, task *Task, opts ...Option)
 	return newTaskInfo(msg, state, opt.processAt, nil), nil
 }
 
+// Ping performs a ping against the redis connection.
+func (c *Client) Ping() error {
+	return c.broker.Ping()
+}
+
 func (c *Client) enqueue(ctx context.Context, msg *base.TaskMessage, uniqueTTL time.Duration) error {
 	if uniqueTTL > 0 {
 		return c.broker.EnqueueUnique(ctx, msg, uniqueTTL)
@@ -414,7 +433,7 @@ func (c *Client) enqueue(ctx context.Context, msg *base.TaskMessage, uniqueTTL t
 
 func (c *Client) schedule(ctx context.Context, msg *base.TaskMessage, t time.Time, uniqueTTL time.Duration) error {
 	if uniqueTTL > 0 {
-		ttl := t.Add(uniqueTTL).Sub(time.Now())
+		ttl := time.Until(t.Add(uniqueTTL))
 		return c.broker.ScheduleUnique(ctx, msg, t, ttl)
 	}
 	return c.broker.Schedule(ctx, msg, t)

client_test.go

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/google/go-cmp/cmp/cmpopts"
 	"github.com/hibiken/asynq/internal/base"
 	h "github.com/hibiken/asynq/internal/testutil"
+	"github.com/redis/go-redis/v9"
 )
 
 func TestClientEnqueueWithProcessAtOption(t *testing.T) {
@@ -143,11 +144,7 @@ func TestClientEnqueueWithProcessAtOption(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
-func TestClientEnqueue(t *testing.T) {
-	r := setup(t)
-	client := NewClient(getRedisConnOpt(t))
-	defer client.Close()
-
+func testClientEnqueue(t *testing.T, client *Client, r redis.UniversalClient) {
 	task := NewTask("send_email", h.JSON(map[string]interface{}{"to": "customer@gmail.com", "from": "merchant@example.com"}))
 	now := time.Now()
 
@@ -478,6 +475,24 @@ func TestClientEnqueue(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestClientEnqueue(t *testing.T) {
+	r := setup(t)
+	client := NewClient(getRedisConnOpt(t))
+	defer client.Close()
+	testClientEnqueue(t, client, r)
+}
+
+func TestClientFromRedisClientEnqueue(t *testing.T) {
+	r := setup(t)
+	redisClient := getRedisConnOpt(t).MakeRedisClient().(redis.UniversalClient)
+	client := NewClientFromRedisClient(redisClient)
+	testClientEnqueue(t, client, r)
+	err := client.Close()
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Error("client.Close() should have failed because of a shared client but it didn't")
+	}
+}
+
 func TestClientEnqueueWithGroupOption(t *testing.T) {
 	r := setup(t)
 	client := NewClient(getRedisConnOpt(t))
@@ -541,11 +556,11 @@ func TestClientEnqueueWithGroupOption(t *testing.T) {
 			},
 		},
 		{
-			desc: "With Group and ProcessIn options",
+			desc: "With Group and ProcessAt options",
 			task: task,
 			opts: []Option{
 				Group("mygroup"),
-				ProcessIn(30 * time.Minute),
+				ProcessAt(now.Add(30 * time.Minute)),
 			},
 			wantInfo: &TaskInfo{
 				Queue:         "default",
@@ -1158,7 +1173,7 @@ func TestClientEnqueueUniqueWithProcessAtOption(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 
 		gotTTL := r.TTL(context.Background(), base.UniqueKey(base.DefaultQueueName, tc.task.Type(), tc.task.Payload())).Val()
-		wantTTL := tc.at.Add(tc.ttl).Sub(time.Now())
+		wantTTL := time.Until(tc.at.Add(tc.ttl))
 		if !cmp.Equal(wantTTL.Seconds(), gotTTL.Seconds(), cmpopts.EquateApprox(0, 1)) {
 			t.Errorf("TTL = %v, want %v", gotTTL, wantTTL)
 			continue

context.go

@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ func GetRetryCount(ctx context.Context) (n int, ok bool) {
 
 // GetMaxRetry extracts maximum retry from a context, if any.
 //
-// Return value n indicates the maximum number of times the assoicated task
+// Return value n indicates the maximum number of times the associated task
 // can be retried if ProcessTask returns a non-nil error.
 func GetMaxRetry(ctx context.Context) (n int, ok bool) {
 	return asynqcontext.GetMaxRetry(ctx)

go.mod

@@ -1,19 +1,20 @@
 module github.com/hibiken/asynq
 
-go 1.14
+go 1.22
 
 require (
-	github.com/go-redis/redis/v8 v8.11.2
-	github.com/golang/protobuf v1.4.2
-	github.com/google/go-cmp v0.5.6
-	github.com/google/uuid v1.2.0
-	github.com/kr/pretty v0.1.0 // indirect
+	github.com/google/go-cmp v0.6.0
+	github.com/google/uuid v1.6.0
+	github.com/redis/go-redis/v9 v9.7.0
 	github.com/robfig/cron/v3 v3.0.1
-	github.com/spf13/cast v1.3.1
-	github.com/stretchr/testify v1.6.1 // indirect
-	go.uber.org/goleak v0.10.0
-	golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20210112080510-489259a85091
-	golang.org/x/time v0.0.0-20190308202827-9d24e82272b4
-	google.golang.org/protobuf v1.25.0
-	gopkg.in/check.v1 v1.0.0-20190902080502-41f04d3bba15 // indirect
+	github.com/spf13/cast v1.7.0
+	go.uber.org/goleak v1.3.0
+	golang.org/x/sys v0.27.0
+	golang.org/x/time v0.8.0
+	google.golang.org/protobuf v1.35.2
+)
+
+require (
+	github.com/cespare/xxhash/v2 v2.2.0 // indirect
+	github.com/dgryski/go-rendezvous v0.0.0-20200823014737-9f7001d12a5f // indirect
 )

go.sum

@@ -1,177 +1,42 @@
-cloud.google.com/go v0.26.0 h1:e0WKqKTd5BnrG8aKH3J3h+QvEIQtSUcf2n5UZ5ZgLtQ=
-cloud.google.com/go v0.26.0/go.mod h1:aQUYkXzVsufM+DwF1aE+0xfcU+56JwCaLick0ClmMTw=
-github.com/BurntSushi/toml v0.3.1 h1:WXkYYl6Yr3qBf1K79EBnL4mak0OimBfB0XUf9Vl28OQ=
-github.com/BurntSushi/toml v0.3.1/go.mod h1:xHWCNGjB5oqiDr8zfno3MHue2Ht5sIBksp03qcyfWMU=
-github.com/census-instrumentation/opencensus-proto v0.2.1 h1:glEXhBS5PSLLv4IXzLA5yPRVX4bilULVyxxbrfOtDAk=
-github.com/census-instrumentation/opencensus-proto v0.2.1/go.mod h1:f6KPmirojxKA12rnyqOA5BBL4O983OfeGPqjHWSTneU=
-github.com/cespare/xxhash/v2 v2.1.1 h1:6MnRN8NT7+YBpUIWxHtefFZOKTAPgGjpQSxqLNn0+qY=
-github.com/cespare/xxhash/v2 v2.1.1/go.mod h1:VGX0DQ3Q6kWi7AoAeZDth3/j3BFtOZR5XLFGgcrjCOs=
-github.com/client9/misspell v0.3.4 h1:ta993UF76GwbvJcIo3Y68y/M3WxlpEHPWIGDkJYwzJI=
-github.com/client9/misspell v0.3.4/go.mod h1:qj6jICC3Q7zFZvVWo7KLAzC3yx5G7kyvSDkc90ppPyw=
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 github.com/dgryski/go-rendezvous v0.0.0-20200823014737-9f7001d12a5f/go.mod h1:cuUVRXasLTGF7a8hSLbxyZXjz+1KgoB3wDUb6vlszIc=
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-golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20190121172915-509febef88a4/go.mod h1:CJ0aWSM057203Lf6IL+f9T1iT9GByDxfZKAQTCR3kQA=
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heartbeat.go

@@ -120,7 +120,9 @@ func (h *heartbeater) start(wg *sync.WaitGroup) {
 		for {
 			select {
 			case <-h.done:
-				h.broker.ClearServerState(h.host, h.pid, h.serverID)
+				if err := h.broker.ClearServerState(h.host, h.pid, h.serverID); err != nil {
+					h.logger.Errorf("Failed to clear server state: %v", err)
+				}
 				h.logger.Debug("Heartbeater done")
 				timer.Stop()
 				return

heartbeat_test.go

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ import (
 // Test goes through a few phases.
 //
 // Phase1: Simulate Server startup; Simulate starting tasks listed in startedWorkers
-// Phase2: Simluate finishing tasks listed in finishedTasks
+// Phase2: Simulate finishing tasks listed in finishedTasks
 // Phase3: Simulate Server shutdown;
 func TestHeartbeater(t *testing.T) {
 	r := setup(t)
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ func TestHeartbeater(t *testing.T) {
 	t5 := h.NewTaskMessageWithQueue("task5", nil, "custom")
 	t6 := h.NewTaskMessageWithQueue("task6", nil, "default")
 
-	// Note: intentionally set to time less than now.Add(rdb.LeaseDuration) to test lease extention is working.
+	// Note: intentionally set to time less than now.Add(rdb.LeaseDuration) to test lease extension is working.
 	lease1 := h.NewLeaseWithClock(now.Add(10*time.Second), clock)
 	lease2 := h.NewLeaseWithClock(now.Add(10*time.Second), clock)
 	lease3 := h.NewLeaseWithClock(now.Add(10*time.Second), clock)

inspector.go

@@ -10,16 +10,19 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 	"time"
 
-	"github.com/go-redis/redis/v8"
 	"github.com/hibiken/asynq/internal/base"
 	"github.com/hibiken/asynq/internal/errors"
 	"github.com/hibiken/asynq/internal/rdb"
+	"github.com/redis/go-redis/v9"
 )
 
 // Inspector is a client interface to inspect and mutate the state of
 // queues and tasks.
 type Inspector struct {
 	rdb *rdb.RDB
+	// When an Inspector has been created with an existing Redis connection, we do
+	// not want to close it.
+	sharedConnection bool
 }
 
 // New returns a new instance of Inspector.
@@ -28,13 +31,25 @@ func NewInspector(r RedisConnOpt) *Inspector {
 	if !ok {
 		panic(fmt.Sprintf("inspeq: unsupported RedisConnOpt type %T", r))
 	}
+	inspector := NewInspectorFromRedisClient(c)
+	inspector.sharedConnection = false
+	return inspector
+}
+
+// NewInspectorFromRedisClient returns a new instance of Inspector given a redis.UniversalClient
+// Warning: The underlying redis connection pool will not be closed by Asynq, you are responsible for closing it.
+func NewInspectorFromRedisClient(c redis.UniversalClient) *Inspector {
 	return &Inspector{
-		rdb: rdb.NewRDB(c),
+		rdb:              rdb.NewRDB(c),
+		sharedConnection: true,
 	}
 }
 
 // Close closes the connection with redis.
 func (i *Inspector) Close() error {
+	if i.sharedConnection {
+		return fmt.Errorf("redis connection is shared so the Inspector can't be closed through asynq")
+	}
 	return i.rdb.Close()
 }
 
@@ -59,7 +74,7 @@ func (i *Inspector) Groups(queue string) ([]*GroupInfo, error) {
 	return res, nil
 }
 
-// GroupInfo represents a state of a group at a cerntain time.
+// GroupInfo represents a state of a group at a certain time.
 type GroupInfo struct {
 	// Name of the group.
 	Group string

inspector_test.go

@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@ import (
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 
-	"github.com/go-redis/redis/v8"
 	"github.com/google/go-cmp/cmp"
 	"github.com/google/go-cmp/cmp/cmpopts"
 	"github.com/google/uuid"
@@ -20,13 +19,10 @@ import (
 	"github.com/hibiken/asynq/internal/rdb"
 	h "github.com/hibiken/asynq/internal/testutil"
 	"github.com/hibiken/asynq/internal/timeutil"
+	"github.com/redis/go-redis/v9"
 )
 
-func TestInspectorQueues(t *testing.T) {
-	r := setup(t)
-	defer r.Close()
-	inspector := NewInspector(getRedisConnOpt(t))
-
+func testInspectorQueues(t *testing.T, inspector *Inspector, r redis.UniversalClient) {
 	tests := []struct {
 		queues []string
 	}{
@@ -52,7 +48,21 @@ func TestInspectorQueues(t *testing.T) {
 			t.Errorf("Queues() = %v, want %v; (-want, +got)\n%s", got, tc.queues, diff)
 		}
 	}
+}
 
+func TestInspectorQueues(t *testing.T) {
+	r := setup(t)
+	defer r.Close()
+	inspector := NewInspector(getRedisConnOpt(t))
+	testInspectorQueues(t, inspector, r)
+}
+
+func TestInspectorFromRedisClientQueues(t *testing.T) {
+	r := setup(t)
+	defer r.Close()
+	redisClient := getRedisConnOpt(t).MakeRedisClient().(redis.UniversalClient)
+	inspector := NewInspectorFromRedisClient(redisClient)
+	testInspectorQueues(t, inspector, r)
 }
 
 func TestInspectorDeleteQueue(t *testing.T) {
@@ -1138,7 +1148,7 @@ func TestInspectorListAggregatingTasks(t *testing.T) {
 		tasks     []*h.TaskSeedData
 		allQueues []string
 		allGroups map[string][]string
-		groups    map[string][]*redis.Z
+		groups    map[string][]redis.Z
 	}{
 		tasks: []*h.TaskSeedData{
 			{Msg: m1, State: base.TaskStateAggregating},
@@ -1152,7 +1162,7 @@ func TestInspectorListAggregatingTasks(t *testing.T) {
 			base.AllGroups("default"): {"group1", "group2"},
 			base.AllGroups("custom"):  {"group1"},
 		},
-		groups: map[string][]*redis.Z{
+		groups: map[string][]redis.Z{
 			base.GroupKey("default", "group1"): {
 				{Member: m1.ID, Score: float64(now.Add(-30 * time.Second).Unix())},
 				{Member: m2.ID, Score: float64(now.Add(-20 * time.Second).Unix())},
@@ -3445,7 +3455,7 @@ func TestInspectorGroups(t *testing.T) {
 	fixtures := struct {
 		tasks     []*h.TaskSeedData
 		allGroups map[string][]string
-		groups    map[string][]*redis.Z
+		groups    map[string][]redis.Z
 	}{
 		tasks: []*h.TaskSeedData{
 			{Msg: m1, State: base.TaskStateAggregating},
@@ -3458,7 +3468,7 @@ func TestInspectorGroups(t *testing.T) {
 			base.AllGroups("default"): {"group1", "group2"},
 			base.AllGroups("custom"):  {"group1"},
 		},
-		groups: map[string][]*redis.Z{
+		groups: map[string][]redis.Z{
 			base.GroupKey("default", "group1"): {
 				{Member: m1.ID, Score: float64(now.Add(-10 * time.Second).Unix())},
 				{Member: m2.ID, Score: float64(now.Add(-20 * time.Second).Unix())},

internal/base/base.go

@@ -14,16 +14,16 @@ import (
 	"sync"
 	"time"
 
-	"github.com/go-redis/redis/v8"
-	"github.com/golang/protobuf/ptypes"
 	"github.com/hibiken/asynq/internal/errors"
 	pb "github.com/hibiken/asynq/internal/proto"
 	"github.com/hibiken/asynq/internal/timeutil"
+	"github.com/redis/go-redis/v9"
 	"google.golang.org/protobuf/proto"
+	"google.golang.org/protobuf/types/known/timestamppb"
 )
 
 // Version of asynq library and CLI.
-const Version = "0.23.0"
+const Version = "0.25.1"
 
 // DefaultQueueName is the queue name used if none are specified by user.
 const DefaultQueueName = "default"
@@ -104,76 +104,76 @@ func ValidateQueueName(qname string) error {
 
 // QueueKeyPrefix returns a prefix for all keys in the given queue.
 func QueueKeyPrefix(qname string) string {
-	return fmt.Sprintf("asynq:{%s}:", qname)
+	return "asynq:{" + qname + "}:"
 }
 
 // TaskKeyPrefix returns a prefix for task key.
 func TaskKeyPrefix(qname string) string {
-	return fmt.Sprintf("%st:", QueueKeyPrefix(qname))
+	return QueueKeyPrefix(qname) + "t:"
 }
 
 // TaskKey returns a redis key for the given task message.
 func TaskKey(qname, id string) string {
-	return fmt.Sprintf("%s%s", TaskKeyPrefix(qname), id)
+	return TaskKeyPrefix(qname) + id
 }
 
 // PendingKey returns a redis key for the given queue name.
 func PendingKey(qname string) string {
-	return fmt.Sprintf("%spending", QueueKeyPrefix(qname))
+	return QueueKeyPrefix(qname) + "pending"
 }
 
 // ActiveKey returns a redis key for the active tasks.
 func ActiveKey(qname string) string {
-	return fmt.Sprintf("%sactive", QueueKeyPrefix(qname))
+	return QueueKeyPrefix(qname) + "active"
 }
 
 // ScheduledKey returns a redis key for the scheduled tasks.
 func ScheduledKey(qname string) string {
-	return fmt.Sprintf("%sscheduled", QueueKeyPrefix(qname))
+	return QueueKeyPrefix(qname) + "scheduled"
 }
 
 // RetryKey returns a redis key for the retry tasks.
 func RetryKey(qname string) string {
-	return fmt.Sprintf("%sretry", QueueKeyPrefix(qname))
+	return QueueKeyPrefix(qname) + "retry"
 }
 
 // ArchivedKey returns a redis key for the archived tasks.
 func ArchivedKey(qname string) string {
-	return fmt.Sprintf("%sarchived", QueueKeyPrefix(qname))
+	return QueueKeyPrefix(qname) + "archived"
 }
 
 // LeaseKey returns a redis key for the lease.
 func LeaseKey(qname string) string {
-	return fmt.Sprintf("%slease", QueueKeyPrefix(qname))
+	return QueueKeyPrefix(qname) + "lease"
 }
 
 func CompletedKey(qname string) string {
-	return fmt.Sprintf("%scompleted", QueueKeyPrefix(qname))
+	return QueueKeyPrefix(qname) + "completed"
 }
 
 // PausedKey returns a redis key to indicate that the given queue is paused.
 func PausedKey(qname string) string {
-	return fmt.Sprintf("%spaused", QueueKeyPrefix(qname))
+	return QueueKeyPrefix(qname) + "paused"
 }
 
 // ProcessedTotalKey returns a redis key for total processed count for the given queue.
 func ProcessedTotalKey(qname string) string {
-	return fmt.Sprintf("%sprocessed", QueueKeyPrefix(qname))
+	return QueueKeyPrefix(qname) + "processed"
 }
 
 // FailedTotalKey returns a redis key for total failure count for the given queue.
 func FailedTotalKey(qname string) string {
-	return fmt.Sprintf("%sfailed", QueueKeyPrefix(qname))
+	return QueueKeyPrefix(qname) + "failed"
 }
 
 // ProcessedKey returns a redis key for processed count for the given day for the queue.
 func ProcessedKey(qname string, t time.Time) string {
-	return fmt.Sprintf("%sprocessed:%s", QueueKeyPrefix(qname), t.UTC().Format("2006-01-02"))
+	return QueueKeyPrefix(qname) + "processed:" + t.UTC().Format("2006-01-02")
 }
 
 // FailedKey returns a redis key for failure count for the given day for the queue.
 func FailedKey(qname string, t time.Time) string {
-	return fmt.Sprintf("%sfailed:%s", QueueKeyPrefix(qname), t.UTC().Format("2006-01-02"))
+	return QueueKeyPrefix(qname) + "failed:" + t.UTC().Format("2006-01-02")
 }
 
 // ServerInfoKey returns a redis key for process info.
@@ -188,47 +188,47 @@ func WorkersKey(hostname string, pid int, serverID string) string {
 
 // SchedulerEntriesKey returns a redis key for the scheduler entries given scheduler ID.
 func SchedulerEntriesKey(schedulerID string) string {
-	return fmt.Sprintf("asynq:schedulers:{%s}", schedulerID)
+	return "asynq:schedulers:{" + schedulerID + "}"
 }
 
 // SchedulerHistoryKey returns a redis key for the scheduler's history for the given entry.
 func SchedulerHistoryKey(entryID string) string {
-	return fmt.Sprintf("asynq:scheduler_history:%s", entryID)
+	return "asynq:scheduler_history:" + entryID
 }
 
 // UniqueKey returns a redis key with the given type, payload, and queue name.
 func UniqueKey(qname, tasktype string, payload []byte) string {
 	if payload == nil {
-		return fmt.Sprintf("%sunique:%s:", QueueKeyPrefix(qname), tasktype)
+		return QueueKeyPrefix(qname) + "unique:" + tasktype + ":"
 	}
 	checksum := md5.Sum(payload)
-	return fmt.Sprintf("%sunique:%s:%s", QueueKeyPrefix(qname), tasktype, hex.EncodeToString(checksum[:]))
+	return QueueKeyPrefix(qname) + "unique:" + tasktype + ":" + hex.EncodeToString(checksum[:])
 }
 
 // GroupKeyPrefix returns a prefix for group key.
 func GroupKeyPrefix(qname string) string {
-	return fmt.Sprintf("%sg:", QueueKeyPrefix(qname))
+	return QueueKeyPrefix(qname) + "g:"
 }
 
 // GroupKey returns a redis key used to group tasks belong in the same group.
 func GroupKey(qname, gkey string) string {
-	return fmt.Sprintf("%s%s", GroupKeyPrefix(qname), gkey)
+	return GroupKeyPrefix(qname) + gkey
 }
 
 // AggregationSetKey returns a redis key used for an aggregation set.
 func AggregationSetKey(qname, gname, setID string) string {
-	return fmt.Sprintf("%s:%s", GroupKey(qname, gname), setID)
+	return GroupKey(qname, gname) + ":" + setID
 }
 
 // AllGroups return a redis key used to store all group keys used in a given queue.
 func AllGroups(qname string) string {
-	return fmt.Sprintf("%sgroups", QueueKeyPrefix(qname))
+	return QueueKeyPrefix(qname) + "groups"
 }
 
 // AllAggregationSets returns a redis key used to store all aggregation sets (set of tasks staged to be aggregated)
 // in a given queue.
 func AllAggregationSets(qname string) string {
-	return fmt.Sprintf("%saggregation_sets", QueueKeyPrefix(qname))
+	return QueueKeyPrefix(qname) + "aggregation_sets"
 }
 
 // TaskMessage is the internal representation of a task with additional metadata fields.
@@ -375,14 +375,12 @@ func EncodeServerInfo(info *ServerInfo) ([]byte, error) {
 	if info == nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("cannot encode nil server info")
 	}
-	queues := make(map[string]int32)
+	queues := make(map[string]int32, len(info.Queues))
 	for q, p := range info.Queues {
 		queues[q] = int32(p)
 	}
-	started, err := ptypes.TimestampProto(info.Started)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
+	started := timestamppb.New(info.Started)
+
 	return proto.Marshal(&pb.ServerInfo{
 		Host:              info.Host,
 		Pid:               int32(info.PID),
@@ -402,14 +400,12 @@ func DecodeServerInfo(b []byte) (*ServerInfo, error) {
 	if err := proto.Unmarshal(b, &pbmsg); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	queues := make(map[string]int)
+	queues := make(map[string]int, len(pbmsg.GetQueues()))
 	for q, p := range pbmsg.GetQueues() {
 		queues[q] = int(p)
 	}
-	startTime, err := ptypes.Timestamp(pbmsg.GetStartTime())
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
+	startTime := pbmsg.GetStartTime()
+
 	return &ServerInfo{
 		Host:              pbmsg.GetHost(),
 		PID:               int(pbmsg.GetPid()),
@@ -418,7 +414,7 @@ func DecodeServerInfo(b []byte) (*ServerInfo, error) {
 		Queues:            queues,
 		StrictPriority:    pbmsg.GetStrictPriority(),
 		Status:            pbmsg.GetStatus(),
-		Started:           startTime,
+		Started:           startTime.AsTime(),
 		ActiveWorkerCount: int(pbmsg.GetActiveWorkerCount()),
 	}, nil
 }
@@ -441,14 +437,9 @@ func EncodeWorkerInfo(info *WorkerInfo) ([]byte, error) {
 	if info == nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("cannot encode nil worker info")
 	}
-	startTime, err := ptypes.TimestampProto(info.Started)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	deadline, err := ptypes.TimestampProto(info.Deadline)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
+	startTime := timestamppb.New(info.Started)
+	deadline := timestamppb.New(info.Deadline)
+
 	return proto.Marshal(&pb.WorkerInfo{
 		Host:        info.Host,
 		Pid:         int32(info.PID),
@@ -468,14 +459,9 @@ func DecodeWorkerInfo(b []byte) (*WorkerInfo, error) {
 	if err := proto.Unmarshal(b, &pbmsg); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	startTime, err := ptypes.Timestamp(pbmsg.GetStartTime())
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	deadline, err := ptypes.Timestamp(pbmsg.GetDeadline())
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
+	startTime := pbmsg.GetStartTime()
+	deadline := pbmsg.GetDeadline()
+
 	return &WorkerInfo{
 		Host:     pbmsg.GetHost(),
 		PID:      int(pbmsg.GetPid()),
@@ -484,8 +470,8 @@ func DecodeWorkerInfo(b []byte) (*WorkerInfo, error) {
 		Type:     pbmsg.GetTaskType(),
 		Payload:  pbmsg.GetTaskPayload(),
 		Queue:    pbmsg.GetQueue(),
-		Started:  startTime,
-		Deadline: deadline,
+		Started:  startTime.AsTime(),
+		Deadline: deadline.AsTime(),
 	}, nil
 }
 
@@ -519,14 +505,9 @@ func EncodeSchedulerEntry(entry *SchedulerEntry) ([]byte, error) {
 	if entry == nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("cannot encode nil scheduler entry")
 	}
-	next, err := ptypes.TimestampProto(entry.Next)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	prev, err := ptypes.TimestampProto(entry.Prev)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
+	next := timestamppb.New(entry.Next)
+	prev := timestamppb.New(entry.Prev)
+
 	return proto.Marshal(&pb.SchedulerEntry{
 		Id:              entry.ID,
 		Spec:            entry.Spec,
@@ -544,22 +525,17 @@ func DecodeSchedulerEntry(b []byte) (*SchedulerEntry, error) {
 	if err := proto.Unmarshal(b, &pbmsg); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	next, err := ptypes.Timestamp(pbmsg.GetNextEnqueueTime())
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	prev, err := ptypes.Timestamp(pbmsg.GetPrevEnqueueTime())
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
+	next := pbmsg.GetNextEnqueueTime()
+	prev := pbmsg.GetPrevEnqueueTime()
+
 	return &SchedulerEntry{
 		ID:      pbmsg.GetId(),
 		Spec:    pbmsg.GetSpec(),
 		Type:    pbmsg.GetTaskType(),
 		Payload: pbmsg.GetTaskPayload(),
 		Opts:    pbmsg.GetEnqueueOptions(),
-		Next:    next,
-		Prev:    prev,
+		Next:    next.AsTime(),
+		Prev:    prev.AsTime(),
 	}, nil
 }
 
@@ -578,10 +554,7 @@ func EncodeSchedulerEnqueueEvent(event *SchedulerEnqueueEvent) ([]byte, error) {
 	if event == nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("cannot encode nil enqueue event")
 	}
-	enqueuedAt, err := ptypes.TimestampProto(event.EnqueuedAt)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
+	enqueuedAt := timestamppb.New(event.EnqueuedAt)
 	return proto.Marshal(&pb.SchedulerEnqueueEvent{
 		TaskId:      event.TaskID,
 		EnqueueTime: enqueuedAt,
@@ -595,19 +568,16 @@ func DecodeSchedulerEnqueueEvent(b []byte) (*SchedulerEnqueueEvent, error) {
 	if err := proto.Unmarshal(b, &pbmsg); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	enqueuedAt, err := ptypes.Timestamp(pbmsg.GetEnqueueTime())
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
+	enqueuedAt := pbmsg.GetEnqueueTime()
 	return &SchedulerEnqueueEvent{
 		TaskID:     pbmsg.GetTaskId(),
-		EnqueuedAt: enqueuedAt,
+		EnqueuedAt: enqueuedAt.AsTime(),
 	}, nil
 }
 
 // Cancelations is a collection that holds cancel functions for all active tasks.
 //
-// Cancelations are safe for concurrent use by multipel goroutines.
+// Cancelations are safe for concurrent use by multiple goroutines.
 type Cancelations struct {
 	mu          sync.Mutex
 	cancelFuncs map[string]context.CancelFunc
@@ -662,7 +632,7 @@ func NewLease(expirationTime time.Time) *Lease {
 	}
 }
 
-// Reset chanegs the lease to expire at the given time.
+// Reset changes the lease to expire at the given time.
 // It returns true if the lease is still valid and reset operation was successful, false if the lease had been expired.
 func (l *Lease) Reset(expirationTime time.Time) bool {
 	if !l.IsValid() {
@@ -700,7 +670,7 @@ func (l *Lease) Deadline() time.Time {
 	return l.expireAt
 }
 
-// IsValid returns true if the lease's expieration time is in the future or equals to the current time,
+// IsValid returns true if the lease's expiration time is in the future or equals to the current time,
 // returns false otherwise.
 func (l *Lease) IsValid() bool {
 	now := l.Clock.Now()
@@ -737,7 +707,7 @@ type Broker interface {
 	ReclaimStaleAggregationSets(qname string) error
 
 	// Task retention related method
-	DeleteExpiredCompletedTasks(qname string) error
+	DeleteExpiredCompletedTasks(qname string, batchSize int) error
 
 	// Lease related methods
 	ListLeaseExpired(cutoff time.Time, qnames ...string) ([]*TaskMessage, error)

internal/context/context.go

@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ func GetRetryCount(ctx context.Context) (n int, ok bool) {
 
 // GetMaxRetry extracts maximum retry from a context, if any.
 //
-// Return value n indicates the maximum number of times the assoicated task
+// Return value n indicates the maximum number of times the associated task
 // can be retried if ProcessTask returns a non-nil error.
 func GetMaxRetry(ctx context.Context) (n int, ok bool) {
 	metadata, ok := ctx.Value(metadataCtxKey).(taskMetadata)

internal/errors/errors.go

@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ func CanonicalCode(err error) Code {
 }
 
 /******************************************
-    Domin Specific Error Types & Values
+    Domain Specific Error Types & Values
 *******************************************/
 
 var (
@@ -256,6 +256,21 @@ func IsRedisCommandError(err error) bool {
 	return As(err, &target)
 }
 
+// PanicError defines an error when occurred a panic error.
+type PanicError struct {
+	ErrMsg string
+}
+
+func (e *PanicError) Error() string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("panic error cause by: %s", e.ErrMsg)
+}
+
+// IsPanicError reports whether any error in err's chain is of type PanicError.
+func IsPanicError(err error) bool {
+	var target *PanicError
+	return As(err, &target)
+}
+
 /*************************************************
     Standard Library errors package functions
 *************************************************/
@@ -263,26 +278,26 @@ func IsRedisCommandError(err error) bool {
 // New returns an error that formats as the given text.
 // Each call to New returns a distinct error value even if the text is identical.
 //
-// This function is the errors.New function from the standard libarary (https://golang.org/pkg/errors/#New).
-// It is exported from this package for import convinience.
+// This function is the errors.New function from the standard library (https://golang.org/pkg/errors/#New).
+// It is exported from this package for import convenience.
 func New(text string) error { return errors.New(text) }
 
 // Is reports whether any error in err's chain matches target.
 //
-// This function is the errors.Is function from the standard libarary (https://golang.org/pkg/errors/#Is).
-// It is exported from this package for import convinience.
+// This function is the errors.Is function from the standard library (https://golang.org/pkg/errors/#Is).
+// It is exported from this package for import convenience.
 func Is(err, target error) bool { return errors.Is(err, target) }
 
 // As finds the first error in err's chain that matches target, and if so, sets target to that error value and returns true.
 // Otherwise, it returns false.
 //
-// This function is the errors.As function from the standard libarary (https://golang.org/pkg/errors/#As).
-// It is exported from this package for import convinience.
+// This function is the errors.As function from the standard library (https://golang.org/pkg/errors/#As).
+// It is exported from this package for import convenience.
 func As(err error, target interface{}) bool { return errors.As(err, target) }
 
 // Unwrap returns the result of calling the Unwrap method on err, if err's type contains an Unwrap method returning error.
 // Otherwise, Unwrap returns nil.
 //
-// This function is the errors.Unwrap function from the standard libarary (https://golang.org/pkg/errors/#Unwrap).
-// It is exported from this package for import convinience.
+// This function is the errors.Unwrap function from the standard library (https://golang.org/pkg/errors/#Unwrap).
+// It is exported from this package for import convenience.
 func Unwrap(err error) error { return errors.Unwrap(err) }

internal/errors/errors_test.go

@@ -131,6 +131,12 @@ func TestErrorPredicates(t *testing.T) {
 			err:  E(Op("rdb.ArchiveTask"), NotFound, &QueueNotFoundError{Queue: "default"}),
 			want: true,
 		},
+		{
+			desc: "IsPanicError should detect presence of PanicError in err's chain",
+			fn:   IsPanicError,
+			err:  E(Op("unknown"), Unknown, &PanicError{ErrMsg: "Something went wrong"}),
+			want: true,
+		},
 	}
 
 	for _, tc := range tests {

internal/proto/asynq.pb.go

@@ -4,14 +4,13 @@
 
 // Code generated by protoc-gen-go. DO NOT EDIT.
 // versions:
-// 	protoc-gen-go v1.25.0
-// 	protoc        v3.17.3
+// 	protoc-gen-go v1.34.2
+// 	protoc        v3.19.6
 // source: asynq.proto
 
 package proto
 
 import (
-	proto "github.com/golang/protobuf/proto"
 	protoreflect "google.golang.org/protobuf/reflect/protoreflect"
 	protoimpl "google.golang.org/protobuf/runtime/protoimpl"
 	timestamppb "google.golang.org/protobuf/types/known/timestamppb"
@@ -26,10 +25,6 @@ const (
 	_ = protoimpl.EnforceVersion(protoimpl.MaxVersion - 20)
 )
 
-// This is a compile-time assertion that a sufficiently up-to-date version
-// of the legacy proto package is being used.
-const _ = proto.ProtoPackageIsVersion4
-
 // TaskMessage is the internal representation of a task with additional
 // metadata fields.
 // Next ID: 15
@@ -739,7 +734,7 @@ func file_asynq_proto_rawDescGZIP() []byte {
 }
 
 var file_asynq_proto_msgTypes = make([]protoimpl.MessageInfo, 6)
-var file_asynq_proto_goTypes = []interface{}{
+var file_asynq_proto_goTypes = []any{
 	(*TaskMessage)(nil),           // 0: asynq.TaskMessage
 	(*ServerInfo)(nil),            // 1: asynq.ServerInfo
 	(*WorkerInfo)(nil),            // 2: asynq.WorkerInfo
@@ -769,7 +764,7 @@ func file_asynq_proto_init() {
 		return
 	}
 	if !protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
-		file_asynq_proto_msgTypes[0].Exporter = func(v interface{}, i int) interface{} {
+		file_asynq_proto_msgTypes[0].Exporter = func(v any, i int) any {
 			switch v := v.(*TaskMessage); i {
 			case 0:
 				return &v.state
@@ -781,7 +776,7 @@ func file_asynq_proto_init() {
 				return nil
 			}
 		}
-		file_asynq_proto_msgTypes[1].Exporter = func(v interface{}, i int) interface{} {
+		file_asynq_proto_msgTypes[1].Exporter = func(v any, i int) any {
 			switch v := v.(*ServerInfo); i {
 			case 0:
 				return &v.state
@@ -793,7 +788,7 @@ func file_asynq_proto_init() {
 				return nil
 			}
 		}
-		file_asynq_proto_msgTypes[2].Exporter = func(v interface{}, i int) interface{} {
+		file_asynq_proto_msgTypes[2].Exporter = func(v any, i int) any {
 			switch v := v.(*WorkerInfo); i {
 			case 0:
 				return &v.state
@@ -805,7 +800,7 @@ func file_asynq_proto_init() {
 				return nil
 			}
 		}
-		file_asynq_proto_msgTypes[3].Exporter = func(v interface{}, i int) interface{} {
+		file_asynq_proto_msgTypes[3].Exporter = func(v any, i int) any {
 			switch v := v.(*SchedulerEntry); i {
 			case 0:
 				return &v.state
@@ -817,7 +812,7 @@ func file_asynq_proto_init() {
 				return nil
 			}
 		}
-		file_asynq_proto_msgTypes[4].Exporter = func(v interface{}, i int) interface{} {
+		file_asynq_proto_msgTypes[4].Exporter = func(v any, i int) any {
 			switch v := v.(*SchedulerEnqueueEvent); i {
 			case 0:
 				return &v.state

internal/rdb/inspect.go

@@ -10,9 +10,9 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 	"time"
 
-	"github.com/go-redis/redis/v8"
 	"github.com/hibiken/asynq/internal/base"
 	"github.com/hibiken/asynq/internal/errors"
+	"github.com/redis/go-redis/v9"
 	"github.com/spf13/cast"
 )
 
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ table.insert(res, KEYS[6])
 table.insert(res, redis.call("ZCARD", KEYS[6]))
 for i=7,10 do
     local count = 0
-	local n = redis.call("GET", KEYS[i])	
+	local n = redis.call("GET", KEYS[i])
 	if n then
 	    count = tonumber(n)
 	end
@@ -343,7 +343,7 @@ func (r *RDB) memoryUsage(qname string) (int64, error) {
 	}
 	usg, err := cast.ToInt64E(res)
 	if err != nil {
-		return 0, errors.E(op, errors.Internal, fmt.Sprintf("could not cast script return value to int64"))
+		return 0, errors.E(op, errors.Internal, "could not cast script return value to int64")
 	}
 	return usg, nil
 }
@@ -568,7 +568,7 @@ var groupStatsCmd = redis.NewScript(`
 local res = {}
 local group_names = redis.call("SMEMBERS", KEYS[1])
 for _, gname in ipairs(group_names) do
-	local size = redis.call("ZCARD", ARGV[1] .. gname) 
+	local size = redis.call("ZCARD", ARGV[1] .. gname)
 	table.insert(res, gname)
 	table.insert(res, size)
 end
@@ -1295,7 +1295,7 @@ elseif state == "aggregating" then
 	if redis.call("ZCARD", ARGV[6] .. group) == 0 then
 		redis.call("SREM", KEYS[3], group)
 	end
-else 
+else
 	if redis.call("ZREM", ARGV[5] .. state, ARGV[1]) == 0 then
 		return redis.error_reply("task id not found in zset " .. tostring(ARGV[5] .. state))
 	end
@@ -1349,7 +1349,7 @@ func (r *RDB) ArchiveTask(qname, id string) error {
 	case -1:
 		return errors.E(op, errors.FailedPrecondition, &errors.TaskAlreadyArchivedError{Queue: qname, ID: id})
 	case -2:
-		return errors.E(op, errors.FailedPrecondition, "cannot archive task in active state. use CancelTask instead.")
+		return errors.E(op, errors.FailedPrecondition, "cannot archive task in active state. use CancelProcessing instead.")
 	case -3:
 		return errors.E(op, errors.NotFound, &errors.QueueNotFoundError{Queue: qname})
 	default:
@@ -1490,7 +1490,7 @@ func (r *RDB) DeleteTask(qname, id string) error {
 	case 0:
 		return errors.E(op, errors.NotFound, &errors.TaskNotFoundError{Queue: qname, ID: id})
 	case -1:
-		return errors.E(op, errors.FailedPrecondition, "cannot delete task in active state. use CancelTask instead.")
+		return errors.E(op, errors.FailedPrecondition, "cannot delete task in active state. use CancelProcessing instead.")
 	default:
 		return errors.E(op, errors.Internal, fmt.Sprintf("unexpected return value from deleteTaskCmd script: %d", n))
 	}
@@ -1832,6 +1832,7 @@ func (r *RDB) RemoveQueue(qname string, force bool) error {
 		if err := r.client.SRem(context.Background(), base.AllQueues, qname).Err(); err != nil {
 			return errors.E(op, errors.Unknown, err)
 		}
+		r.queuesPublished.Delete(qname)
 		return nil
 	case -1:
 		return errors.E(op, errors.NotFound, &errors.QueueNotEmptyError{Queue: qname})

internal/rdb/inspect_test.go

@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@ import (
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 
-	"github.com/go-redis/redis/v8"
 	"github.com/google/go-cmp/cmp"
 	"github.com/google/go-cmp/cmp/cmpopts"
 	"github.com/google/uuid"
@@ -20,6 +19,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/hibiken/asynq/internal/errors"
 	h "github.com/hibiken/asynq/internal/testutil"
 	"github.com/hibiken/asynq/internal/timeutil"
+	"github.com/redis/go-redis/v9"
 )
 
 func TestAllQueues(t *testing.T) {
@@ -73,11 +73,11 @@ func TestCurrentStats(t *testing.T) {
 		allGroups                       map[string][]string
 		pending                         map[string][]string
 		active                          map[string][]string
-		scheduled                       map[string][]*redis.Z
-		retry                           map[string][]*redis.Z
-		archived                        map[string][]*redis.Z
-		completed                       map[string][]*redis.Z
-		groups                          map[string][]*redis.Z
+		scheduled                       map[string][]redis.Z
+		retry                           map[string][]redis.Z
+		archived                        map[string][]redis.Z
+		completed                       map[string][]redis.Z
+		groups                          map[string][]redis.Z
 		processed                       map[string]int
 		failed                          map[string]int
 		processedTotal                  map[string]int
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ func TestCurrentStats(t *testing.T) {
 				base.ActiveKey("critical"): {},
 				base.ActiveKey("low"):      {},
 			},
-			scheduled: map[string][]*redis.Z{
+			scheduled: map[string][]redis.Z{
 				base.ScheduledKey("default"): {
 					{Member: m3.ID, Score: float64(now.Add(time.Hour).Unix())},
 					{Member: m4.ID, Score: float64(now.Unix())},
@@ -119,22 +119,22 @@ func TestCurrentStats(t *testing.T) {
 				base.ScheduledKey("critical"): {},
 				base.ScheduledKey("low"):      {},
 			},
-			retry: map[string][]*redis.Z{
+			retry: map[string][]redis.Z{
 				base.RetryKey("default"):  {},
 				base.RetryKey("critical"): {},
 				base.RetryKey("low"):      {},
 			},
-			archived: map[string][]*redis.Z{
+			archived: map[string][]redis.Z{
 				base.ArchivedKey("default"):  {},
 				base.ArchivedKey("critical"): {},
 				base.ArchivedKey("low"):      {},
 			},
-			completed: map[string][]*redis.Z{
+			completed: map[string][]redis.Z{
 				base.CompletedKey("default"):  {},
 				base.CompletedKey("critical"): {},
 				base.CompletedKey("low"):      {},
 			},
-			groups: map[string][]*redis.Z{
+			groups: map[string][]redis.Z{
 				base.GroupKey("default", "sms:user1"): {
 					{Member: m7.ID, Score: float64(now.Add(-3 * time.Second).Unix())},
 				},
@@ -205,7 +205,7 @@ func TestCurrentStats(t *testing.T) {
 				base.ActiveKey("critical"): {},
 				base.ActiveKey("low"):      {},
 			},
-			scheduled: map[string][]*redis.Z{
+			scheduled: map[string][]redis.Z{
 				base.ScheduledKey("default"): {
 					{Member: m3.ID, Score: float64(now.Add(time.Hour).Unix())},
 					{Member: m4.ID, Score: float64(now.Unix())},
@@ -213,17 +213,17 @@ func TestCurrentStats(t *testing.T) {
 				base.ScheduledKey("critical"): {},
 				base.ScheduledKey("low"):      {},
 			},
-			retry: map[string][]*redis.Z{
+			retry: map[string][]redis.Z{
 				base.RetryKey("default"):  {},
 				base.RetryKey("critical"): {},
 				base.RetryKey("low"):      {},
 			},
-			archived: map[string][]*redis.Z{
+			archived: map[string][]redis.Z{
 				base.ArchivedKey("default"):  {},
 				base.ArchivedKey("critical"): {},
 				base.ArchivedKey("low"):      {},
 			},
-			completed: map[string][]*redis.Z{
+			completed: map[string][]redis.Z{
 				base.CompletedKey("default"):  {},
 				base.CompletedKey("critical"): {},
 				base.CompletedKey("low"):      {},
@@ -250,7 +250,7 @@ func TestCurrentStats(t *testing.T) {
 			},
 			oldestPendingMessageEnqueueTime: map[string]time.Time{
 				"default":  now.Add(-15 * time.Second),
-				"critical": time.Time{}, // zero value since there's no pending task in this queue
+				"critical": {}, // zero value since there's no pending task in this queue
 				"low":      now.Add(-30 * time.Second),
 			},
 			paused: []string{"critical", "low"},
@@ -392,7 +392,6 @@ func TestHistoricalStats(t *testing.T) {
 			}
 		}
 	}
-
 }
 
 func TestRedisInfo(t *testing.T) {
@@ -436,7 +435,7 @@ func TestGroupStats(t *testing.T) {
 	fixtures := struct {
 		tasks     []*h.TaskSeedData
 		allGroups map[string][]string
-		groups    map[string][]*redis.Z
+		groups    map[string][]redis.Z
 	}{
 		tasks: []*h.TaskSeedData{
 			{Msg: m1, State: base.TaskStateAggregating},
@@ -449,7 +448,7 @@ func TestGroupStats(t *testing.T) {
 			base.AllGroups("default"): {"group1", "group2"},
 			base.AllGroups("custom"):  {"group1"},
 		},
-		groups: map[string][]*redis.Z{
+		groups: map[string][]redis.Z{
 			base.GroupKey("default", "group1"): {
 				{Member: m1.ID, Score: float64(now.Add(-10 * time.Second).Unix())},
 				{Member: m2.ID, Score: float64(now.Add(-20 * time.Second).Unix())},
@@ -487,7 +486,7 @@ func TestGroupStats(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 	}
 
-	var sortGroupStatsOpt = cmp.Transformer(
+	sortGroupStatsOpt := cmp.Transformer(
 		"SortGroupStats",
 		func(in []*GroupStat) []*GroupStat {
 			out := append([]*GroupStat(nil), in...)
@@ -1509,7 +1508,6 @@ func TestListCompleted(t *testing.T) {
 			continue
 		}
 	}
-
 }
 
 func TestListCompletedPagination(t *testing.T) {
@@ -1585,7 +1583,7 @@ func TestListAggregating(t *testing.T) {
 		tasks     []*h.TaskSeedData
 		allQueues []string
 		allGroups map[string][]string
-		groups    map[string][]*redis.Z
+		groups    map[string][]redis.Z
 	}{
 		tasks: []*h.TaskSeedData{
 			{Msg: m1, State: base.TaskStateAggregating},
@@ -1598,7 +1596,7 @@ func TestListAggregating(t *testing.T) {
 			base.AllGroups("default"): {"group1", "group2"},
 			base.AllGroups("custom"):  {"group3"},
 		},
-		groups: map[string][]*redis.Z{
+		groups: map[string][]redis.Z{
 			base.GroupKey("default", "group1"): {
 				{Member: m1.ID, Score: float64(now.Add(-30 * time.Second).Unix())},
 				{Member: m2.ID, Score: float64(now.Add(-20 * time.Second).Unix())},
@@ -1665,14 +1663,14 @@ func TestListAggregatingPagination(t *testing.T) {
 		tasks     []*h.TaskSeedData
 		allQueues []string
 		allGroups map[string][]string
-		groups    map[string][]*redis.Z
+		groups    map[string][]redis.Z
 	}{
 		tasks:     []*h.TaskSeedData{}, // will be populated below
 		allQueues: []string{"default"},
 		allGroups: map[string][]string{
 			base.AllGroups("default"): {"mygroup"},
 		},
-		groups: map[string][]*redis.Z{
+		groups: map[string][]redis.Z{
 			groupkey: {}, // will be populated below
 		},
 	}
@@ -1683,7 +1681,7 @@ func TestListAggregatingPagination(t *testing.T) {
 		fxt.tasks = append(fxt.tasks, &h.TaskSeedData{
 			Msg: msg, State: base.TaskStateAggregating,
 		})
-		fxt.groups[groupkey] = append(fxt.groups[groupkey], &redis.Z{
+		fxt.groups[groupkey] = append(fxt.groups[groupkey], redis.Z{
 			Member: msg.ID,
 			Score:  float64(now.Add(-time.Duration(100-i) * time.Second).Unix()),
 		})
@@ -1999,7 +1997,7 @@ func TestRunAggregatingTask(t *testing.T) {
 		tasks     []*h.TaskSeedData
 		allQueues []string
 		allGroups map[string][]string
-		groups    map[string][]*redis.Z
+		groups    map[string][]redis.Z
 	}{
 		tasks: []*h.TaskSeedData{
 			{Msg: m1, State: base.TaskStateAggregating},
@@ -2011,7 +2009,7 @@ func TestRunAggregatingTask(t *testing.T) {
 			base.AllGroups("default"): {"group1"},
 			base.AllGroups("custom"):  {"group1"},
 		},
-		groups: map[string][]*redis.Z{
+		groups: map[string][]redis.Z{
 			base.GroupKey("default", "group1"): {
 				{Member: m1.ID, Score: float64(now.Add(-20 * time.Second).Unix())},
 				{Member: m2.ID, Score: float64(now.Add(-25 * time.Second).Unix())},
@@ -2324,7 +2322,6 @@ func TestRunTaskError(t *testing.T) {
 			}
 		}
 	}
-
 }
 
 func TestRunAllScheduledTasks(t *testing.T) {
@@ -2691,7 +2688,7 @@ func TestRunAllAggregatingTasks(t *testing.T) {
 		tasks     []*h.TaskSeedData
 		allQueues []string
 		allGroups map[string][]string
-		groups    map[string][]*redis.Z
+		groups    map[string][]redis.Z
 	}{
 		tasks: []*h.TaskSeedData{
 			{Msg: m1, State: base.TaskStateAggregating},
@@ -2703,7 +2700,7 @@ func TestRunAllAggregatingTasks(t *testing.T) {
 			base.AllGroups("default"): {"group1"},
 			base.AllGroups("custom"):  {"group2"},
 		},
-		groups: map[string][]*redis.Z{
+		groups: map[string][]redis.Z{
 			base.GroupKey("default", "group1"): {
 				{Member: m1.ID, Score: float64(now.Add(-20 * time.Second).Unix())},
 				{Member: m2.ID, Score: float64(now.Add(-25 * time.Second).Unix())},
@@ -3001,7 +2998,7 @@ func TestArchiveAggregatingTask(t *testing.T) {
 		tasks     []*h.TaskSeedData
 		allQueues []string
 		allGroups map[string][]string
-		groups    map[string][]*redis.Z
+		groups    map[string][]redis.Z
 	}{
 		tasks: []*h.TaskSeedData{
 			{Msg: m1, State: base.TaskStateAggregating},
@@ -3013,7 +3010,7 @@ func TestArchiveAggregatingTask(t *testing.T) {
 			base.AllGroups("default"): {"group1"},
 			base.AllGroups("custom"):  {"group1"},
 		},
-		groups: map[string][]*redis.Z{
+		groups: map[string][]redis.Z{
 			base.GroupKey("default", "group1"): {
 				{Member: m1.ID, Score: float64(now.Add(-20 * time.Second).Unix())},
 				{Member: m2.ID, Score: float64(now.Add(-25 * time.Second).Unix())},
@@ -3335,6 +3332,7 @@ func TestArchiveTaskError(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 	}
 }
+
 func TestArchiveAllPendingTasks(t *testing.T) {
 	r := setup(t)
 	defer r.Close()
@@ -3485,7 +3483,7 @@ func TestArchiveAllAggregatingTasks(t *testing.T) {
 		tasks     []*h.TaskSeedData
 		allQueues []string
 		allGroups map[string][]string
-		groups    map[string][]*redis.Z
+		groups    map[string][]redis.Z
 	}{
 		tasks: []*h.TaskSeedData{
 			{Msg: m1, State: base.TaskStateAggregating},
@@ -3497,7 +3495,7 @@ func TestArchiveAllAggregatingTasks(t *testing.T) {
 			base.AllGroups("default"): {"group1"},
 			base.AllGroups("custom"):  {"group2"},
 		},
-		groups: map[string][]*redis.Z{
+		groups: map[string][]redis.Z{
 			base.GroupKey("default", "group1"): {
 				{Member: m1.ID, Score: float64(now.Add(-20 * time.Second).Unix())},
 				{Member: m2.ID, Score: float64(now.Add(-25 * time.Second).Unix())},
@@ -4124,7 +4122,7 @@ func TestDeleteAggregatingTask(t *testing.T) {
 		tasks     []*h.TaskSeedData
 		allQueues []string
 		allGroups map[string][]string
-		groups    map[string][]*redis.Z
+		groups    map[string][]redis.Z
 	}{
 		tasks: []*h.TaskSeedData{
 			{Msg: m1, State: base.TaskStateAggregating},
@@ -4136,7 +4134,7 @@ func TestDeleteAggregatingTask(t *testing.T) {
 			base.AllGroups("default"): {"group1"},
 			base.AllGroups("custom"):  {"group1"},
 		},
-		groups: map[string][]*redis.Z{
+		groups: map[string][]redis.Z{
 			base.GroupKey("default", "group1"): {
 				{Member: m1.ID, Score: float64(now.Add(-20 * time.Second).Unix())},
 				{Member: m2.ID, Score: float64(now.Add(-25 * time.Second).Unix())},
@@ -4758,7 +4756,7 @@ func TestDeleteAllAggregatingTasks(t *testing.T) {
 		tasks     []*h.TaskSeedData
 		allQueues []string
 		allGroups map[string][]string
-		groups    map[string][]*redis.Z
+		groups    map[string][]redis.Z
 	}{
 		tasks: []*h.TaskSeedData{
 			{Msg: m1, State: base.TaskStateAggregating},
@@ -4770,7 +4768,7 @@ func TestDeleteAllAggregatingTasks(t *testing.T) {
 			base.AllGroups("default"): {"group1"},
 			base.AllGroups("custom"):  {"group1"},
 		},
-		groups: map[string][]*redis.Z{
+		groups: map[string][]redis.Z{
 			base.GroupKey("default", "group1"): {
 				{Member: m1.ID, Score: float64(now.Add(-20 * time.Second).Unix())},
 				{Member: m2.ID, Score: float64(now.Add(-25 * time.Second).Unix())},

internal/rdb/rdb.go

@@ -9,13 +9,14 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"fmt"
 	"math"
+	"sync"
 	"time"
 
-	"github.com/go-redis/redis/v8"
 	"github.com/google/uuid"
 	"github.com/hibiken/asynq/internal/base"
 	"github.com/hibiken/asynq/internal/errors"
 	"github.com/hibiken/asynq/internal/timeutil"
+	"github.com/redis/go-redis/v9"
 	"github.com/spf13/cast"
 )
 
@@ -26,8 +27,9 @@ const LeaseDuration = 30 * time.Second
 
 // RDB is a client interface to query and mutate task queues.
 type RDB struct {
-	client redis.UniversalClient
-	clock  timeutil.Clock
+	client          redis.UniversalClient
+	clock           timeutil.Clock
+	queuesPublished sync.Map
 }
 
 // NewRDB returns a new instance of RDB.
@@ -67,7 +69,7 @@ func (r *RDB) runScript(ctx context.Context, op errors.Op, script *redis.Script,
 	return nil
 }
 
-// Runs the given script with keys and args and retuns the script's return value as int64.
+// Runs the given script with keys and args and returns the script's return value as int64.
 func (r *RDB) runScriptWithErrorCode(ctx context.Context, op errors.Op, script *redis.Script, keys []string, args ...interface{}) (int64, error) {
 	res, err := script.Run(ctx, r.client, keys, args...).Result()
 	if err != nil {
@@ -112,8 +114,11 @@ func (r *RDB) Enqueue(ctx context.Context, msg *base.TaskMessage) error {
 	if err != nil {
 		return errors.E(op, errors.Unknown, fmt.Sprintf("cannot encode message: %v", err))
 	}
-	if err := r.client.SAdd(ctx, base.AllQueues, msg.Queue).Err(); err != nil {
-		return errors.E(op, errors.Unknown, &errors.RedisCommandError{Command: "sadd", Err: err})
+	if _, found := r.queuesPublished.Load(msg.Queue); !found {
+		if err := r.client.SAdd(ctx, base.AllQueues, msg.Queue).Err(); err != nil {
+			return errors.E(op, errors.Unknown, &errors.RedisCommandError{Command: "sadd", Err: err})
+		}
+		r.queuesPublished.Store(msg.Queue, true)
 	}
 	keys := []string{
 		base.TaskKey(msg.Queue, msg.ID),
@@ -152,7 +157,7 @@ func (r *RDB) Enqueue(ctx context.Context, msg *base.TaskMessage) error {
 var enqueueUniqueCmd = redis.NewScript(`
 local ok = redis.call("SET", KEYS[1], ARGV[1], "NX", "EX", ARGV[2])
 if not ok then
-  return -1 
+  return -1
 end
 if redis.call("EXISTS", KEYS[2]) == 1 then
   return 0
@@ -174,8 +179,11 @@ func (r *RDB) EnqueueUnique(ctx context.Context, msg *base.TaskMessage, ttl time
 	if err != nil {
 		return errors.E(op, errors.Internal, "cannot encode task message: %v", err)
 	}
-	if err := r.client.SAdd(ctx, base.AllQueues, msg.Queue).Err(); err != nil {
-		return errors.E(op, errors.Unknown, &errors.RedisCommandError{Command: "sadd", Err: err})
+	if _, found := r.queuesPublished.Load(msg.Queue); !found {
+		if err := r.client.SAdd(ctx, base.AllQueues, msg.Queue).Err(); err != nil {
+			return errors.E(op, errors.Unknown, &errors.RedisCommandError{Command: "sadd", Err: err})
+		}
+		r.queuesPublished.Store(msg.Queue, true)
 	}
 	keys := []string{
 		msg.UniqueKey,
@@ -368,7 +376,7 @@ func (r *RDB) Done(ctx context.Context, msg *base.TaskMessage) error {
 //
 // ARGV[1] -> task ID
 // ARGV[2] -> stats expiration timestamp
-// ARGV[3] -> task exipration time in unix time
+// ARGV[3] -> task expiration time in unix time
 // ARGV[4] -> task message data
 // ARGV[5] -> max int64 value
 var markAsCompleteCmd = redis.NewScript(`
@@ -379,7 +387,7 @@ if redis.call("ZREM", KEYS[2], ARGV[1]) == 0 then
   return redis.error_reply("NOT FOUND")
 end
 if redis.call("ZADD", KEYS[3], ARGV[3], ARGV[1]) ~= 1 then
-  redis.redis.error_reply("INTERNAL")
+  return redis.error_reply("INTERNAL")
 end
 redis.call("HSET", KEYS[4], "msg", ARGV[4], "state", "completed")
 local n = redis.call("INCR", KEYS[5])
@@ -405,7 +413,7 @@ return redis.status_reply("OK")
 //
 // ARGV[1] -> task ID
 // ARGV[2] -> stats expiration timestamp
-// ARGV[3] -> task exipration time in unix time
+// ARGV[3] -> task expiration time in unix time
 // ARGV[4] -> task message data
 // ARGV[5] -> max int64 value
 var markAsCompleteUniqueCmd = redis.NewScript(`
@@ -416,7 +424,7 @@ if redis.call("ZREM", KEYS[2], ARGV[1]) == 0 then
   return redis.error_reply("NOT FOUND")
 end
 if redis.call("ZADD", KEYS[3], ARGV[3], ARGV[1]) ~= 1 then
-  redis.redis.error_reply("INTERNAL")
+  return redis.error_reply("INTERNAL")
 end
 redis.call("HSET", KEYS[4], "msg", ARGV[4], "state", "completed")
 local n = redis.call("INCR", KEYS[5])
@@ -529,8 +537,11 @@ func (r *RDB) AddToGroup(ctx context.Context, msg *base.TaskMessage, groupKey st
 	if err != nil {
 		return errors.E(op, errors.Unknown, fmt.Sprintf("cannot encode message: %v", err))
 	}
-	if err := r.client.SAdd(ctx, base.AllQueues, msg.Queue).Err(); err != nil {
-		return errors.E(op, errors.Unknown, &errors.RedisCommandError{Command: "sadd", Err: err})
+	if _, found := r.queuesPublished.Load(msg.Queue); !found {
+		if err := r.client.SAdd(ctx, base.AllQueues, msg.Queue).Err(); err != nil {
+			return errors.E(op, errors.Unknown, &errors.RedisCommandError{Command: "sadd", Err: err})
+		}
+		r.queuesPublished.Store(msg.Queue, true)
 	}
 	keys := []string{
 		base.TaskKey(msg.Queue, msg.ID),
@@ -591,8 +602,11 @@ func (r *RDB) AddToGroupUnique(ctx context.Context, msg *base.TaskMessage, group
 	if err != nil {
 		return errors.E(op, errors.Unknown, fmt.Sprintf("cannot encode message: %v", err))
 	}
-	if err := r.client.SAdd(ctx, base.AllQueues, msg.Queue).Err(); err != nil {
-		return errors.E(op, errors.Unknown, &errors.RedisCommandError{Command: "sadd", Err: err})
+	if _, found := r.queuesPublished.Load(msg.Queue); !found {
+		if err := r.client.SAdd(ctx, base.AllQueues, msg.Queue).Err(); err != nil {
+			return errors.E(op, errors.Unknown, &errors.RedisCommandError{Command: "sadd", Err: err})
+		}
+		r.queuesPublished.Store(msg.Queue, true)
 	}
 	keys := []string{
 		base.TaskKey(msg.Queue, msg.ID),
@@ -648,8 +662,11 @@ func (r *RDB) Schedule(ctx context.Context, msg *base.TaskMessage, processAt tim
 	if err != nil {
 		return errors.E(op, errors.Unknown, fmt.Sprintf("cannot encode message: %v", err))
 	}
-	if err := r.client.SAdd(ctx, base.AllQueues, msg.Queue).Err(); err != nil {
-		return errors.E(op, errors.Unknown, &errors.RedisCommandError{Command: "sadd", Err: err})
+	if _, found := r.queuesPublished.Load(msg.Queue); !found {
+		if err := r.client.SAdd(ctx, base.AllQueues, msg.Queue).Err(); err != nil {
+			return errors.E(op, errors.Unknown, &errors.RedisCommandError{Command: "sadd", Err: err})
+		}
+		r.queuesPublished.Store(msg.Queue, true)
 	}
 	keys := []string{
 		base.TaskKey(msg.Queue, msg.ID),
@@ -707,8 +724,11 @@ func (r *RDB) ScheduleUnique(ctx context.Context, msg *base.TaskMessage, process
 	if err != nil {
 		return errors.E(op, errors.Internal, fmt.Sprintf("cannot encode task message: %v", err))
 	}
-	if err := r.client.SAdd(ctx, base.AllQueues, msg.Queue).Err(); err != nil {
-		return errors.E(op, errors.Unknown, &errors.RedisCommandError{Command: "sadd", Err: err})
+	if _, found := r.queuesPublished.Load(msg.Queue); !found {
+		if err := r.client.SAdd(ctx, base.AllQueues, msg.Queue).Err(); err != nil {
+			return errors.E(op, errors.Unknown, &errors.RedisCommandError{Command: "sadd", Err: err})
+		}
+		r.queuesPublished.Store(msg.Queue, true)
 	}
 	keys := []string{
 		msg.UniqueKey,
@@ -829,6 +849,7 @@ const (
 // KEYS[6] -> asynq:{<qname>}:failed:<yyyy-mm-dd>
 // KEYS[7] -> asynq:{<qname>}:processed
 // KEYS[8] -> asynq:{<qname>}:failed
+// KEYS[9] -> asynq:{<qname>}:t:
 // -------
 // ARGV[1] -> task ID
 // ARGV[2] -> updated base.TaskMessage value
@@ -845,8 +866,22 @@ if redis.call("ZREM", KEYS[3], ARGV[1]) == 0 then
   return redis.error_reply("NOT FOUND")
 end
 redis.call("ZADD", KEYS[4], ARGV[3], ARGV[1])
-redis.call("ZREMRANGEBYSCORE", KEYS[4], "-inf", ARGV[4])
-redis.call("ZREMRANGEBYRANK", KEYS[4], 0, -ARGV[5])
+local old = redis.call("ZRANGE", KEYS[4], "-inf", ARGV[4], "BYSCORE")
+if #old > 0 then
+	for _, id in ipairs(old) do
+		redis.call("DEL", KEYS[9] .. id)
+	end
+	redis.call("ZREM", KEYS[4], unpack(old))
+end
+
+local extra = redis.call("ZRANGE", KEYS[4], 0, -ARGV[5])
+if #extra > 0 then
+	for _, id in ipairs(extra) do
+		redis.call("DEL", KEYS[9] .. id)
+	end
+	redis.call("ZREM", KEYS[4], unpack(extra))
+end
+
 redis.call("HSET", KEYS[1], "msg", ARGV[2], "state", "archived")
 local n = redis.call("INCR", KEYS[5])
 if tonumber(n) == 1 then
@@ -889,6 +924,7 @@ func (r *RDB) Archive(ctx context.Context, msg *base.TaskMessage, errMsg string)
 		base.FailedKey(msg.Queue, now),
 		base.ProcessedTotalKey(msg.Queue),
 		base.FailedTotalKey(msg.Queue),
+		base.TaskKeyPrefix(msg.Queue),
 	}
 	argv := []interface{}{
 		msg.ID,
@@ -1086,7 +1122,7 @@ const aggregationTimeout = 2 * time.Minute
 // The time for gracePeriod and maxDelay is computed relative to the time t.
 //
 // Note: It assumes that this function is called at frequency less than or equal to the gracePeriod. In other words,
-// the function only checks the most recently added task aganist the given gracePeriod.
+// the function only checks the most recently added task against the given gracePeriod.
 func (r *RDB) AggregationCheck(qname, gname string, t time.Time, gracePeriod, maxDelay time.Duration, maxSize int) (string, error) {
 	var op errors.Op = "RDB.AggregationCheck"
 	aggregationSetID := uuid.NewString()
@@ -1217,7 +1253,7 @@ redis.call("ZREMRANGEBYSCORE", KEYS[1], "-inf", ARGV[1])
 return redis.status_reply("OK")
 `)
 
-// ReclaimStateAggregationSets checks for any stale aggregation sets in the given queue, and
+// ReclaimStaleAggregationSets checks for any stale aggregation sets in the given queue, and
 // reclaim tasks in the stale aggregation set by putting them back in the group.
 func (r *RDB) ReclaimStaleAggregationSets(qname string) error {
 	var op errors.Op = "RDB.ReclaimStaleAggregationSets"
@@ -1241,9 +1277,7 @@ return table.getn(ids)`)
 
 // DeleteExpiredCompletedTasks checks for any expired tasks in the given queue's completed set,
 // and delete all expired tasks.
-func (r *RDB) DeleteExpiredCompletedTasks(qname string) error {
-	// Note: Do this operation in fix batches to prevent long running script.
-	const batchSize = 100
+func (r *RDB) DeleteExpiredCompletedTasks(qname string, batchSize int) error {
 	for {
 		n, err := r.deleteExpiredCompletedTasks(qname, batchSize)
 		if err != nil {
@@ -1284,7 +1318,10 @@ local res = {}
 local ids = redis.call("ZRANGEBYSCORE", KEYS[1], "-inf", ARGV[1])
 for _, id in ipairs(ids) do
 	local key = ARGV[2] .. id
-	table.insert(res, redis.call("HGET", key, "msg"))
+	local v = redis.call("HGET", key, "msg")
+	if v then
+		table.insert(res, v)
+	end
 end
 return res
 `)
@@ -1319,9 +1356,9 @@ func (r *RDB) ListLeaseExpired(cutoff time.Time, qnames ...string) ([]*base.Task
 // It returns a new expiration time if the operation was successful.
 func (r *RDB) ExtendLease(qname string, ids ...string) (expirationTime time.Time, err error) {
 	expireAt := r.clock.Now().Add(LeaseDuration)
-	var zs []*redis.Z
+	var zs []redis.Z
 	for _, id := range ids {
-		zs = append(zs, &redis.Z{Member: id, Score: float64(expireAt.Unix())})
+		zs = append(zs, redis.Z{Member: id, Score: float64(expireAt.Unix())})
 	}
 	// Use XX option to only update elements that already exist; Don't add new elements
 	// TODO: Consider adding GT option to ensure we only "extend" the lease. Ceveat is that GT is supported from redis v6.2.0 or above.
@@ -1367,10 +1404,10 @@ func (r *RDB) WriteServerState(info *base.ServerInfo, workers []*base.WorkerInfo
 	}
 	skey := base.ServerInfoKey(info.Host, info.PID, info.ServerID)
 	wkey := base.WorkersKey(info.Host, info.PID, info.ServerID)
-	if err := r.client.ZAdd(ctx, base.AllServers, &redis.Z{Score: float64(exp.Unix()), Member: skey}).Err(); err != nil {
+	if err := r.client.ZAdd(ctx, base.AllServers, redis.Z{Score: float64(exp.Unix()), Member: skey}).Err(); err != nil {
 		return errors.E(op, errors.Unknown, &errors.RedisCommandError{Command: "sadd", Err: err})
 	}
-	if err := r.client.ZAdd(ctx, base.AllWorkers, &redis.Z{Score: float64(exp.Unix()), Member: wkey}).Err(); err != nil {
+	if err := r.client.ZAdd(ctx, base.AllWorkers, redis.Z{Score: float64(exp.Unix()), Member: wkey}).Err(); err != nil {
 		return errors.E(op, errors.Unknown, &errors.RedisCommandError{Command: "zadd", Err: err})
 	}
 	return r.runScript(ctx, op, writeServerStateCmd, []string{skey, wkey}, args...)
@@ -1400,7 +1437,7 @@ func (r *RDB) ClearServerState(host string, pid int, serverID string) error {
 
 // KEYS[1]  -> asynq:schedulers:{<schedulerID>}
 // ARGV[1]  -> TTL in seconds
-// ARGV[2:] -> schedler entries
+// ARGV[2:] -> scheduler entries
 var writeSchedulerEntriesCmd = redis.NewScript(`
 redis.call("DEL", KEYS[1])
 for i = 2, #ARGV do
@@ -1423,7 +1460,7 @@ func (r *RDB) WriteSchedulerEntries(schedulerID string, entries []*base.Schedule
 	}
 	exp := r.clock.Now().Add(ttl).UTC()
 	key := base.SchedulerEntriesKey(schedulerID)
-	err := r.client.ZAdd(ctx, base.AllSchedulers, &redis.Z{Score: float64(exp.Unix()), Member: key}).Err()
+	err := r.client.ZAdd(ctx, base.AllSchedulers, redis.Z{Score: float64(exp.Unix()), Member: key}).Err()
 	if err != nil {
 		return errors.E(op, errors.Unknown, &errors.RedisCommandError{Command: "zadd", Err: err})
 	}
@@ -1431,10 +1468,10 @@ func (r *RDB) WriteSchedulerEntries(schedulerID string, entries []*base.Schedule
 }
 
 // ClearSchedulerEntries deletes scheduler entries data from redis.
-func (r *RDB) ClearSchedulerEntries(scheduelrID string) error {
+func (r *RDB) ClearSchedulerEntries(schedulerID string) error {
 	var op errors.Op = "rdb.ClearSchedulerEntries"
 	ctx := context.Background()
-	key := base.SchedulerEntriesKey(scheduelrID)
+	key := base.SchedulerEntriesKey(schedulerID)
 	if err := r.client.ZRem(ctx, base.AllSchedulers, key).Err(); err != nil {
 		return errors.E(op, errors.Unknown, &errors.RedisCommandError{Command: "zrem", Err: err})
 	}

internal/rdb/rdb_test.go

@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@ import (
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 
-	"github.com/go-redis/redis/v8"
 	"github.com/google/go-cmp/cmp"
 	"github.com/google/go-cmp/cmp/cmpopts"
 	"github.com/google/uuid"
@@ -23,6 +22,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/hibiken/asynq/internal/errors"
 	h "github.com/hibiken/asynq/internal/testutil"
 	"github.com/hibiken/asynq/internal/timeutil"
+	"github.com/redis/go-redis/v9"
 )
 
 // variables used for package testing.
@@ -160,6 +160,59 @@ func TestEnqueueTaskIdConflictError(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestEnqueueQueueCache(t *testing.T) {
+	r := setup(t)
+	defer r.Close()
+	t1 := h.NewTaskMessageWithQueue("sync1", nil, "low")
+
+	enqueueTime := time.Now()
+	clock := timeutil.NewSimulatedClock(enqueueTime)
+	r.SetClock(clock)
+
+	err := r.Enqueue(context.Background(), t1)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("(*RDB).Enqueue(msg) = %v, want nil", err)
+	}
+
+	// Check queue is in the AllQueues set.
+	if !r.client.SIsMember(context.Background(), base.AllQueues, t1.Queue).Val() {
+		t.Fatalf("%q is not a member of SET %q", t1.Queue, base.AllQueues)
+	}
+
+	if _, ok := r.queuesPublished.Load(t1.Queue); !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("%q is not cached in queuesPublished", t1.Queue)
+	}
+
+	t.Run("remove-queue", func(t *testing.T) {
+		err := r.RemoveQueue(t1.Queue, true)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Errorf("(*RDB).RemoveQueue(%q, %t) = %v, want nil", t1.Queue, true, err)
+		}
+
+		if _, ok := r.queuesPublished.Load(t1.Queue); ok {
+			t.Fatalf("%q is still cached in queuesPublished", t1.Queue)
+		}
+
+		if r.client.SIsMember(context.Background(), base.AllQueues, t1.Queue).Val() {
+			t.Fatalf("%q is a member of SET %q", t1.Queue, base.AllQueues)
+		}
+
+		err = r.Enqueue(context.Background(), t1)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("(*RDB).Enqueue(msg) = %v, want nil", err)
+		}
+
+		// Check queue is in the AllQueues set.
+		if !r.client.SIsMember(context.Background(), base.AllQueues, t1.Queue).Val() {
+			t.Fatalf("%q is not a member of SET %q", t1.Queue, base.AllQueues)
+		}
+
+		if _, ok := r.queuesPublished.Load(t1.Queue); !ok {
+			t.Fatalf("%q is not cached in queuesPublished", t1.Queue)
+		}
+	})
+}
+
 func TestEnqueueUnique(t *testing.T) {
 	r := setup(t)
 	defer r.Close()
@@ -1272,7 +1325,6 @@ func TestAddToGroupeTaskIdConflictError(t *testing.T) {
 			continue
 		}
 	}
-
 }
 
 func TestAddToGroupUnique(t *testing.T) {
@@ -1356,7 +1408,6 @@ func TestAddToGroupUnique(t *testing.T) {
 			continue
 		}
 	}
-
 }
 
 func TestAddToGroupUniqueTaskIdConflictError(t *testing.T) {
@@ -1398,7 +1449,6 @@ func TestAddToGroupUniqueTaskIdConflictError(t *testing.T) {
 			continue
 		}
 	}
-
 }
 
 func TestSchedule(t *testing.T) {
@@ -2005,7 +2055,6 @@ func TestArchive(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	errMsg := "SMTP server not responding"
 
-	// TODO(hibiken): add test cases for trimming
 	tests := []struct {
 		active       map[string][]*base.TaskMessage
 		lease        map[string][]base.Z
@@ -2174,6 +2223,163 @@ func TestArchive(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestArchiveTrim(t *testing.T) {
+	r := setup(t)
+	defer r.Close()
+	now := time.Now()
+	r.SetClock(timeutil.NewSimulatedClock(now))
+
+	t1 := &base.TaskMessage{
+		ID:      uuid.NewString(),
+		Type:    "send_email",
+		Payload: nil,
+		Queue:   "default",
+		Retry:   25,
+		Retried: 25,
+		Timeout: 1800,
+	}
+	t2 := &base.TaskMessage{
+		ID:      uuid.NewString(),
+		Type:    "reindex",
+		Payload: nil,
+		Queue:   "default",
+		Retry:   25,
+		Retried: 0,
+		Timeout: 3000,
+	}
+	errMsg := "SMTP server not responding"
+
+	maxArchiveSet := make([]base.Z, 0)
+	for i := 0; i < maxArchiveSize-1; i++ {
+		maxArchiveSet = append(maxArchiveSet, base.Z{Message: &base.TaskMessage{
+			ID:      uuid.NewString(),
+			Type:    "generate_csv",
+			Payload: nil,
+			Queue:   "default",
+			Retry:   25,
+			Retried: 0,
+			Timeout: 60,
+		}, Score: now.Add(-time.Hour + -time.Second*time.Duration(i)).Unix()})
+	}
+
+	wantMaxArchiveSet := make([]base.Z, 0)
+	// newly archived task should be at the front
+	wantMaxArchiveSet = append(wantMaxArchiveSet, base.Z{Message: h.TaskMessageWithError(*t1, errMsg, now), Score: now.Unix()})
+	// oldest task should be dropped from the set
+	wantMaxArchiveSet = append(wantMaxArchiveSet, maxArchiveSet[:len(maxArchiveSet)-1]...)
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		toArchive    map[string][]*base.TaskMessage
+		lease        map[string][]base.Z
+		archived     map[string][]base.Z
+		wantArchived map[string][]base.Z
+	}{
+		{ // simple, 1 to be archived, 1 already archived, both are in the archive set
+			toArchive: map[string][]*base.TaskMessage{
+				"default": {t1},
+			},
+			lease: map[string][]base.Z{
+				"default": {
+					{Message: t1, Score: now.Add(10 * time.Second).Unix()},
+				},
+			},
+			archived: map[string][]base.Z{
+				"default": {
+					{Message: t2, Score: now.Add(-time.Hour).Unix()},
+				},
+			},
+			wantArchived: map[string][]base.Z{
+				"default": {
+					{Message: h.TaskMessageWithError(*t1, errMsg, now), Score: now.Unix()},
+					{Message: t2, Score: now.Add(-time.Hour).Unix()},
+				},
+			},
+		},
+		{ // 1 to be archived, 1 already archived but past expiry, only the newly archived task should be left
+			toArchive: map[string][]*base.TaskMessage{
+				"default": {t1},
+			},
+			lease: map[string][]base.Z{
+				"default": {
+					{Message: t1, Score: now.Add(10 * time.Second).Unix()},
+				},
+			},
+			archived: map[string][]base.Z{
+				"default": {
+					{Message: t2, Score: now.Add(-time.Hour * 24 * (archivedExpirationInDays + 1)).Unix()},
+				},
+			},
+			wantArchived: map[string][]base.Z{
+				"default": {
+					{Message: h.TaskMessageWithError(*t1, errMsg, now), Score: now.Unix()},
+				},
+			},
+		},
+		{ // 1 to be archived, maxArchiveSize in archive set, archive set should be trimmed back to maxArchiveSize and newly archived task should be in the set
+			toArchive: map[string][]*base.TaskMessage{
+				"default": {t1},
+			},
+			lease: map[string][]base.Z{
+				"default": {
+					{Message: t1, Score: now.Add(10 * time.Second).Unix()},
+				},
+			},
+			archived: map[string][]base.Z{
+				"default": maxArchiveSet,
+			},
+			wantArchived: map[string][]base.Z{
+				"default": wantMaxArchiveSet,
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tc := range tests {
+		h.FlushDB(t, r.client) // clean up db before each test case
+		h.SeedAllActiveQueues(t, r.client, tc.toArchive)
+		h.SeedAllLease(t, r.client, tc.lease)
+		h.SeedAllArchivedQueues(t, r.client, tc.archived)
+
+		for _, tasks := range tc.toArchive {
+			for _, target := range tasks {
+				err := r.Archive(context.Background(), target, errMsg)
+				if err != nil {
+					t.Errorf("(*RDB).Archive(%v, %v) = %v, want nil", target, errMsg, err)
+					continue
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		for queue, want := range tc.wantArchived {
+			gotArchived := h.GetArchivedEntries(t, r.client, queue)
+
+			if diff := cmp.Diff(want, gotArchived, h.SortZSetEntryOpt, zScoreCmpOpt, timeCmpOpt); diff != "" {
+				t.Errorf("mismatch found in %q after calling (*RDB).Archive: (-want, +got):\n%s", base.ArchivedKey(queue), diff)
+			}
+
+			// check that only keys present in the archived set are in rdb
+			vals := r.client.Keys(context.Background(), base.TaskKeyPrefix(queue)+"*").Val()
+			if len(vals) != len(gotArchived) {
+				t.Errorf("len of keys = %v, want %v", len(vals), len(gotArchived))
+				return
+			}
+
+			for _, val := range vals {
+				found := false
+				for _, entry := range gotArchived {
+					if strings.Contains(val, entry.Message.ID) {
+						found = true
+						break
+					}
+				}
+
+				if !found {
+					t.Errorf("key %v not found in archived set (it was orphaned by the archive trim)", val)
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
 func TestForwardIfReadyWithGroup(t *testing.T) {
 	r := setup(t)
 	defer r.Close()
@@ -2545,8 +2751,8 @@ func TestDeleteExpiredCompletedTasks(t *testing.T) {
 		h.FlushDB(t, r.client)
 		h.SeedAllCompletedQueues(t, r.client, tc.completed)
 
-		if err := r.DeleteExpiredCompletedTasks(tc.qname); err != nil {
-			t.Errorf("DeleteExpiredCompletedTasks(%q) failed: %v", tc.qname, err)
+		if err := r.DeleteExpiredCompletedTasks(tc.qname, 100); err != nil {
+			t.Errorf("DeleteExpiredCompletedTasks(%q, 100) failed: %v", tc.qname, err)
 			continue
 		}
 
@@ -3053,7 +3259,7 @@ func TestCancelationPubSub(t *testing.T) {
 	publish := []string{"one", "two", "three"}
 
 	for _, msg := range publish {
-		r.PublishCancelation(msg)
+		_ = r.PublishCancelation(msg)
 	}
 
 	// allow for message to reach subscribers.
@@ -3122,7 +3328,7 @@ func TestAggregationCheck(t *testing.T) {
 		desc string
 		// initial data
 		tasks     []*h.TaskSeedData
-		groups    map[string][]*redis.Z
+		groups    map[string][]redis.Z
 		allGroups map[string][]string
 
 		// args
@@ -3141,7 +3347,7 @@ func TestAggregationCheck(t *testing.T) {
 		{
 			desc:  "with an empty group",
 			tasks: []*h.TaskSeedData{},
-			groups: map[string][]*redis.Z{
+			groups: map[string][]redis.Z{
 				base.GroupKey("default", "mygroup"): {},
 			},
 			allGroups: map[string][]string{
@@ -3168,7 +3374,7 @@ func TestAggregationCheck(t *testing.T) {
 				{Msg: msg4, State: base.TaskStateAggregating},
 				{Msg: msg5, State: base.TaskStateAggregating},
 			},
-			groups: map[string][]*redis.Z{
+			groups: map[string][]redis.Z{
 				base.GroupKey("default", "mygroup"): {
 					{Member: msg1.ID, Score: float64(now.Add(-5 * time.Minute).Unix())},
 					{Member: msg2.ID, Score: float64(now.Add(-3 * time.Minute).Unix())},
@@ -3201,7 +3407,7 @@ func TestAggregationCheck(t *testing.T) {
 				{Msg: msg4, State: base.TaskStateAggregating},
 				{Msg: msg5, State: base.TaskStateAggregating},
 			},
-			groups: map[string][]*redis.Z{
+			groups: map[string][]redis.Z{
 				base.GroupKey("default", "mygroup"): {
 					{Member: msg1.ID, Score: float64(now.Add(-5 * time.Minute).Unix())},
 					{Member: msg2.ID, Score: float64(now.Add(-3 * time.Minute).Unix())},
@@ -3235,7 +3441,7 @@ func TestAggregationCheck(t *testing.T) {
 				{Msg: msg2, State: base.TaskStateAggregating},
 				{Msg: msg3, State: base.TaskStateAggregating},
 			},
-			groups: map[string][]*redis.Z{
+			groups: map[string][]redis.Z{
 				base.GroupKey("default", "mygroup"): {
 					{Member: msg1.ID, Score: float64(now.Add(-5 * time.Minute).Unix())},
 					{Member: msg2.ID, Score: float64(now.Add(-3 * time.Minute).Unix())},
@@ -3266,7 +3472,7 @@ func TestAggregationCheck(t *testing.T) {
 				{Msg: msg4, State: base.TaskStateAggregating},
 				{Msg: msg5, State: base.TaskStateAggregating},
 			},
-			groups: map[string][]*redis.Z{
+			groups: map[string][]redis.Z{
 				base.GroupKey("default", "mygroup"): {
 					{Member: msg1.ID, Score: float64(now.Add(-15 * time.Minute).Unix())},
 					{Member: msg2.ID, Score: float64(now.Add(-3 * time.Minute).Unix())},
@@ -3299,7 +3505,7 @@ func TestAggregationCheck(t *testing.T) {
 				{Msg: msg4, State: base.TaskStateAggregating},
 				{Msg: msg5, State: base.TaskStateAggregating},
 			},
-			groups: map[string][]*redis.Z{
+			groups: map[string][]redis.Z{
 				base.GroupKey("default", "mygroup"): {
 					{Member: msg1.ID, Score: float64(now.Add(-15 * time.Minute).Unix())},
 					{Member: msg2.ID, Score: float64(now.Add(-3 * time.Minute).Unix())},
@@ -3338,7 +3544,7 @@ func TestAggregationCheck(t *testing.T) {
 				{Msg: msg4, State: base.TaskStateAggregating},
 				{Msg: msg5, State: base.TaskStateAggregating},
 			},
-			groups: map[string][]*redis.Z{
+			groups: map[string][]redis.Z{
 				base.GroupKey("default", "mygroup"): {
 					{Member: msg1.ID, Score: float64(now.Add(-15 * time.Minute).Unix())},
 					{Member: msg2.ID, Score: float64(now.Add(-3 * time.Minute).Unix())},
@@ -3371,7 +3577,7 @@ func TestAggregationCheck(t *testing.T) {
 				{Msg: msg4, State: base.TaskStateAggregating},
 				{Msg: msg5, State: base.TaskStateAggregating},
 			},
-			groups: map[string][]*redis.Z{
+			groups: map[string][]redis.Z{
 				base.GroupKey("default", "mygroup"): {
 					{Member: msg1.ID, Score: float64(now.Add(-15 * time.Minute).Unix())},
 					{Member: msg2.ID, Score: float64(now.Add(-3 * time.Minute).Unix())},
@@ -3473,8 +3679,8 @@ func TestDeleteAggregationSet(t *testing.T) {
 		desc string
 		// initial data
 		tasks              []*h.TaskSeedData
-		aggregationSets    map[string][]*redis.Z
-		allAggregationSets map[string][]*redis.Z
+		aggregationSets    map[string][]redis.Z
+		allAggregationSets map[string][]redis.Z
 
 		// args
 		ctx   context.Context
@@ -3494,14 +3700,14 @@ func TestDeleteAggregationSet(t *testing.T) {
 				{Msg: m2, State: base.TaskStateAggregating},
 				{Msg: m3, State: base.TaskStateAggregating},
 			},
-			aggregationSets: map[string][]*redis.Z{
+			aggregationSets: map[string][]redis.Z{
 				base.AggregationSetKey("default", "mygroup", setID): {
 					{Member: m1.ID, Score: float64(now.Add(-5 * time.Minute).Unix())},
 					{Member: m2.ID, Score: float64(now.Add(-4 * time.Minute).Unix())},
 					{Member: m3.ID, Score: float64(now.Add(-3 * time.Minute).Unix())},
 				},
 			},
-			allAggregationSets: map[string][]*redis.Z{
+			allAggregationSets: map[string][]redis.Z{
 				base.AllAggregationSets("default"): {
 					{Member: base.AggregationSetKey("default", "mygroup", setID), Score: float64(now.Add(aggregationTimeout).Unix())},
 				},
@@ -3528,7 +3734,7 @@ func TestDeleteAggregationSet(t *testing.T) {
 				{Msg: m2, State: base.TaskStateAggregating},
 				{Msg: m3, State: base.TaskStateAggregating},
 			},
-			aggregationSets: map[string][]*redis.Z{
+			aggregationSets: map[string][]redis.Z{
 				base.AggregationSetKey("default", "mygroup", setID): {
 					{Member: m1.ID, Score: float64(now.Add(-5 * time.Minute).Unix())},
 				},
@@ -3537,7 +3743,7 @@ func TestDeleteAggregationSet(t *testing.T) {
 					{Member: m3.ID, Score: float64(now.Add(-3 * time.Minute).Unix())},
 				},
 			},
-			allAggregationSets: map[string][]*redis.Z{
+			allAggregationSets: map[string][]redis.Z{
 				base.AllAggregationSets("default"): {
 					{Member: base.AggregationSetKey("default", "mygroup", setID), Score: float64(now.Add(aggregationTimeout).Unix())},
 					{Member: base.AggregationSetKey("default", "mygroup", otherSetID), Score: float64(now.Add(aggregationTimeout).Unix())},
@@ -3602,8 +3808,8 @@ func TestDeleteAggregationSetError(t *testing.T) {
 		desc string
 		// initial data
 		tasks              []*h.TaskSeedData
-		aggregationSets    map[string][]*redis.Z
-		allAggregationSets map[string][]*redis.Z
+		aggregationSets    map[string][]redis.Z
+		allAggregationSets map[string][]redis.Z
 
 		// args
 		ctx   context.Context
@@ -3622,14 +3828,14 @@ func TestDeleteAggregationSetError(t *testing.T) {
 				{Msg: m2, State: base.TaskStateAggregating},
 				{Msg: m3, State: base.TaskStateAggregating},
 			},
-			aggregationSets: map[string][]*redis.Z{
+			aggregationSets: map[string][]redis.Z{
 				base.AggregationSetKey("default", "mygroup", setID): {
 					{Member: m1.ID, Score: float64(now.Add(-5 * time.Minute).Unix())},
 					{Member: m2.ID, Score: float64(now.Add(-4 * time.Minute).Unix())},
 					{Member: m3.ID, Score: float64(now.Add(-3 * time.Minute).Unix())},
 				},
 			},
-			allAggregationSets: map[string][]*redis.Z{
+			allAggregationSets: map[string][]redis.Z{
 				base.AllAggregationSets("default"): {
 					{Member: base.AggregationSetKey("default", "mygroup", setID), Score: float64(now.Add(aggregationTimeout).Unix())},
 				},
@@ -3688,23 +3894,23 @@ func TestReclaimStaleAggregationSets(t *testing.T) {
 	// Note: In this test, we're trying out a new way to test RDB by exactly describing how
 	// keys and values are represented in Redis.
 	tests := []struct {
-		groups                 map[string][]*redis.Z // map redis-key to redis-zset
-		aggregationSets        map[string][]*redis.Z
-		allAggregationSets     map[string][]*redis.Z
+		groups                 map[string][]redis.Z // map redis-key to redis-zset
+		aggregationSets        map[string][]redis.Z
+		allAggregationSets     map[string][]redis.Z
 		qname                  string
 		wantGroups             map[string][]redis.Z
 		wantAggregationSets    map[string][]redis.Z
 		wantAllAggregationSets map[string][]redis.Z
 	}{
 		{
-			groups: map[string][]*redis.Z{
+			groups: map[string][]redis.Z{
 				base.GroupKey("default", "foo"): {},
 				base.GroupKey("default", "bar"): {},
 				base.GroupKey("default", "qux"): {
 					{Member: m4.ID, Score: float64(now.Add(-10 * time.Second).Unix())},
 				},
 			},
-			aggregationSets: map[string][]*redis.Z{
+			aggregationSets: map[string][]redis.Z{
 				base.AggregationSetKey("default", "foo", "set1"): {
 					{Member: m1.ID, Score: float64(now.Add(-3 * time.Minute).Unix())},
 					{Member: m2.ID, Score: float64(now.Add(-4 * time.Minute).Unix())},
@@ -3713,7 +3919,7 @@ func TestReclaimStaleAggregationSets(t *testing.T) {
 					{Member: m3.ID, Score: float64(now.Add(-1 * time.Minute).Unix())},
 				},
 			},
-			allAggregationSets: map[string][]*redis.Z{
+			allAggregationSets: map[string][]redis.Z{
 				base.AllAggregationSets("default"): {
 					{Member: base.AggregationSetKey("default", "foo", "set1"), Score: float64(now.Add(-10 * time.Second).Unix())}, // set1 is expired
 					{Member: base.AggregationSetKey("default", "bar", "set2"), Score: float64(now.Add(40 * time.Second).Unix())},  // set2 is not expired

internal/testbroker/testbroker.go

@@ -11,8 +11,8 @@ import (
 	"sync"
 	"time"
 
-	"github.com/go-redis/redis/v8"
 	"github.com/hibiken/asynq/internal/base"
+	"github.com/redis/go-redis/v9"
 )
 
 var errRedisDown = errors.New("testutil: redis is down")
@@ -145,13 +145,13 @@ func (tb *TestBroker) ForwardIfReady(qnames ...string) error {
 	return tb.real.ForwardIfReady(qnames...)
 }
 
-func (tb *TestBroker) DeleteExpiredCompletedTasks(qname string) error {
+func (tb *TestBroker) DeleteExpiredCompletedTasks(qname string, batchSize int) error {
 	tb.mu.Lock()
 	defer tb.mu.Unlock()
 	if tb.sleeping {
 		return errRedisDown
 	}
-	return tb.real.DeleteExpiredCompletedTasks(qname)
+	return tb.real.DeleteExpiredCompletedTasks(qname, batchSize)
 }
 
 func (tb *TestBroker) ListLeaseExpired(cutoff time.Time, qnames ...string) ([]*base.TaskMessage, error) {

internal/testutil/testutil.go

@@ -13,12 +13,12 @@ import (
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 
-	"github.com/go-redis/redis/v8"
 	"github.com/google/go-cmp/cmp"
 	"github.com/google/go-cmp/cmp/cmpopts"
 	"github.com/google/uuid"
 	"github.com/hibiken/asynq/internal/base"
 	"github.com/hibiken/asynq/internal/timeutil"
+	"github.com/redis/go-redis/v9"
 )
 
 // EquateInt64Approx returns a Comparer option that treats int64 values
@@ -252,7 +252,7 @@ func SeedLease(tb testing.TB, r redis.UniversalClient, entries []base.Z, qname s
 	seedRedisZSet(tb, r, base.LeaseKey(qname), entries, base.TaskStateActive)
 }
 
-// SeedCompletedQueue initializes the completed set witht the given entries.
+// SeedCompletedQueue initializes the completed set with the given entries.
 func SeedCompletedQueue(tb testing.TB, r redis.UniversalClient, entries []base.Z, qname string) {
 	tb.Helper()
 	r.SAdd(context.Background(), base.AllQueues, qname)
@@ -377,7 +377,7 @@ func seedRedisZSet(tb testing.TB, c redis.UniversalClient, key string,
 	for _, item := range items {
 		msg := item.Message
 		encoded := MustMarshal(tb, msg)
-		z := &redis.Z{Member: msg.ID, Score: float64(item.Score)}
+		z := redis.Z{Member: msg.ID, Score: float64(item.Score)}
 		if err := c.ZAdd(context.Background(), key, z).Err(); err != nil {
 			tb.Fatal(err)
 		}
@@ -570,7 +570,7 @@ func SeedTasks(tb testing.TB, r redis.UniversalClient, taskData []*TaskSeedData)
 	}
 }
 
-func SeedRedisZSets(tb testing.TB, r redis.UniversalClient, zsets map[string][]*redis.Z) {
+func SeedRedisZSets(tb testing.TB, r redis.UniversalClient, zsets map[string][]redis.Z) {
 	for key, zs := range zsets {
 		// FIXME: How come we can't simply do ZAdd(ctx, key, zs...) here?
 		for _, z := range zs {

janitor.go

@@ -27,13 +27,17 @@ type janitor struct {
 
 	// average interval between checks.
 	avgInterval time.Duration
+
+	// number of tasks to be deleted when janitor runs to delete the expired completed tasks.
+	batchSize int
 }
 
 type janitorParams struct {
-	logger   *log.Logger
-	broker   base.Broker
-	queues   []string
-	interval time.Duration
+	logger    *log.Logger
+	broker    base.Broker
+	queues    []string
+	interval  time.Duration
+	batchSize int
 }
 
 func newJanitor(params janitorParams) *janitor {
@@ -43,6 +47,7 @@ func newJanitor(params janitorParams) *janitor {
 		done:        make(chan struct{}),
 		queues:      params.queues,
 		avgInterval: params.interval,
+		batchSize:   params.batchSize,
 	}
 }
 
@@ -73,7 +78,7 @@ func (j *janitor) start(wg *sync.WaitGroup) {
 
 func (j *janitor) exec() {
 	for _, qname := range j.queues {
-		if err := j.broker.DeleteExpiredCompletedTasks(qname); err != nil {
+		if err := j.broker.DeleteExpiredCompletedTasks(qname, j.batchSize); err != nil {
 			j.logger.Errorf("Failed to delete expired completed tasks from queue %q: %v",
 				qname, err)
 		}

janitor_test.go

@@ -26,11 +26,13 @@ func TestJanitor(t *testing.T) {
 	defer r.Close()
 	rdbClient := rdb.NewRDB(r)
 	const interval = 1 * time.Second
+	const batchSize = 100
 	janitor := newJanitor(janitorParams{
-		logger:   testLogger,
-		broker:   rdbClient,
-		queues:   []string{"default", "custom"},
-		interval: interval,
+		logger:    testLogger,
+		broker:    rdbClient,
+		queues:    []string{"default", "custom"},
+		interval:  interval,
+		batchSize: batchSize,
 	})
 
 	now := time.Now()

periodic_task_manager.go

@@ -7,10 +7,11 @@ package asynq
 import (
 	"crypto/sha256"
 	"fmt"
-	"io"
 	"sort"
 	"sync"
 	"time"
+
+	"github.com/redis/go-redis/v9"
 )
 
 // PeriodicTaskManager manages scheduling of periodic tasks.
@@ -28,9 +29,12 @@ type PeriodicTaskManagerOpts struct {
 	// Required: must be non nil
 	PeriodicTaskConfigProvider PeriodicTaskConfigProvider
 
-	// Required: must be non nil
+	// Optional: if RedisUniversalClient is nil must be non nil
 	RedisConnOpt RedisConnOpt
 
+	// Optional: if RedisUniversalClient is non nil, RedisConnOpt is ignored.
+	RedisUniversalClient redis.UniversalClient
+
 	// Optional: scheduler options
 	*SchedulerOpts
 
@@ -46,10 +50,16 @@ func NewPeriodicTaskManager(opts PeriodicTaskManagerOpts) (*PeriodicTaskManager,
 	if opts.PeriodicTaskConfigProvider == nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("PeriodicTaskConfigProvider cannot be nil")
 	}
-	if opts.RedisConnOpt == nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("RedisConnOpt cannot be nil")
+	if opts.RedisConnOpt == nil && opts.RedisUniversalClient == nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("RedisConnOpt/RedisUniversalClient cannot be nil")
 	}
-	scheduler := NewScheduler(opts.RedisConnOpt, opts.SchedulerOpts)
+	var scheduler *Scheduler
+	if opts.RedisUniversalClient != nil {
+		scheduler = NewSchedulerFromRedisClient(opts.RedisUniversalClient, opts.SchedulerOpts)
+	} else {
+		scheduler = NewScheduler(opts.RedisConnOpt, opts.SchedulerOpts)
+	}
+
 	syncInterval := opts.SyncInterval
 	if syncInterval == 0 {
 		syncInterval = defaultSyncInterval
@@ -79,13 +89,13 @@ type PeriodicTaskConfig struct {
 
 func (c *PeriodicTaskConfig) hash() string {
 	h := sha256.New()
-	io.WriteString(h, c.Cronspec)
-	io.WriteString(h, c.Task.Type())
+	_, _ = h.Write([]byte(c.Cronspec))
+	_, _ = h.Write([]byte(c.Task.Type()))
 	h.Write(c.Task.Payload())
 	opts := stringifyOptions(c.Opts)
 	sort.Strings(opts)
 	for _, opt := range opts {
-		io.WriteString(h, opt)
+		_, _ = h.Write([]byte(opt))
 	}
 	return fmt.Sprintf("%x", h.Sum(nil))
 }
@@ -173,8 +183,8 @@ func (mgr *PeriodicTaskManager) add(configs []*PeriodicTaskConfig) {
 	for _, c := range configs {
 		entryID, err := mgr.s.Register(c.Cronspec, c.Task, c.Opts...)
 		if err != nil {
-			mgr.s.logger.Errorf("Failed to register periodic task: cronspec=%q task=%q",
-				c.Cronspec, c.Task.Type())
+			mgr.s.logger.Errorf("Failed to register periodic task: cronspec=%q task=%q err=%v",
+				c.Cronspec, c.Task.Type(), err)
 			continue
 		}
 		mgr.m[c.hash()] = entryID

periodic_task_manager_test.go

@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ func (p *FakeConfigProvider) GetConfigs() ([]*PeriodicTaskConfig, error) {
 }
 
 func TestNewPeriodicTaskManager(t *testing.T) {
+	redisConnOpt := getRedisConnOpt(t)
 	cfgs := []*PeriodicTaskConfig{
 		{Cronspec: "* * * * *", Task: NewTask("foo", nil)},
 		{Cronspec: "* * * * *", Task: NewTask("bar", nil)},
@@ -43,14 +44,14 @@ func TestNewPeriodicTaskManager(t *testing.T) {
 		{
 			desc: "with provider and redisConnOpt",
 			opts: PeriodicTaskManagerOpts{
-				RedisConnOpt:               RedisClientOpt{Addr: ":6379"},
+				RedisConnOpt:               redisConnOpt,
 				PeriodicTaskConfigProvider: &FakeConfigProvider{cfgs: cfgs},
 			},
 		},
 		{
 			desc: "with sync option",
 			opts: PeriodicTaskManagerOpts{
-				RedisConnOpt:               RedisClientOpt{Addr: ":6379"},
+				RedisConnOpt:               redisConnOpt,
 				PeriodicTaskConfigProvider: &FakeConfigProvider{cfgs: cfgs},
 				SyncInterval:               5 * time.Minute,
 			},
@@ -58,7 +59,7 @@ func TestNewPeriodicTaskManager(t *testing.T) {
 		{
 			desc: "with scheduler option",
 			opts: PeriodicTaskManagerOpts{
-				RedisConnOpt:               RedisClientOpt{Addr: ":6379"},
+				RedisConnOpt:               redisConnOpt,
 				PeriodicTaskConfigProvider: &FakeConfigProvider{cfgs: cfgs},
 				SyncInterval:               5 * time.Minute,
 				SchedulerOpts: &SchedulerOpts{
@@ -74,37 +75,33 @@ func TestNewPeriodicTaskManager(t *testing.T) {
 			t.Errorf("%s; NewPeriodicTaskManager returned error: %v", tc.desc, err)
 		}
 	}
-}
 
-func TestNewPeriodicTaskManagerError(t *testing.T) {
-	cfgs := []*PeriodicTaskConfig{
-		{Cronspec: "* * * * *", Task: NewTask("foo", nil)},
-		{Cronspec: "* * * * *", Task: NewTask("bar", nil)},
-	}
-	tests := []struct {
-		desc string
-		opts PeriodicTaskManagerOpts
-	}{
-		{
-			desc: "without provider",
-			opts: PeriodicTaskManagerOpts{
-				RedisConnOpt: RedisClientOpt{Addr: ":6379"},
+	t.Run("error", func(t *testing.T) {
+		tests := []struct {
+			desc string
+			opts PeriodicTaskManagerOpts
+		}{
+			{
+				desc: "without provider",
+				opts: PeriodicTaskManagerOpts{
+					RedisConnOpt: redisConnOpt,
+				},
 			},
-		},
-		{
-			desc: "without redisConOpt",
-			opts: PeriodicTaskManagerOpts{
-				PeriodicTaskConfigProvider: &FakeConfigProvider{cfgs: cfgs},
+			{
+				desc: "without redisConOpt",
+				opts: PeriodicTaskManagerOpts{
+					PeriodicTaskConfigProvider: &FakeConfigProvider{cfgs: cfgs},
+				},
 			},
-		},
-	}
-
-	for _, tc := range tests {
-		_, err := NewPeriodicTaskManager(tc.opts)
-		if err == nil {
-			t.Errorf("%s; NewPeriodicTaskManager did not return error", tc.desc)
 		}
-	}
+
+		for _, tc := range tests {
+			_, err := NewPeriodicTaskManager(tc.opts)
+			if err == nil {
+				t.Errorf("%s; NewPeriodicTaskManager did not return error", tc.desc)
+			}
+		}
+	})
 }
 
 func TestPeriodicTaskConfigHash(t *testing.T) {

processor.go

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"fmt"
 	"math"
-	"math/rand"
+	"math/rand/v2"
 	"runtime"
 	"runtime/debug"
 	"sort"
@@ -37,11 +37,11 @@ type processor struct {
 	// orderedQueues is set only in strict-priority mode.
 	orderedQueues []string
 
-	retryDelayFunc RetryDelayFunc
-	isFailureFunc  func(error) bool
-
-	errHandler ErrorHandler
+	taskCheckInterval time.Duration
+	retryDelayFunc    RetryDelayFunc
+	isFailureFunc     func(error) bool
 
+	errHandler      ErrorHandler
 	shutdownTimeout time.Duration
 
 	// channel via which to send sync requests to syncer.
@@ -73,20 +73,21 @@ type processor struct {
 }
 
 type processorParams struct {
-	logger          *log.Logger
-	broker          base.Broker
-	baseCtxFn       func() context.Context
-	retryDelayFunc  RetryDelayFunc
-	isFailureFunc   func(error) bool
-	syncCh          chan<- *syncRequest
-	cancelations    *base.Cancelations
-	concurrency     int
-	queues          map[string]int
-	strictPriority  bool
-	errHandler      ErrorHandler
-	shutdownTimeout time.Duration
-	starting        chan<- *workerInfo
-	finished        chan<- *base.TaskMessage
+	logger            *log.Logger
+	broker            base.Broker
+	baseCtxFn         func() context.Context
+	retryDelayFunc    RetryDelayFunc
+	taskCheckInterval time.Duration
+	isFailureFunc     func(error) bool
+	syncCh            chan<- *syncRequest
+	cancelations      *base.Cancelations
+	concurrency       int
+	queues            map[string]int
+	strictPriority    bool
+	errHandler        ErrorHandler
+	shutdownTimeout   time.Duration
+	starting          chan<- *workerInfo
+	finished          chan<- *base.TaskMessage
 }
 
 // newProcessor constructs a new processor.
@@ -97,26 +98,27 @@ func newProcessor(params processorParams) *processor {
 		orderedQueues = sortByPriority(queues)
 	}
 	return &processor{
-		logger:          params.logger,
-		broker:          params.broker,
-		baseCtxFn:       params.baseCtxFn,
-		clock:           timeutil.NewRealClock(),
-		queueConfig:     queues,
-		orderedQueues:   orderedQueues,
-		retryDelayFunc:  params.retryDelayFunc,
-		isFailureFunc:   params.isFailureFunc,
-		syncRequestCh:   params.syncCh,
-		cancelations:    params.cancelations,
-		errLogLimiter:   rate.NewLimiter(rate.Every(3*time.Second), 1),
-		sema:            make(chan struct{}, params.concurrency),
-		done:            make(chan struct{}),
-		quit:            make(chan struct{}),
-		abort:           make(chan struct{}),
-		errHandler:      params.errHandler,
-		handler:         HandlerFunc(func(ctx context.Context, t *Task) error { return fmt.Errorf("handler not set") }),
-		shutdownTimeout: params.shutdownTimeout,
-		starting:        params.starting,
-		finished:        params.finished,
+		logger:            params.logger,
+		broker:            params.broker,
+		baseCtxFn:         params.baseCtxFn,
+		clock:             timeutil.NewRealClock(),
+		queueConfig:       queues,
+		orderedQueues:     orderedQueues,
+		taskCheckInterval: params.taskCheckInterval,
+		retryDelayFunc:    params.retryDelayFunc,
+		isFailureFunc:     params.isFailureFunc,
+		syncRequestCh:     params.syncCh,
+		cancelations:      params.cancelations,
+		errLogLimiter:     rate.NewLimiter(rate.Every(3*time.Second), 1),
+		sema:              make(chan struct{}, params.concurrency),
+		done:              make(chan struct{}),
+		quit:              make(chan struct{}),
+		abort:             make(chan struct{}),
+		errHandler:        params.errHandler,
+		handler:           HandlerFunc(func(ctx context.Context, t *Task) error { return fmt.Errorf("handler not set") }),
+		shutdownTimeout:   params.shutdownTimeout,
+		starting:          params.starting,
+		finished:          params.finished,
 	}
 }
 
@@ -179,7 +181,8 @@ func (p *processor) exec() {
 			// Sleep to avoid slamming redis and let scheduler move tasks into queues.
 			// Note: We are not using blocking pop operation and polling queues instead.
 			// This adds significant load to redis.
-			time.Sleep(time.Second)
+			jitter := rand.N(p.taskCheckInterval)
+			time.Sleep(p.taskCheckInterval/2 + jitter)
 			<-p.sema // release token
 			return
 		case err != nil:
@@ -259,7 +262,8 @@ func (p *processor) requeue(l *base.Lease, msg *base.TaskMessage) {
 		// If lease is not valid, do not write to redis; Let recoverer take care of it.
 		return
 	}
-	ctx, _ := context.WithDeadline(context.Background(), l.Deadline())
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithDeadline(context.Background(), l.Deadline())
+	defer cancel()
 	err := p.broker.Requeue(ctx, msg)
 	if err != nil {
 		p.logger.Errorf("Could not push task id=%s back to queue: %v", msg.ID, err)
@@ -281,7 +285,8 @@ func (p *processor) markAsComplete(l *base.Lease, msg *base.TaskMessage) {
 		// If lease is not valid, do not write to redis; Let recoverer take care of it.
 		return
 	}
-	ctx, _ := context.WithDeadline(context.Background(), l.Deadline())
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithDeadline(context.Background(), l.Deadline())
+	defer cancel()
 	err := p.broker.MarkAsComplete(ctx, msg)
 	if err != nil {
 		errMsg := fmt.Sprintf("Could not move task id=%s type=%q from %q to %q:  %+v",
@@ -302,7 +307,8 @@ func (p *processor) markAsDone(l *base.Lease, msg *base.TaskMessage) {
 		// If lease is not valid, do not write to redis; Let recoverer take care of it.
 		return
 	}
-	ctx, _ := context.WithDeadline(context.Background(), l.Deadline())
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithDeadline(context.Background(), l.Deadline())
+	defer cancel()
 	err := p.broker.Done(ctx, msg)
 	if err != nil {
 		errMsg := fmt.Sprintf("Could not remove task id=%s type=%q from %q err: %+v", msg.ID, msg.Type, base.ActiveKey(msg.Queue), err)
@@ -321,20 +327,23 @@ func (p *processor) markAsDone(l *base.Lease, msg *base.TaskMessage) {
 // the task should not be retried and should be archived instead.
 var SkipRetry = errors.New("skip retry for the task")
 
+// RevokeTask is used as a return value from Handler.ProcessTask to indicate that
+// the task should not be retried or archived.
+var RevokeTask = errors.New("revoke task")
+
 func (p *processor) handleFailedMessage(ctx context.Context, l *base.Lease, msg *base.TaskMessage, err error) {
 	if p.errHandler != nil {
 		p.errHandler.HandleError(ctx, NewTask(msg.Type, msg.Payload), err)
 	}
-	if !p.isFailureFunc(err) {
-		// retry the task without marking it as failed
-		p.retry(l, msg, err, false /*isFailure*/)
-		return
-	}
-	if msg.Retried >= msg.Retry || errors.Is(err, SkipRetry) {
+	switch {
+	case errors.Is(err, RevokeTask):
+		p.logger.Warnf("revoke task id=%s", msg.ID)
+		p.markAsDone(l, msg)
+	case msg.Retried >= msg.Retry || errors.Is(err, SkipRetry):
 		p.logger.Warnf("Retry exhausted for task id=%s", msg.ID)
 		p.archive(l, msg, err)
-	} else {
-		p.retry(l, msg, err, true /*isFailure*/)
+	default:
+		p.retry(l, msg, err, p.isFailureFunc(err))
 	}
 }
 
@@ -343,7 +352,8 @@ func (p *processor) retry(l *base.Lease, msg *base.TaskMessage, e error, isFailu
 		// If lease is not valid, do not write to redis; Let recoverer take care of it.
 		return
 	}
-	ctx, _ := context.WithDeadline(context.Background(), l.Deadline())
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithDeadline(context.Background(), l.Deadline())
+	defer cancel()
 	d := p.retryDelayFunc(msg.Retried, e, NewTask(msg.Type, msg.Payload))
 	retryAt := time.Now().Add(d)
 	err := p.broker.Retry(ctx, msg, retryAt, e.Error(), isFailure)
@@ -365,7 +375,8 @@ func (p *processor) archive(l *base.Lease, msg *base.TaskMessage, e error) {
 		// If lease is not valid, do not write to redis; Let recoverer take care of it.
 		return
 	}
-	ctx, _ := context.WithDeadline(context.Background(), l.Deadline())
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithDeadline(context.Background(), l.Deadline())
+	defer cancel()
 	err := p.broker.Archive(ctx, msg, e.Error())
 	if err != nil {
 		errMsg := fmt.Sprintf("Could not move task id=%s from %q to %q", msg.ID, base.ActiveKey(msg.Queue), base.ArchivedKey(msg.Queue))
@@ -402,8 +413,7 @@ func (p *processor) queues() []string {
 			names = append(names, qname)
 		}
 	}
-	r := rand.New(rand.NewSource(time.Now().UnixNano()))
-	r.Shuffle(len(names), func(i, j int) { names[i], names[j] = names[j], names[i] })
+	rand.Shuffle(len(names), func(i, j int) { names[i], names[j] = names[j], names[i] })
 	return uniq(names, len(p.queueConfig))
 }
 
@@ -420,12 +430,15 @@ func (p *processor) perform(ctx context.Context, task *Task) (err error) {
 				// map/slice usage. The parent frame should have the real trigger.
 				_, file, line, ok = runtime.Caller(2)
 			}
-
+			var errMsg string
 			// Include the file and line number info in the error, if runtime.Caller returned ok.
 			if ok {
-				err = fmt.Errorf("panic [%s:%d]: %v", file, line, x)
+				errMsg = fmt.Sprintf("panic [%s:%d]: %v", file, line, x)
 			} else {
-				err = fmt.Errorf("panic: %v", x)
+				errMsg = fmt.Sprintf("panic: %v", x)
+			}
+			err = &errors.PanicError{
+				ErrMsg: errMsg,
 			}
 		}
 	}()
@@ -521,3 +534,7 @@ func (p *processor) computeDeadline(msg *base.TaskMessage) time.Time {
 	}
 	return time.Unix(msg.Deadline, 0)
 }
+
+func IsPanicError(err error) bool {
+	return errors.IsPanicError(err)
+}

processor_test.go

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import (
 	"encoding/json"
 	"fmt"
 	"sort"
+	"strings"
 	"sync"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
@@ -62,20 +63,21 @@ func newProcessorForTest(t *testing.T, r *rdb.RDB, h Handler) *processor {
 	go fakeHeartbeater(starting, finished, done)
 	go fakeSyncer(syncCh, done)
 	p := newProcessor(processorParams{
-		logger:          testLogger,
-		broker:          r,
-		baseCtxFn:       context.Background,
-		retryDelayFunc:  DefaultRetryDelayFunc,
-		isFailureFunc:   defaultIsFailureFunc,
-		syncCh:          syncCh,
-		cancelations:    base.NewCancelations(),
-		concurrency:     10,
-		queues:          defaultQueueConfig,
-		strictPriority:  false,
-		errHandler:      nil,
-		shutdownTimeout: defaultShutdownTimeout,
-		starting:        starting,
-		finished:        finished,
+		logger:            testLogger,
+		broker:            r,
+		baseCtxFn:         context.Background,
+		retryDelayFunc:    DefaultRetryDelayFunc,
+		taskCheckInterval: defaultTaskCheckInterval,
+		isFailureFunc:     defaultIsFailureFunc,
+		syncCh:            syncCh,
+		cancelations:      base.NewCancelations(),
+		concurrency:       10,
+		queues:            defaultQueueConfig,
+		strictPriority:    false,
+		errHandler:        nil,
+		shutdownTimeout:   defaultShutdownTimeout,
+		starting:          starting,
+		finished:          finished,
 	})
 	p.handler = h
 	return p
@@ -293,6 +295,7 @@ func TestProcessorRetry(t *testing.T) {
 
 	errMsg := "something went wrong"
 	wrappedSkipRetry := fmt.Errorf("%s:%w", errMsg, SkipRetry)
+	wrappedRevokeTask := fmt.Errorf("%s:%w", errMsg, RevokeTask)
 
 	tests := []struct {
 		desc         string              // test description
@@ -310,7 +313,7 @@ func TestProcessorRetry(t *testing.T) {
 			pending: []*base.TaskMessage{m1, m2, m3, m4},
 			delay:   time.Minute,
 			handler: HandlerFunc(func(ctx context.Context, task *Task) error {
-				return fmt.Errorf(errMsg)
+				return errors.New(errMsg)
 			}),
 			wait:         2 * time.Second,
 			wantErrMsg:   errMsg,
@@ -344,6 +347,32 @@ func TestProcessorRetry(t *testing.T) {
 			wantArchived: []*base.TaskMessage{m1, m2},
 			wantErrCount: 2, // ErrorHandler should still be called with SkipRetry error
 		},
+		{
+			desc:    "Should revoke task",
+			pending: []*base.TaskMessage{m1, m2},
+			delay:   time.Minute,
+			handler: HandlerFunc(func(ctx context.Context, task *Task) error {
+				return RevokeTask // return RevokeTask without wrapping
+			}),
+			wait:         2 * time.Second,
+			wantErrMsg:   RevokeTask.Error(),
+			wantRetry:    []*base.TaskMessage{},
+			wantArchived: []*base.TaskMessage{},
+			wantErrCount: 2, // ErrorHandler should still be called with RevokeTask error
+		},
+		{
+			desc:    "Should revoke task (with error wrapping)",
+			pending: []*base.TaskMessage{m1, m2},
+			delay:   time.Minute,
+			handler: HandlerFunc(func(ctx context.Context, task *Task) error {
+				return wrappedRevokeTask
+			}),
+			wait:         2 * time.Second,
+			wantErrMsg:   wrappedRevokeTask.Error(),
+			wantRetry:    []*base.TaskMessage{},
+			wantArchived: []*base.TaskMessage{},
+			wantErrCount: 2, // ErrorHandler should still be called with RevokeTask error
+		},
 	}
 
 	for _, tc := range tests {
@@ -538,20 +567,21 @@ func TestProcessorWithExpiredLease(t *testing.T) {
 		}()
 		go fakeSyncer(syncCh, done)
 		p := newProcessor(processorParams{
-			logger:          testLogger,
-			broker:          rdbClient,
-			baseCtxFn:       context.Background,
-			retryDelayFunc:  DefaultRetryDelayFunc,
-			isFailureFunc:   defaultIsFailureFunc,
-			syncCh:          syncCh,
-			cancelations:    base.NewCancelations(),
-			concurrency:     10,
-			queues:          defaultQueueConfig,
-			strictPriority:  false,
-			errHandler:      nil,
-			shutdownTimeout: defaultShutdownTimeout,
-			starting:        starting,
-			finished:        finished,
+			logger:            testLogger,
+			broker:            rdbClient,
+			baseCtxFn:         context.Background,
+			taskCheckInterval: defaultTaskCheckInterval,
+			retryDelayFunc:    DefaultRetryDelayFunc,
+			isFailureFunc:     defaultIsFailureFunc,
+			syncCh:            syncCh,
+			cancelations:      base.NewCancelations(),
+			concurrency:       10,
+			queues:            defaultQueueConfig,
+			strictPriority:    false,
+			errHandler:        nil,
+			shutdownTimeout:   defaultShutdownTimeout,
+			starting:          starting,
+			finished:          finished,
 		})
 		p.handler = tc.handler
 		var (
@@ -692,20 +722,21 @@ func TestProcessorWithStrictPriority(t *testing.T) {
 		go fakeHeartbeater(starting, finished, done)
 		go fakeSyncer(syncCh, done)
 		p := newProcessor(processorParams{
-			logger:          testLogger,
-			broker:          rdbClient,
-			baseCtxFn:       context.Background,
-			retryDelayFunc:  DefaultRetryDelayFunc,
-			isFailureFunc:   defaultIsFailureFunc,
-			syncCh:          syncCh,
-			cancelations:    base.NewCancelations(),
-			concurrency:     1, // Set concurrency to 1 to make sure tasks are processed one at a time.
-			queues:          queueCfg,
-			strictPriority:  true,
-			errHandler:      nil,
-			shutdownTimeout: defaultShutdownTimeout,
-			starting:        starting,
-			finished:        finished,
+			logger:            testLogger,
+			broker:            rdbClient,
+			baseCtxFn:         context.Background,
+			taskCheckInterval: defaultTaskCheckInterval,
+			retryDelayFunc:    DefaultRetryDelayFunc,
+			isFailureFunc:     defaultIsFailureFunc,
+			syncCh:            syncCh,
+			cancelations:      base.NewCancelations(),
+			concurrency:       1, // Set concurrency to 1 to make sure tasks are processed one at a time.
+			queues:            queueCfg,
+			strictPriority:    true,
+			errHandler:        nil,
+			shutdownTimeout:   defaultShutdownTimeout,
+			starting:          starting,
+			finished:          finished,
 		})
 		p.handler = HandlerFunc(handler)
 
@@ -921,3 +952,45 @@ func TestProcessorComputeDeadline(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 	}
 }
+
+func TestReturnPanicError(t *testing.T) {
+
+	task := NewTask("gen_thumbnail", h.JSON(map[string]interface{}{"src": "some/img/path"}))
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name         string
+		handler      HandlerFunc
+		IsPanicError bool
+	}{
+		{
+			name: "should return panic error when occurred panic recovery",
+			handler: func(ctx context.Context, t *Task) error {
+				panic("something went terribly wrong")
+			},
+			IsPanicError: true,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "should return normal error when don't occur panic recovery",
+			handler: func(ctx context.Context, t *Task) error {
+				return fmt.Errorf("something went terribly wrong")
+			},
+			IsPanicError: false,
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tc := range tests {
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			p := processor{
+				logger:  log.NewLogger(nil),
+				handler: tc.handler,
+			}
+			got := p.perform(context.Background(), task)
+			if tc.IsPanicError != IsPanicError(got) {
+				t.Errorf("%s: got=%t, want=%t", tc.name, IsPanicError(got), tc.IsPanicError)
+			}
+			if tc.IsPanicError && !strings.HasPrefix(got.Error(), "panic error cause by:") {
+				t.Error("wrong text msg for panic error")
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}

recoverer.go

@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ func (r *recoverer) recover() {
 }
 
 func (r *recoverer) recoverLeaseExpiredTasks() {
-	// Get all tasks which have expired 30 seconds ago or earlier to accomodate certain amount of clock skew.
+	// Get all tasks which have expired 30 seconds ago or earlier to accommodate certain amount of clock skew.
 	cutoff := time.Now().Add(-30 * time.Second)
 	msgs, err := r.broker.ListLeaseExpired(cutoff, r.queues...)
 	if err != nil {

scheduler.go

@@ -10,11 +10,11 @@ import (
 	"sync"
 	"time"
 
-	"github.com/go-redis/redis/v8"
 	"github.com/google/uuid"
 	"github.com/hibiken/asynq/internal/base"
 	"github.com/hibiken/asynq/internal/log"
 	"github.com/hibiken/asynq/internal/rdb"
+	"github.com/redis/go-redis/v9"
 	"github.com/robfig/cron/v3"
 )
 
@@ -26,14 +26,17 @@ type Scheduler struct {
 
 	state *serverState
 
-	logger     *log.Logger
-	client     *Client
-	rdb        *rdb.RDB
-	cron       *cron.Cron
-	location   *time.Location
-	done       chan struct{}
-	wg         sync.WaitGroup
-	errHandler func(task *Task, opts []Option, err error)
+	heartbeatInterval time.Duration
+	logger            *log.Logger
+	client            *Client
+	rdb               *rdb.RDB
+	cron              *cron.Cron
+	location          *time.Location
+	done              chan struct{}
+	wg                sync.WaitGroup
+	preEnqueueFunc    func(task *Task, opts []Option)
+	postEnqueueFunc   func(info *TaskInfo, err error)
+	errHandler        func(task *Task, opts []Option, err error)
 
 	// guards idmap
 	mu sync.Mutex
@@ -43,17 +46,48 @@ type Scheduler struct {
 	idmap map[string]cron.EntryID
 }
 
+const defaultHeartbeatInterval = 10 * time.Second
+
 // NewScheduler returns a new Scheduler instance given the redis connection option.
 // The parameter opts is optional, defaults will be used if opts is set to nil
 func NewScheduler(r RedisConnOpt, opts *SchedulerOpts) *Scheduler {
-	c, ok := r.MakeRedisClient().(redis.UniversalClient)
+	scheduler := newScheduler(opts)
+
+	redisClient, ok := r.MakeRedisClient().(redis.UniversalClient)
 	if !ok {
 		panic(fmt.Sprintf("asynq: unsupported RedisConnOpt type %T", r))
 	}
+
+	rdb := rdb.NewRDB(redisClient)
+
+	scheduler.rdb = rdb
+	scheduler.client = &Client{broker: rdb, sharedConnection: false}
+
+	return scheduler
+}
+
+// NewSchedulerFromRedisClient returns a new instance of Scheduler given a redis.UniversalClient
+// The parameter opts is optional, defaults will be used if opts is set to nil.
+// Warning: The underlying redis connection pool will not be closed by Asynq, you are responsible for closing it.
+func NewSchedulerFromRedisClient(c redis.UniversalClient, opts *SchedulerOpts) *Scheduler {
+	scheduler := newScheduler(opts)
+
+	scheduler.rdb = rdb.NewRDB(c)
+	scheduler.client = NewClientFromRedisClient(c)
+
+	return scheduler
+}
+
+func newScheduler(opts *SchedulerOpts) *Scheduler {
 	if opts == nil {
 		opts = &SchedulerOpts{}
 	}
 
+	heartbeatInterval := opts.HeartbeatInterval
+	if heartbeatInterval <= 0 {
+		heartbeatInterval = defaultHeartbeatInterval
+	}
+
 	logger := log.NewLogger(opts.Logger)
 	loglevel := opts.LogLevel
 	if loglevel == level_unspecified {
@@ -67,16 +101,17 @@ func NewScheduler(r RedisConnOpt, opts *SchedulerOpts) *Scheduler {
 	}
 
 	return &Scheduler{
-		id:         generateSchedulerID(),
-		state:      &serverState{value: srvStateNew},
-		logger:     logger,
-		client:     NewClient(r),
-		rdb:        rdb.NewRDB(c),
-		cron:       cron.New(cron.WithLocation(loc)),
-		location:   loc,
-		done:       make(chan struct{}),
-		errHandler: opts.EnqueueErrorHandler,
-		idmap:      make(map[string]cron.EntryID),
+		id:                generateSchedulerID(),
+		state:             &serverState{value: srvStateNew},
+		heartbeatInterval: heartbeatInterval,
+		logger:            logger,
+		cron:              cron.New(cron.WithLocation(loc)),
+		location:          loc,
+		done:              make(chan struct{}),
+		preEnqueueFunc:    opts.PreEnqueueFunc,
+		postEnqueueFunc:   opts.PostEnqueueFunc,
+		errHandler:        opts.EnqueueErrorHandler,
+		idmap:             make(map[string]cron.EntryID),
 	}
 }
 
@@ -90,6 +125,15 @@ func generateSchedulerID() string {
 
 // SchedulerOpts specifies scheduler options.
 type SchedulerOpts struct {
+	// HeartbeatInterval specifies the interval between scheduler heartbeats.
+	//
+	// If unset, zero or a negative value, the interval is set to 10 second.
+	//
+	// Note: Setting this value too low may add significant load to redis.
+	//
+	// By default, HeartbeatInterval is set to 10 seconds.
+	HeartbeatInterval time.Duration
+
 	// Logger specifies the logger used by the scheduler instance.
 	//
 	// If unset, the default logger is used.
@@ -105,28 +149,44 @@ type SchedulerOpts struct {
 	// If unset, the UTC time zone (time.UTC) is used.
 	Location *time.Location
 
+	// PreEnqueueFunc, if provided, is called before a task gets enqueued by Scheduler.
+	// The callback function should return quickly to not block the current thread.
+	PreEnqueueFunc func(task *Task, opts []Option)
+
+	// PostEnqueueFunc, if provided, is called after a task gets enqueued by Scheduler.
+	// The callback function should return quickly to not block the current thread.
+	PostEnqueueFunc func(info *TaskInfo, err error)
+
+	// Deprecated: Use PostEnqueueFunc instead
 	// EnqueueErrorHandler gets called when scheduler cannot enqueue a registered task
 	// due to an error.
 	EnqueueErrorHandler func(task *Task, opts []Option, err error)
 }
 
-// enqueueJob encapsulates the job of enqueing a task and recording the event.
+// enqueueJob encapsulates the job of enqueuing a task and recording the event.
 type enqueueJob struct {
-	id         uuid.UUID
-	cronspec   string
-	task       *Task
-	opts       []Option
-	location   *time.Location
-	logger     *log.Logger
-	client     *Client
-	rdb        *rdb.RDB
-	errHandler func(task *Task, opts []Option, err error)
+	id              uuid.UUID
+	cronspec        string
+	task            *Task
+	opts            []Option
+	location        *time.Location
+	logger          *log.Logger
+	client          *Client
+	rdb             *rdb.RDB
+	preEnqueueFunc  func(task *Task, opts []Option)
+	postEnqueueFunc func(info *TaskInfo, err error)
+	errHandler      func(task *Task, opts []Option, err error)
 }
 
 func (j *enqueueJob) Run() {
+	if j.preEnqueueFunc != nil {
+		j.preEnqueueFunc(j.task, j.opts)
+	}
 	info, err := j.client.Enqueue(j.task, j.opts...)
+	if j.postEnqueueFunc != nil {
+		j.postEnqueueFunc(info, err)
+	}
 	if err != nil {
-		j.logger.Errorf("scheduler could not enqueue a task %+v: %v", j.task, err)
 		if j.errHandler != nil {
 			j.errHandler(j.task, j.opts, err)
 		}
@@ -139,7 +199,7 @@ func (j *enqueueJob) Run() {
 	}
 	err = j.rdb.RecordSchedulerEnqueueEvent(j.id.String(), event)
 	if err != nil {
-		j.logger.Errorf("scheduler could not record enqueue event of enqueued task %+v: %v", j.task, err)
+		j.logger.Warnf("scheduler could not record enqueue event of enqueued task %s: %v", info.ID, err)
 	}
 }
 
@@ -147,15 +207,17 @@ func (j *enqueueJob) Run() {
 // It returns an ID of the newly registered entry.
 func (s *Scheduler) Register(cronspec string, task *Task, opts ...Option) (entryID string, err error) {
 	job := &enqueueJob{
-		id:         uuid.New(),
-		cronspec:   cronspec,
-		task:       task,
-		opts:       opts,
-		location:   s.location,
-		client:     s.client,
-		rdb:        s.rdb,
-		logger:     s.logger,
-		errHandler: s.errHandler,
+		id:              uuid.New(),
+		cronspec:        cronspec,
+		task:            task,
+		opts:            opts,
+		location:        s.location,
+		client:          s.client,
+		rdb:             s.rdb,
+		logger:          s.logger,
+		preEnqueueFunc:  s.preEnqueueFunc,
+		postEnqueueFunc: s.postEnqueueFunc,
+		errHandler:      s.errHandler,
 	}
 	cronID, err := s.cron.AddJob(cronspec, job)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -239,19 +301,23 @@ func (s *Scheduler) Shutdown() {
 	s.wg.Wait()
 
 	s.clearHistory()
-	s.client.Close()
-	s.rdb.Close()
+	if err := s.client.Close(); err != nil {
+		s.logger.Errorf("Failed to close redis client connection: %v", err)
+	}
 	s.logger.Info("Scheduler stopped")
 }
 
 func (s *Scheduler) runHeartbeater() {
 	defer s.wg.Done()
-	ticker := time.NewTicker(5 * time.Second)
+	ticker := time.NewTicker(s.heartbeatInterval)
 	for {
 		select {
 		case <-s.done:
 			s.logger.Debugf("Scheduler heatbeater shutting down")
-			s.rdb.ClearSchedulerEntries(s.id)
+			if err := s.rdb.ClearSchedulerEntries(s.id); err != nil {
+				s.logger.Errorf("Failed to clear the scheduler entries: %v", err)
+			}
+			ticker.Stop()
 			return
 		case <-ticker.C:
 			s.beat()
@@ -275,8 +341,7 @@ func (s *Scheduler) beat() {
 		}
 		entries = append(entries, e)
 	}
-	s.logger.Debugf("Writing entries %v", entries)
-	if err := s.rdb.WriteSchedulerEntries(s.id, entries, 5*time.Second); err != nil {
+	if err := s.rdb.WriteSchedulerEntries(s.id, entries, s.heartbeatInterval*2); err != nil {
 		s.logger.Warnf("Scheduler could not write heartbeat data: %v", err)
 	}
 }
@@ -297,3 +362,14 @@ func (s *Scheduler) clearHistory() {
 		}
 	}
 }
+
+// Ping performs a ping against the redis connection.
+func (s *Scheduler) Ping() error {
+	s.state.mu.Lock()
+	defer s.state.mu.Unlock()
+	if s.state.value == srvStateClosed {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	return s.rdb.Ping()
+}

scheduler_test.go

@@ -10,6 +10,8 @@ import (
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/google/go-cmp/cmp"
+	"github.com/redis/go-redis/v9"
+
 	"github.com/hibiken/asynq/internal/base"
 	"github.com/hibiken/asynq/internal/testutil"
 )
@@ -57,6 +59,7 @@ func TestSchedulerRegister(t *testing.T) {
 
 	r := setup(t)
 
+	// Tests for new redis connection.
 	for _, tc := range tests {
 		scheduler := NewScheduler(getRedisConnOpt(t), nil)
 		if _, err := scheduler.Register(tc.cronspec, tc.task, tc.opts...); err != nil {
@@ -74,6 +77,28 @@ func TestSchedulerRegister(t *testing.T) {
 			t.Errorf("mismatch found in queue %q: (-want,+got)\n%s", tc.queue, diff)
 		}
 	}
+
+	r = setup(t)
+
+	// Tests for existing redis connection.
+	for _, tc := range tests {
+		redisClient := getRedisConnOpt(t).MakeRedisClient().(redis.UniversalClient)
+		scheduler := NewSchedulerFromRedisClient(redisClient, nil)
+		if _, err := scheduler.Register(tc.cronspec, tc.task, tc.opts...); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+
+		if err := scheduler.Start(); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		time.Sleep(tc.wait)
+		scheduler.Shutdown()
+
+		got := testutil.GetPendingMessages(t, r, tc.queue)
+		if diff := cmp.Diff(tc.want, got, testutil.IgnoreIDOpt); diff != "" {
+			t.Errorf("mismatch found in queue %q: (-want,+got)\n%s", tc.queue, diff)
+		}
+	}
 }
 
 func TestSchedulerWhenRedisDown(t *testing.T) {
@@ -89,7 +114,7 @@ func TestSchedulerWhenRedisDown(t *testing.T) {
 
 	// Connect to non-existent redis instance to simulate a redis server being down.
 	scheduler := NewScheduler(
-		RedisClientOpt{Addr: ":9876"},
+		RedisClientOpt{Addr: ":9876"}, // no Redis listening to this port.
 		&SchedulerOpts{EnqueueErrorHandler: errorHandler},
 	)
 
@@ -154,3 +179,56 @@ func TestSchedulerUnregister(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 	}
 }
+
+func TestSchedulerPostAndPreEnqueueHandler(t *testing.T) {
+	var (
+		preMu       sync.Mutex
+		preCounter  int
+		postMu      sync.Mutex
+		postCounter int
+	)
+	preHandler := func(task *Task, opts []Option) {
+		preMu.Lock()
+		preCounter++
+		preMu.Unlock()
+	}
+	postHandler := func(info *TaskInfo, err error) {
+		postMu.Lock()
+		postCounter++
+		postMu.Unlock()
+	}
+
+	// Connect to non-existent redis instance to simulate a redis server being down.
+	scheduler := NewScheduler(
+		getRedisConnOpt(t),
+		&SchedulerOpts{
+			PreEnqueueFunc:  preHandler,
+			PostEnqueueFunc: postHandler,
+		},
+	)
+
+	task := NewTask("test", nil)
+
+	if _, err := scheduler.Register("@every 3s", task); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	if err := scheduler.Start(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	// Scheduler should attempt to enqueue the task three times (every 3s).
+	time.Sleep(10 * time.Second)
+	scheduler.Shutdown()
+
+	preMu.Lock()
+	if preCounter != 3 {
+		t.Errorf("PreEnqueueFunc was called %d times, want 3", preCounter)
+	}
+	preMu.Unlock()
+
+	postMu.Lock()
+	if postCounter != 3 {
+		t.Errorf("PostEnqueueFunc was called %d times, want 3", postCounter)
+	}
+	postMu.Unlock()
+}

servemux.go

@@ -144,9 +144,7 @@ func (mux *ServeMux) HandleFunc(pattern string, handler func(context.Context, *T
 func (mux *ServeMux) Use(mws ...MiddlewareFunc) {
 	mux.mu.Lock()
 	defer mux.mu.Unlock()
-	for _, fn := range mws {
-		mux.mws = append(mux.mws, fn)
-	}
+	mux.mws = append(mux.mws, mws...)
 }
 
 // NotFound returns an error indicating that the handler was not found for the given task.

server.go

@@ -9,16 +9,16 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"math"
-	"math/rand"
+	"math/rand/v2"
 	"runtime"
 	"strings"
 	"sync"
 	"time"
 
-	"github.com/go-redis/redis/v8"
 	"github.com/hibiken/asynq/internal/base"
 	"github.com/hibiken/asynq/internal/log"
 	"github.com/hibiken/asynq/internal/rdb"
+	"github.com/redis/go-redis/v9"
 )
 
 // Server is responsible for task processing and task lifecycle management.
@@ -37,6 +37,9 @@ type Server struct {
 	logger *log.Logger
 
 	broker base.Broker
+	// When a Server has been created with an existing Redis connection, we do
+	// not want to close it.
+	sharedConnection bool
 
 	state *serverState
 
@@ -104,6 +107,15 @@ type Config struct {
 	// If this is defined, then it MUST return a non-nil context
 	BaseContext func() context.Context
 
+	// TaskCheckInterval specifies the interval between checks for new tasks to process when all queues are empty.
+	//
+	// If unset, zero or a negative value, the interval is set to 1 second.
+	//
+	// Note: Setting this value too low may add significant load to redis.
+	//
+	// By default, TaskCheckInterval is set to 1 seconds.
+	TaskCheckInterval time.Duration
+
 	// Function to calculate retry delay for a failed task.
 	//
 	// By default, it uses exponential backoff algorithm to calculate the delay.
@@ -162,6 +174,15 @@ type Config struct {
 	//     })
 	//
 	//     ErrorHandler: asynq.ErrorHandlerFunc(reportError)
+	//
+	//    we can also handle panic error like:
+	//     func reportError(ctx context, task *asynq.Task, err error) {
+	//         if asynq.IsPanicError(err) {
+	//	          errorReportingService.Notify(err)
+	// 	       }
+	//     })
+	//
+	//     ErrorHandler: asynq.ErrorHandlerFunc(reportError)
 	ErrorHandler ErrorHandler
 
 	// Logger specifies the logger used by the server instance.
@@ -220,6 +241,17 @@ type Config struct {
 	//
 	// If unset or nil, the group aggregation feature will be disabled on the server.
 	GroupAggregator GroupAggregator
+
+	// JanitorInterval specifies the average interval of janitor checks for expired completed tasks.
+	//
+	// If unset or zero, default interval of 8 seconds is used.
+	JanitorInterval time.Duration
+
+	// JanitorBatchSize specifies the number of expired completed tasks to be deleted in one run.
+	//
+	// If unset or zero, default batch size of 100 is used.
+	// Make sure to not put a big number as the batch size to prevent a long-running script.
+	JanitorBatchSize int
 }
 
 // GroupAggregator aggregates a group of tasks into one before the tasks are passed to the Handler.
@@ -242,7 +274,7 @@ func (fn GroupAggregatorFunc) Aggregate(group string, tasks []*Task) *Task {
 	return fn(group, tasks)
 }
 
-// An ErrorHandler handles an error occured during task processing.
+// An ErrorHandler handles an error occurred during task processing.
 type ErrorHandler interface {
 	HandleError(ctx context.Context, task *Task, err error)
 }
@@ -367,9 +399,8 @@ func toInternalLogLevel(l LogLevel) log.Level {
 // DefaultRetryDelayFunc is the default RetryDelayFunc used if one is not specified in Config.
 // It uses exponential back-off strategy to calculate the retry delay.
 func DefaultRetryDelayFunc(n int, e error, t *Task) time.Duration {
-	r := rand.New(rand.NewSource(time.Now().UnixNano()))
 	// Formula taken from https://github.com/mperham/sidekiq.
-	s := int(math.Pow(float64(n), 4)) + 15 + (r.Intn(30) * (n + 1))
+	s := int(math.Pow(float64(n), 4)) + 15 + (rand.IntN(30) * (n + 1))
 	return time.Duration(s) * time.Second
 }
 
@@ -380,6 +411,8 @@ var defaultQueueConfig = map[string]int{
 }
 
 const (
+	defaultTaskCheckInterval = 1 * time.Second
+
 	defaultShutdownTimeout = 8 * time.Second
 
 	defaultHealthCheckInterval = 15 * time.Second
@@ -387,15 +420,28 @@ const (
 	defaultDelayedTaskCheckInterval = 5 * time.Second
 
 	defaultGroupGracePeriod = 1 * time.Minute
+
+	defaultJanitorInterval = 8 * time.Second
+
+	defaultJanitorBatchSize = 100
 )
 
 // NewServer returns a new Server given a redis connection option
 // and server configuration.
 func NewServer(r RedisConnOpt, cfg Config) *Server {
-	c, ok := r.MakeRedisClient().(redis.UniversalClient)
+	redisClient, ok := r.MakeRedisClient().(redis.UniversalClient)
 	if !ok {
 		panic(fmt.Sprintf("asynq: unsupported RedisConnOpt type %T", r))
 	}
+	server := NewServerFromRedisClient(redisClient, cfg)
+	server.sharedConnection = false
+	return server
+}
+
+// NewServerFromRedisClient returns a new instance of Server given a redis.UniversalClient
+// and server configuration
+// Warning: The underlying redis connection pool will not be closed by Asynq, you are responsible for closing it.
+func NewServerFromRedisClient(c redis.UniversalClient, cfg Config) *Server {
 	baseCtxFn := cfg.BaseContext
 	if baseCtxFn == nil {
 		baseCtxFn = context.Background
@@ -404,6 +450,12 @@ func NewServer(r RedisConnOpt, cfg Config) *Server {
 	if n < 1 {
 		n = runtime.NumCPU()
 	}
+
+	taskCheckInterval := cfg.TaskCheckInterval
+	if taskCheckInterval <= 0 {
+		taskCheckInterval = defaultTaskCheckInterval
+	}
+
 	delayFunc := cfg.RetryDelayFunc
 	if delayFunc == nil {
 		delayFunc = DefaultRetryDelayFunc
@@ -490,20 +542,21 @@ func NewServer(r RedisConnOpt, cfg Config) *Server {
 		cancelations: cancels,
 	})
 	processor := newProcessor(processorParams{
-		logger:          logger,
-		broker:          rdb,
-		retryDelayFunc:  delayFunc,
-		baseCtxFn:       baseCtxFn,
-		isFailureFunc:   isFailureFunc,
-		syncCh:          syncCh,
-		cancelations:    cancels,
-		concurrency:     n,
-		queues:          queues,
-		strictPriority:  cfg.StrictPriority,
-		errHandler:      cfg.ErrorHandler,
-		shutdownTimeout: shutdownTimeout,
-		starting:        starting,
-		finished:        finished,
+		logger:            logger,
+		broker:            rdb,
+		retryDelayFunc:    delayFunc,
+		taskCheckInterval: taskCheckInterval,
+		baseCtxFn:         baseCtxFn,
+		isFailureFunc:     isFailureFunc,
+		syncCh:            syncCh,
+		cancelations:      cancels,
+		concurrency:       n,
+		queues:            queues,
+		strictPriority:    cfg.StrictPriority,
+		errHandler:        cfg.ErrorHandler,
+		shutdownTimeout:   shutdownTimeout,
+		starting:          starting,
+		finished:          finished,
 	})
 	recoverer := newRecoverer(recovererParams{
 		logger:         logger,
@@ -519,11 +572,26 @@ func NewServer(r RedisConnOpt, cfg Config) *Server {
 		interval:        healthcheckInterval,
 		healthcheckFunc: cfg.HealthCheckFunc,
 	})
+
+	janitorInterval := cfg.JanitorInterval
+	if janitorInterval == 0 {
+		janitorInterval = defaultJanitorInterval
+	}
+
+	janitorBatchSize := cfg.JanitorBatchSize
+	if janitorBatchSize == 0 {
+		janitorBatchSize = defaultJanitorBatchSize
+	}
+	if janitorBatchSize > defaultJanitorBatchSize {
+		logger.Warnf("Janitor batch size of %d is greater than the recommended batch size of %d. "+
+			"This might cause a long-running script", janitorBatchSize, defaultJanitorBatchSize)
+	}
 	janitor := newJanitor(janitorParams{
-		logger:   logger,
-		broker:   rdb,
-		queues:   qnames,
-		interval: 8 * time.Second,
+		logger:    logger,
+		broker:    rdb,
+		queues:    qnames,
+		interval:  janitorInterval,
+		batchSize: janitorBatchSize,
 	})
 	aggregator := newAggregator(aggregatorParams{
 		logger:          logger,
@@ -535,18 +603,19 @@ func NewServer(r RedisConnOpt, cfg Config) *Server {
 		groupAggregator: cfg.GroupAggregator,
 	})
 	return &Server{
-		logger:        logger,
-		broker:        rdb,
-		state:         srvState,
-		forwarder:     forwarder,
-		processor:     processor,
-		syncer:        syncer,
-		heartbeater:   heartbeater,
-		subscriber:    subscriber,
-		recoverer:     recoverer,
-		healthchecker: healthchecker,
-		janitor:       janitor,
-		aggregator:    aggregator,
+		logger:           logger,
+		broker:           rdb,
+		sharedConnection: true,
+		state:            srvState,
+		forwarder:        forwarder,
+		processor:        processor,
+		syncer:           syncer,
+		heartbeater:      heartbeater,
+		subscriber:       subscriber,
+		recoverer:        recoverer,
+		healthchecker:    healthchecker,
+		janitor:          janitor,
+		aggregator:       aggregator,
 	}
 }
 
@@ -562,6 +631,10 @@ func NewServer(r RedisConnOpt, cfg Config) *Server {
 // One exception to this rule is when ProcessTask returns a SkipRetry error.
 // If the returned error is SkipRetry or an error wraps SkipRetry, retry is
 // skipped and the task will be immediately archived instead.
+//
+// Another exception to this rule is when ProcessTask returns a RevokeTask error.
+// If the returned error is RevokeTask or an error wraps RevokeTask, the task
+// will not be retried or archived.
 type Handler interface {
 	ProcessTask(context.Context, *Task) error
 }
@@ -674,7 +747,9 @@ func (srv *Server) Shutdown() {
 	srv.heartbeater.shutdown()
 	srv.wg.Wait()
 
-	srv.broker.Close()
+	if !srv.sharedConnection {
+		srv.broker.Close()
+	}
 	srv.logger.Info("Exiting")
 }
 
@@ -686,7 +761,7 @@ func (srv *Server) Shutdown() {
 func (srv *Server) Stop() {
 	srv.state.mu.Lock()
 	if srv.state.value != srvStateActive {
-		// Invalid calll to Stop, server can only go from Active state to Stopped state.
+		// Invalid call to Stop, server can only go from Active state to Stopped state.
 		srv.state.mu.Unlock()
 		return
 	}
@@ -697,3 +772,16 @@ func (srv *Server) Stop() {
 	srv.processor.stop()
 	srv.logger.Info("Processor stopped")
 }
+
+// Ping performs a ping against the redis connection.
+//
+// This is an alternative to the HealthCheckFunc available in the Config object.
+func (srv *Server) Ping() error {
+	srv.state.mu.Lock()
+	defer srv.state.mu.Unlock()
+	if srv.state.value == srvStateClosed {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	return srv.broker.Ping()
+}

server_test.go

@@ -14,22 +14,12 @@ import (
 	"github.com/hibiken/asynq/internal/rdb"
 	"github.com/hibiken/asynq/internal/testbroker"
 	"github.com/hibiken/asynq/internal/testutil"
+
+	"github.com/redis/go-redis/v9"
 	"go.uber.org/goleak"
 )
 
-func TestServer(t *testing.T) {
-	// https://github.com/go-redis/redis/issues/1029
-	ignoreOpt := goleak.IgnoreTopFunction("github.com/go-redis/redis/v8/internal/pool.(*ConnPool).reaper")
-	defer goleak.VerifyNoLeaks(t, ignoreOpt)
-
-	redisConnOpt := getRedisConnOpt(t)
-	c := NewClient(redisConnOpt)
-	defer c.Close()
-	srv := NewServer(redisConnOpt, Config{
-		Concurrency: 10,
-		LogLevel:    testLogLevel,
-	})
-
+func testServer(t *testing.T, c *Client, srv *Server) {
 	// no-op handler
 	h := func(ctx context.Context, task *Task) error {
 		return nil
@@ -53,18 +43,55 @@ func TestServer(t *testing.T) {
 	srv.Shutdown()
 }
 
+func TestServer(t *testing.T) {
+	// https://github.com/go-redis/redis/issues/1029
+	ignoreOpt := goleak.IgnoreTopFunction("github.com/redis/go-redis/v9/internal/pool.(*ConnPool).reaper")
+	defer goleak.VerifyNone(t, ignoreOpt)
+
+	redisConnOpt := getRedisConnOpt(t)
+	c := NewClient(redisConnOpt)
+	defer c.Close()
+	srv := NewServer(redisConnOpt, Config{
+		Concurrency: 10,
+		LogLevel:    testLogLevel,
+	})
+
+	testServer(t, c, srv)
+}
+
+func TestServerFromRedisClient(t *testing.T) {
+	// https://github.com/go-redis/redis/issues/1029
+	ignoreOpt := goleak.IgnoreTopFunction("github.com/redis/go-redis/v9/internal/pool.(*ConnPool).reaper")
+	defer goleak.VerifyNone(t, ignoreOpt)
+
+	redisConnOpt := getRedisConnOpt(t)
+	redisClient := redisConnOpt.MakeRedisClient().(redis.UniversalClient)
+	c := NewClientFromRedisClient(redisClient)
+	srv := NewServerFromRedisClient(redisClient, Config{
+		Concurrency: 10,
+		LogLevel:    testLogLevel,
+	})
+
+	testServer(t, c, srv)
+
+	err := c.Close()
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Error("client.Close() should have failed because of a shared client but it didn't")
+	}
+}
+
 func TestServerRun(t *testing.T) {
 	// https://github.com/go-redis/redis/issues/1029
-	ignoreOpt := goleak.IgnoreTopFunction("github.com/go-redis/redis/v8/internal/pool.(*ConnPool).reaper")
-	defer goleak.VerifyNoLeaks(t, ignoreOpt)
+	ignoreOpt := goleak.IgnoreTopFunction("github.com/redis/go-redis/v9/internal/pool.(*ConnPool).reaper")
+	defer goleak.VerifyNone(t, ignoreOpt)
 
-	srv := NewServer(RedisClientOpt{Addr: ":6379"}, Config{LogLevel: testLogLevel})
+	srv := NewServer(getRedisConnOpt(t), Config{LogLevel: testLogLevel})
 
 	done := make(chan struct{})
 	// Make sure server exits when receiving TERM signal.
 	go func() {
 		time.Sleep(2 * time.Second)
-		syscall.Kill(syscall.Getpid(), syscall.SIGTERM)
+		_ = syscall.Kill(syscall.Getpid(), syscall.SIGTERM)
 		done <- struct{}{}
 	}()
 
@@ -83,7 +110,7 @@ func TestServerRun(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestServerErrServerClosed(t *testing.T) {
-	srv := NewServer(RedisClientOpt{Addr: ":6379"}, Config{LogLevel: testLogLevel})
+	srv := NewServer(getRedisConnOpt(t), Config{LogLevel: testLogLevel})
 	handler := NewServeMux()
 	if err := srv.Start(handler); err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
@@ -96,7 +123,7 @@ func TestServerErrServerClosed(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestServerErrNilHandler(t *testing.T) {
-	srv := NewServer(RedisClientOpt{Addr: ":6379"}, Config{LogLevel: testLogLevel})
+	srv := NewServer(getRedisConnOpt(t), Config{LogLevel: testLogLevel})
 	err := srv.Start(nil)
 	if err == nil {
 		t.Error("Starting server with nil handler: (*Server).Start(nil) did not return error")
@@ -105,7 +132,7 @@ func TestServerErrNilHandler(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestServerErrServerRunning(t *testing.T) {
-	srv := NewServer(RedisClientOpt{Addr: ":6379"}, Config{LogLevel: testLogLevel})
+	srv := NewServer(getRedisConnOpt(t), Config{LogLevel: testLogLevel})
 	handler := NewServeMux()
 	if err := srv.Start(handler); err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
@@ -126,7 +153,7 @@ func TestServerWithRedisDown(t *testing.T) {
 	}()
 	r := rdb.NewRDB(setup(t))
 	testBroker := testbroker.NewTestBroker(r)
-	srv := NewServer(RedisClientOpt{Addr: ":6379"}, Config{LogLevel: testLogLevel})
+	srv := NewServer(getRedisConnOpt(t), Config{LogLevel: testLogLevel})
 	srv.broker = testBroker
 	srv.forwarder.broker = testBroker
 	srv.heartbeater.broker = testBroker

signals_unix.go

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// +build linux bsd darwin
+//go:build linux || dragonfly || freebsd || netbsd || openbsd || darwin
 
 package asynq
 
@@ -24,8 +24,10 @@ func (srv *Server) waitForSignals() {
 		if sig == unix.SIGTSTP {
 			srv.Stop()
 			continue
+		} else {
+			srv.Stop()
+			break
 		}
-		break
 	}
 }
 

signals_windows.go

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// +build windows
+//go:build windows
 
 package asynq
 

subscriber.go

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ import (
 	"sync"
 	"time"
 
-	"github.com/go-redis/redis/v8"
+	"github.com/redis/go-redis/v9"
 	"github.com/hibiken/asynq/internal/base"
 	"github.com/hibiken/asynq/internal/log"
 )

tools/asynq/README.md

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ Asynq CLI is a command line tool to monitor the queues and tasks managed by `asy
 
 In order to use the tool, compile it using the following command:
 
-    go get github.com/hibiken/asynq/tools/asynq
+    go install github.com/hibiken/asynq/tools/asynq@latest
 
 This will create the asynq executable under your `$GOPATH/bin` directory.
 
@@ -22,9 +22,10 @@ This will create the asynq executable under your `$GOPATH/bin` directory.
 
 To view details on any command, use `asynq help <command> <subcommand>`.
 
+- `asynq dash`
 - `asynq stats`
 - `asynq queue [ls inspect history rm pause unpause]`
-- `asynq task [ls cancel delete archive run delete-all archive-all run-all]`
+- `asynq task [ls cancel delete archive run deleteall archiveall runall]`
 - `asynq server [ls]`
 
 ### Global flags

tools/asynq/cmd/cron.go

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ import (
 	"sort"
 	"time"
 
+	"github.com/MakeNowJust/heredoc/v2"
 	"github.com/hibiken/asynq"
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 )
@@ -24,21 +25,30 @@ func init() {
 }
 
 var cronCmd = &cobra.Command{
-	Use:   "cron",
+	Use:   "cron <command> [flags]",
 	Short: "Manage cron",
+	Example: heredoc.Doc(`
+		$ asynq cron ls
+		$ asynq cron history 7837f142-6337-4217-9276-8f27281b67d1`),
 }
 
 var cronListCmd = &cobra.Command{
-	Use:   "ls",
-	Short: "List cron entries",
-	Run:   cronList,
+	Use:     "list",
+	Aliases: []string{"ls"},
+	Short:   "List cron entries",
+	Run:     cronList,
 }
 
 var cronHistoryCmd = &cobra.Command{
-	Use:   "history [ENTRY_ID...]",
+	Use:   "history <entry_id> [<entry_id>...]",
 	Short: "Show history of each cron tasks",
 	Args:  cobra.MinimumNArgs(1),
 	Run:   cronHistory,
+	Example: heredoc.Doc(`
+		$ asynq cron history 7837f142-6337-4217-9276-8f27281b67d1
+		$ asynq cron history 7837f142-6337-4217-9276-8f27281b67d1 bf6a8594-cd03-4968-b36a-8572c5e160dd
+		$ asynq cron history 7837f142-6337-4217-9276-8f27281b67d1 --size=100
+		$ asynq cron history 7837f142-6337-4217-9276-8f27281b67d1 --page=2`),
 }
 
 func cronList(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {

tools/asynq/cmd/dash.go

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+// Copyright 2022 Kentaro Hibino. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a MIT license
+// that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+package cmd
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/MakeNowJust/heredoc/v2"
+	"github.com/hibiken/asynq/tools/asynq/cmd/dash"
+	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
+)
+
+var (
+	flagPollInterval = 8 * time.Second
+)
+
+func init() {
+	rootCmd.AddCommand(dashCmd)
+	dashCmd.Flags().DurationVar(&flagPollInterval, "refresh", 8*time.Second, "Interval between data refresh (default: 8s, min allowed: 1s)")
+}
+
+var dashCmd = &cobra.Command{
+	Use:   "dash",
+	Short: "View dashboard",
+	Long: heredoc.Doc(`
+		Display interactive dashboard.`),
+	Args: cobra.NoArgs,
+	Example: heredoc.Doc(`
+        $ asynq dash
+        $ asynq dash --refresh=3s`),
+	Run: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
+		if flagPollInterval < 1*time.Second {
+			fmt.Println("error: --refresh cannot be less than 1s")
+			os.Exit(1)
+		}
+		dash.Run(dash.Options{
+			PollInterval: flagPollInterval,
+			RedisConnOpt: getRedisConnOpt(),
+		})
+	},
+}

tools/asynq/cmd/dash/dash.go

@@ -0,0 +1,220 @@
+// Copyright 2022 Kentaro Hibino. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a MIT license
+// that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+package dash
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/gdamore/tcell/v2"
+	"github.com/hibiken/asynq"
+)
+
+// viewType is an enum for dashboard views.
+type viewType int
+
+const (
+	viewTypeQueues viewType = iota
+	viewTypeQueueDetails
+	viewTypeHelp
+)
+
+// State holds dashboard state.
+type State struct {
+	queues []*asynq.QueueInfo
+	tasks  []*asynq.TaskInfo
+	groups []*asynq.GroupInfo
+	err    error
+
+	// Note: index zero corresponds to the table header; index=1 correctponds to the first element
+	queueTableRowIdx int             // highlighted row in queue table
+	taskTableRowIdx  int             // highlighted row in task table
+	groupTableRowIdx int             // highlighted row in group table
+	taskState        asynq.TaskState // highlighted task state in queue details view
+	taskID           string          // selected task ID
+
+	selectedQueue *asynq.QueueInfo // queue shown on queue details view
+	selectedGroup *asynq.GroupInfo
+	selectedTask  *asynq.TaskInfo
+
+	pageNum int // pagination page number
+
+	view     viewType // current view type
+	prevView viewType // to support "go back"
+}
+
+func (s *State) DebugString() string {
+	var b strings.Builder
+	b.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("len(queues)=%d ", len(s.queues)))
+	b.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("len(tasks)=%d ", len(s.tasks)))
+	b.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("len(groups)=%d ", len(s.groups)))
+	b.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("err=%v ", s.err))
+
+	if s.taskState != 0 {
+		b.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("taskState=%s ", s.taskState.String()))
+	} else {
+		b.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("taskState=0"))
+	}
+	b.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("taskID=%s ", s.taskID))
+
+	b.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("queueTableRowIdx=%d ", s.queueTableRowIdx))
+	b.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("taskTableRowIdx=%d ", s.taskTableRowIdx))
+	b.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("groupTableRowIdx=%d ", s.groupTableRowIdx))
+
+	if s.selectedQueue != nil {
+		b.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("selectedQueue={Queue:%s} ", s.selectedQueue.Queue))
+	} else {
+		b.WriteString("selectedQueue=nil ")
+	}
+
+	if s.selectedGroup != nil {
+		b.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("selectedGroup={Group:%s} ", s.selectedGroup.Group))
+	} else {
+		b.WriteString("selectedGroup=nil ")
+	}
+
+	if s.selectedTask != nil {
+		b.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("selectedTask={ID:%s} ", s.selectedTask.ID))
+	} else {
+		b.WriteString("selectedTask=nil ")
+	}
+
+	b.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("pageNum=%d", s.pageNum))
+	return b.String()
+}
+
+type Options struct {
+	DebugMode    bool
+	PollInterval time.Duration
+	RedisConnOpt asynq.RedisConnOpt
+}
+
+func Run(opts Options) {
+	s, err := tcell.NewScreen()
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Printf("failed to create a screen: %v\n", err)
+		os.Exit(1)
+	}
+	if err := s.Init(); err != nil {
+		fmt.Printf("failed to initialize screen: %v\n", err)
+		os.Exit(1)
+	}
+	s.SetStyle(baseStyle) // set default text style
+
+	var (
+		state = State{} // confined in this goroutine only; DO NOT SHARE
+
+		inspector = asynq.NewInspector(opts.RedisConnOpt)
+		ticker    = time.NewTicker(opts.PollInterval)
+
+		eventCh = make(chan tcell.Event)
+		done    = make(chan struct{})
+
+		// channels to send/receive data fetched asynchronously
+		errorCh  = make(chan error)
+		queueCh  = make(chan *asynq.QueueInfo)
+		taskCh   = make(chan *asynq.TaskInfo)
+		queuesCh = make(chan []*asynq.QueueInfo)
+		groupsCh = make(chan []*asynq.GroupInfo)
+		tasksCh  = make(chan []*asynq.TaskInfo)
+	)
+	defer ticker.Stop()
+
+	f := dataFetcher{
+		inspector,
+		opts,
+		s,
+		errorCh,
+		queueCh,
+		taskCh,
+		queuesCh,
+		groupsCh,
+		tasksCh,
+	}
+
+	d := dashDrawer{
+		s,
+		opts,
+	}
+
+	h := keyEventHandler{
+		s:            s,
+		fetcher:      &f,
+		drawer:       &d,
+		state:        &state,
+		done:         done,
+		ticker:       ticker,
+		pollInterval: opts.PollInterval,
+	}
+
+	go fetchQueues(inspector, queuesCh, errorCh, opts)
+	go s.ChannelEvents(eventCh, done) // TODO: Double check that we are not leaking goroutine with this one.
+	d.Draw(&state)                    // draw initial screen
+
+	for {
+		// Update screen
+		s.Show()
+
+		select {
+		case ev := <-eventCh:
+			// Process event
+			switch ev := ev.(type) {
+			case *tcell.EventResize:
+				s.Sync()
+			case *tcell.EventKey:
+				h.HandleKeyEvent(ev)
+			}
+
+		case <-ticker.C:
+			f.Fetch(&state)
+
+		case queues := <-queuesCh:
+			state.queues = queues
+			state.err = nil
+			if len(queues) < state.queueTableRowIdx {
+				state.queueTableRowIdx = len(queues)
+			}
+			d.Draw(&state)
+
+		case q := <-queueCh:
+			state.selectedQueue = q
+			state.err = nil
+			d.Draw(&state)
+
+		case groups := <-groupsCh:
+			state.groups = groups
+			state.err = nil
+			if len(groups) < state.groupTableRowIdx {
+				state.groupTableRowIdx = len(groups)
+			}
+			d.Draw(&state)
+
+		case tasks := <-tasksCh:
+			state.tasks = tasks
+			state.err = nil
+			if len(tasks) < state.taskTableRowIdx {
+				state.taskTableRowIdx = len(tasks)
+			}
+			d.Draw(&state)
+
+		case t := <-taskCh:
+			state.selectedTask = t
+			state.err = nil
+			d.Draw(&state)
+
+		case err := <-errorCh:
+			if errors.Is(err, asynq.ErrTaskNotFound) {
+				state.selectedTask = nil
+			} else {
+				state.err = err
+			}
+			d.Draw(&state)
+		}
+	}
+
+}

tools/asynq/cmd/dash/draw.go

@@ -0,0 +1,724 @@
+// Copyright 2022 Kentaro Hibino. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a MIT license
+// that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+package dash
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"math"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+	"unicode"
+	"unicode/utf8"
+
+	"github.com/gdamore/tcell/v2"
+	"github.com/hibiken/asynq"
+	"github.com/mattn/go-runewidth"
+)
+
+var (
+	baseStyle  = tcell.StyleDefault.Background(tcell.ColorReset).Foreground(tcell.ColorReset)
+	labelStyle = baseStyle.Foreground(tcell.ColorLightGray)
+
+	// styles for bar graph
+	activeStyle      = baseStyle.Foreground(tcell.ColorBlue)
+	pendingStyle     = baseStyle.Foreground(tcell.ColorGreen)
+	aggregatingStyle = baseStyle.Foreground(tcell.ColorLightGreen)
+	scheduledStyle   = baseStyle.Foreground(tcell.ColorYellow)
+	retryStyle       = baseStyle.Foreground(tcell.ColorPink)
+	archivedStyle    = baseStyle.Foreground(tcell.ColorPurple)
+	completedStyle   = baseStyle.Foreground(tcell.ColorDarkGreen)
+)
+
+// drawer draws UI with the given state.
+type drawer interface {
+	Draw(state *State)
+}
+
+type dashDrawer struct {
+	s    tcell.Screen
+	opts Options
+}
+
+func (dd *dashDrawer) Draw(state *State) {
+	s, opts := dd.s, dd.opts
+	s.Clear()
+	// Simulate data update on every render
+	d := NewScreenDrawer(s)
+	switch state.view {
+	case viewTypeQueues:
+		d.Println("=== Queues ===", baseStyle.Bold(true))
+		d.NL()
+		drawQueueSizeGraphs(d, state)
+		d.NL()
+		drawQueueTable(d, baseStyle, state)
+	case viewTypeQueueDetails:
+		d.Println("=== Queue Summary ===", baseStyle.Bold(true))
+		d.NL()
+		drawQueueSummary(d, state)
+		d.NL()
+		d.NL()
+		d.Println("=== Tasks ===", baseStyle.Bold(true))
+		d.NL()
+		drawTaskStateBreakdown(d, baseStyle, state)
+		d.NL()
+		drawTaskTable(d, state)
+		drawTaskModal(d, state)
+	case viewTypeHelp:
+		drawHelp(d)
+	}
+	d.GoToBottom()
+	if opts.DebugMode {
+		drawDebugInfo(d, state)
+	} else {
+		drawFooter(d, state)
+	}
+}
+
+func drawQueueSizeGraphs(d *ScreenDrawer, state *State) {
+	var qnames []string
+	var qsizes []string // queue size in strings
+	maxSize := 1        // not zero to avoid division by zero
+	for _, q := range state.queues {
+		qnames = append(qnames, q.Queue)
+		qsizes = append(qsizes, strconv.Itoa(q.Size))
+		if q.Size > maxSize {
+			maxSize = q.Size
+		}
+	}
+	qnameWidth := maxwidth(qnames)
+	qsizeWidth := maxwidth(qsizes)
+
+	// Calculate the multipler to scale the graph
+	screenWidth, _ := d.Screen().Size()
+	graphMaxWidth := screenWidth - (qnameWidth + qsizeWidth + 3) // <qname> |<graph> <size>
+	multipiler := 1.0
+	if graphMaxWidth < maxSize {
+		multipiler = float64(graphMaxWidth) / float64(maxSize)
+	}
+
+	const tick = '▇'
+	for _, q := range state.queues {
+		d.Print(q.Queue, baseStyle)
+		d.Print(strings.Repeat(" ", qnameWidth-runewidth.StringWidth(q.Queue)+1), baseStyle) // padding between qname and graph
+		d.Print("|", baseStyle)
+		d.Print(strings.Repeat(string(tick), int(math.Floor(float64(q.Active)*multipiler))), activeStyle)
+		d.Print(strings.Repeat(string(tick), int(math.Floor(float64(q.Pending)*multipiler))), pendingStyle)
+		d.Print(strings.Repeat(string(tick), int(math.Floor(float64(q.Aggregating)*multipiler))), aggregatingStyle)
+		d.Print(strings.Repeat(string(tick), int(math.Floor(float64(q.Scheduled)*multipiler))), scheduledStyle)
+		d.Print(strings.Repeat(string(tick), int(math.Floor(float64(q.Retry)*multipiler))), retryStyle)
+		d.Print(strings.Repeat(string(tick), int(math.Floor(float64(q.Archived)*multipiler))), archivedStyle)
+		d.Print(strings.Repeat(string(tick), int(math.Floor(float64(q.Completed)*multipiler))), completedStyle)
+		d.Print(fmt.Sprintf(" %d", q.Size), baseStyle)
+		d.NL()
+	}
+	d.NL()
+	d.Print("active=", baseStyle)
+	d.Print(string(tick), activeStyle)
+	d.Print(" pending=", baseStyle)
+	d.Print(string(tick), pendingStyle)
+	d.Print(" aggregating=", baseStyle)
+	d.Print(string(tick), aggregatingStyle)
+	d.Print(" scheduled=", baseStyle)
+	d.Print(string(tick), scheduledStyle)
+	d.Print(" retry=", baseStyle)
+	d.Print(string(tick), retryStyle)
+	d.Print(" archived=", baseStyle)
+	d.Print(string(tick), archivedStyle)
+	d.Print(" completed=", baseStyle)
+	d.Print(string(tick), completedStyle)
+	d.NL()
+}
+
+func drawFooter(d *ScreenDrawer, state *State) {
+	if state.err != nil {
+		style := baseStyle.Background(tcell.ColorDarkRed)
+		d.Print(state.err.Error(), style)
+		d.FillLine(' ', style)
+		return
+	}
+	style := baseStyle.Background(tcell.ColorDarkSlateGray).Foreground(tcell.ColorWhite)
+	switch state.view {
+	case viewTypeHelp:
+		d.Print("<Esc>: GoBack", style)
+	default:
+		d.Print("<?>: Help    <Ctrl+C>: Exit ", style)
+	}
+	d.FillLine(' ', style)
+}
+
+// returns the maximum width from the given list of names
+func maxwidth(names []string) int {
+	max := 0
+	for _, s := range names {
+		if w := runewidth.StringWidth(s); w > max {
+			max = w
+		}
+	}
+	return max
+}
+
+// rpad adds padding to the right of a string.
+func rpad(s string, padding int) string {
+	tmpl := fmt.Sprintf("%%-%ds ", padding)
+	return fmt.Sprintf(tmpl, s)
+
+}
+
+// lpad adds padding to the left of a string.
+func lpad(s string, padding int) string {
+	tmpl := fmt.Sprintf("%%%ds ", padding)
+	return fmt.Sprintf(tmpl, s)
+}
+
+// byteCount converts the given bytes into human readable string
+func byteCount(b int64) string {
+	const unit = 1000
+	if b < unit {
+		return fmt.Sprintf("%d B", b)
+
+	}
+	div, exp := int64(unit), 0
+	for n := b / unit; n >= unit; n /= unit {
+		div *= unit
+		exp++
+
+	}
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%.1f %cB", float64(b)/float64(div), "kMGTPE"[exp])
+}
+
+var queueColumnConfigs = []*columnConfig[*asynq.QueueInfo]{
+	{"Queue", alignLeft, func(q *asynq.QueueInfo) string { return q.Queue }},
+	{"State", alignLeft, func(q *asynq.QueueInfo) string { return formatQueueState(q) }},
+	{"Size", alignRight, func(q *asynq.QueueInfo) string { return strconv.Itoa(q.Size) }},
+	{"Latency", alignRight, func(q *asynq.QueueInfo) string { return q.Latency.Round(time.Second).String() }},
+	{"MemoryUsage", alignRight, func(q *asynq.QueueInfo) string { return byteCount(q.MemoryUsage) }},
+	{"Processed", alignRight, func(q *asynq.QueueInfo) string { return strconv.Itoa(q.Processed) }},
+	{"Failed", alignRight, func(q *asynq.QueueInfo) string { return strconv.Itoa(q.Failed) }},
+	{"ErrorRate", alignRight, func(q *asynq.QueueInfo) string { return formatErrorRate(q.Processed, q.Failed) }},
+}
+
+func formatQueueState(q *asynq.QueueInfo) string {
+	if q.Paused {
+		return "PAUSED"
+	}
+	return "RUN"
+}
+
+func formatErrorRate(processed, failed int) string {
+	if processed == 0 {
+		return "-"
+	}
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%.2f", float64(failed)/float64(processed))
+}
+
+func formatNextProcessTime(t time.Time) string {
+	now := time.Now()
+	if t.Before(now) {
+		return "now"
+	}
+	return fmt.Sprintf("in %v", (t.Sub(now).Round(time.Second)))
+}
+
+func formatPastTime(t time.Time) string {
+	now := time.Now()
+	if t.After(now) || t.Equal(now) {
+		return "just now"
+	}
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%v ago", time.Since(t).Round(time.Second))
+}
+
+func drawQueueTable(d *ScreenDrawer, style tcell.Style, state *State) {
+	drawTable(d, style, queueColumnConfigs, state.queues, state.queueTableRowIdx-1)
+}
+
+func drawQueueSummary(d *ScreenDrawer, state *State) {
+	q := state.selectedQueue
+	if q == nil {
+		d.Println("ERROR: Press q to go back", baseStyle)
+		return
+	}
+	d.Print("Name      ", labelStyle)
+	d.Println(q.Queue, baseStyle)
+	d.Print("Size      ", labelStyle)
+	d.Println(strconv.Itoa(q.Size), baseStyle)
+	d.Print("Latency   ", labelStyle)
+	d.Println(q.Latency.Round(time.Second).String(), baseStyle)
+	d.Print("MemUsage  ", labelStyle)
+	d.Println(byteCount(q.MemoryUsage), baseStyle)
+}
+
+// Returns the max number of groups that can be displayed.
+func groupPageSize(s tcell.Screen) int {
+	_, h := s.Size()
+	return h - 16 // height - (# of rows used)
+}
+
+// Returns the number of tasks to fetch.
+func taskPageSize(s tcell.Screen) int {
+	_, h := s.Size()
+	return h - 15 // height - (# of rows used)
+}
+
+func shouldShowGroupTable(state *State) bool {
+	return state.taskState == asynq.TaskStateAggregating && state.selectedGroup == nil
+}
+
+func getTaskTableColumnConfig(taskState asynq.TaskState) []*columnConfig[*asynq.TaskInfo] {
+	switch taskState {
+	case asynq.TaskStateActive:
+		return activeTaskTableColumns
+	case asynq.TaskStatePending:
+		return pendingTaskTableColumns
+	case asynq.TaskStateAggregating:
+		return aggregatingTaskTableColumns
+	case asynq.TaskStateScheduled:
+		return scheduledTaskTableColumns
+	case asynq.TaskStateRetry:
+		return retryTaskTableColumns
+	case asynq.TaskStateArchived:
+		return archivedTaskTableColumns
+	case asynq.TaskStateCompleted:
+		return completedTaskTableColumns
+	}
+	panic("unknown task state")
+}
+
+var activeTaskTableColumns = []*columnConfig[*asynq.TaskInfo]{
+	{"ID", alignLeft, func(t *asynq.TaskInfo) string { return t.ID }},
+	{"Type", alignLeft, func(t *asynq.TaskInfo) string { return t.Type }},
+	{"Retried", alignRight, func(t *asynq.TaskInfo) string { return strconv.Itoa(t.Retried) }},
+	{"Max Retry", alignRight, func(t *asynq.TaskInfo) string { return strconv.Itoa(t.MaxRetry) }},
+	{"Payload", alignLeft, func(t *asynq.TaskInfo) string { return formatByteSlice(t.Payload) }},
+}
+
+var pendingTaskTableColumns = []*columnConfig[*asynq.TaskInfo]{
+	{"ID", alignLeft, func(t *asynq.TaskInfo) string { return t.ID }},
+	{"Type", alignLeft, func(t *asynq.TaskInfo) string { return t.Type }},
+	{"Retried", alignRight, func(t *asynq.TaskInfo) string { return strconv.Itoa(t.Retried) }},
+	{"Max Retry", alignRight, func(t *asynq.TaskInfo) string { return strconv.Itoa(t.MaxRetry) }},
+	{"Payload", alignLeft, func(t *asynq.TaskInfo) string { return formatByteSlice(t.Payload) }},
+}
+
+var aggregatingTaskTableColumns = []*columnConfig[*asynq.TaskInfo]{
+	{"ID", alignLeft, func(t *asynq.TaskInfo) string { return t.ID }},
+	{"Type", alignLeft, func(t *asynq.TaskInfo) string { return t.Type }},
+	{"Payload", alignLeft, func(t *asynq.TaskInfo) string { return formatByteSlice(t.Payload) }},
+	{"Group", alignLeft, func(t *asynq.TaskInfo) string { return t.Group }},
+}
+
+var scheduledTaskTableColumns = []*columnConfig[*asynq.TaskInfo]{
+	{"ID", alignLeft, func(t *asynq.TaskInfo) string { return t.ID }},
+	{"Type", alignLeft, func(t *asynq.TaskInfo) string { return t.Type }},
+	{"Next Process Time", alignLeft, func(t *asynq.TaskInfo) string {
+		return formatNextProcessTime(t.NextProcessAt)
+	}},
+	{"Payload", alignLeft, func(t *asynq.TaskInfo) string { return formatByteSlice(t.Payload) }},
+}
+
+var retryTaskTableColumns = []*columnConfig[*asynq.TaskInfo]{
+	{"ID", alignLeft, func(t *asynq.TaskInfo) string { return t.ID }},
+	{"Type", alignLeft, func(t *asynq.TaskInfo) string { return t.Type }},
+	{"Retry", alignRight, func(t *asynq.TaskInfo) string { return fmt.Sprintf("%d/%d", t.Retried, t.MaxRetry) }},
+	{"Last Failure", alignLeft, func(t *asynq.TaskInfo) string { return t.LastErr }},
+	{"Last Failure Time", alignLeft, func(t *asynq.TaskInfo) string { return formatPastTime(t.LastFailedAt) }},
+	{"Next Process Time", alignLeft, func(t *asynq.TaskInfo) string {
+		return formatNextProcessTime(t.NextProcessAt)
+	}},
+	{"Payload", alignLeft, func(t *asynq.TaskInfo) string { return formatByteSlice(t.Payload) }},
+}
+
+var archivedTaskTableColumns = []*columnConfig[*asynq.TaskInfo]{
+	{"ID", alignLeft, func(t *asynq.TaskInfo) string { return t.ID }},
+	{"Type", alignLeft, func(t *asynq.TaskInfo) string { return t.Type }},
+	{"Retry", alignRight, func(t *asynq.TaskInfo) string { return fmt.Sprintf("%d/%d", t.Retried, t.MaxRetry) }},
+	{"Last Failure", alignLeft, func(t *asynq.TaskInfo) string { return t.LastErr }},
+	{"Last Failure Time", alignLeft, func(t *asynq.TaskInfo) string { return formatPastTime(t.LastFailedAt) }},
+	{"Payload", alignLeft, func(t *asynq.TaskInfo) string { return formatByteSlice(t.Payload) }},
+}
+
+var completedTaskTableColumns = []*columnConfig[*asynq.TaskInfo]{
+	{"ID", alignLeft, func(t *asynq.TaskInfo) string { return t.ID }},
+	{"Type", alignLeft, func(t *asynq.TaskInfo) string { return t.Type }},
+	{"Completion Time", alignLeft, func(t *asynq.TaskInfo) string { return formatPastTime(t.CompletedAt) }},
+	{"Payload", alignLeft, func(t *asynq.TaskInfo) string { return formatByteSlice(t.Payload) }},
+	{"Result", alignLeft, func(t *asynq.TaskInfo) string { return formatByteSlice(t.Result) }},
+}
+
+func drawTaskTable(d *ScreenDrawer, state *State) {
+	if shouldShowGroupTable(state) {
+		drawGroupTable(d, state)
+		return
+	}
+	if len(state.tasks) == 0 {
+		return // print nothing
+	}
+	drawTable(d, baseStyle, getTaskTableColumnConfig(state.taskState), state.tasks, state.taskTableRowIdx-1)
+
+	// Pagination
+	pageSize := taskPageSize(d.Screen())
+	totalCount := getTaskCount(state.selectedQueue, state.taskState)
+	if state.taskState == asynq.TaskStateAggregating {
+		// aggregating tasks are scoped to each group when shown in the table.
+		totalCount = state.selectedGroup.Size
+	}
+	if pageSize < totalCount {
+		start := (state.pageNum-1)*pageSize + 1
+		end := start + len(state.tasks) - 1
+		paginationStyle := baseStyle.Foreground(tcell.ColorLightGray)
+		d.Print(fmt.Sprintf("Showing %d-%d out of %d", start, end, totalCount), paginationStyle)
+		if isNextTaskPageAvailable(d.Screen(), state) {
+			d.Print("  n=NextPage", paginationStyle)
+		}
+		if state.pageNum > 1 {
+			d.Print("  p=PrevPage", paginationStyle)
+		}
+		d.FillLine(' ', paginationStyle)
+	}
+}
+
+func isNextTaskPageAvailable(s tcell.Screen, state *State) bool {
+	totalCount := getTaskCount(state.selectedQueue, state.taskState)
+	end := (state.pageNum-1)*taskPageSize(s) + len(state.tasks)
+	return end < totalCount
+}
+
+func drawGroupTable(d *ScreenDrawer, state *State) {
+	if len(state.groups) == 0 {
+		return // print nothing
+	}
+	d.Println("<<< Select group >>>", baseStyle)
+	colConfigs := []*columnConfig[*asynq.GroupInfo]{
+		{"Name", alignLeft, func(g *asynq.GroupInfo) string { return g.Group }},
+		{"Size", alignRight, func(g *asynq.GroupInfo) string { return strconv.Itoa(g.Size) }},
+	}
+	// pagination
+	pageSize := groupPageSize(d.Screen())
+	total := len(state.groups)
+	start := (state.pageNum - 1) * pageSize
+	end := min(start+pageSize, total)
+	drawTable(d, baseStyle, colConfigs, state.groups[start:end], state.groupTableRowIdx-1)
+
+	if pageSize < total {
+		d.Print(fmt.Sprintf("Showing %d-%d out of %d", start+1, end, total), labelStyle)
+		if end < total {
+			d.Print("  n=NextPage", labelStyle)
+		}
+		if start > 0 {
+			d.Print("  p=PrevPage", labelStyle)
+		}
+	}
+	d.FillLine(' ', labelStyle)
+}
+
+type number interface {
+	int | int64 | float64
+}
+
+// min returns the smaller of x and y. if x==y, returns x
+func min[V number](x, y V) V {
+	if x > y {
+		return y
+	}
+	return x
+}
+
+// Define the order of states to show
+var taskStates = []asynq.TaskState{
+	asynq.TaskStateActive,
+	asynq.TaskStatePending,
+	asynq.TaskStateAggregating,
+	asynq.TaskStateScheduled,
+	asynq.TaskStateRetry,
+	asynq.TaskStateArchived,
+	asynq.TaskStateCompleted,
+}
+
+func nextTaskState(current asynq.TaskState) asynq.TaskState {
+	for i, ts := range taskStates {
+		if current == ts {
+			if i == len(taskStates)-1 {
+				return taskStates[0]
+			} else {
+				return taskStates[i+1]
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	panic("unknown task state")
+}
+
+func prevTaskState(current asynq.TaskState) asynq.TaskState {
+	for i, ts := range taskStates {
+		if current == ts {
+			if i == 0 {
+				return taskStates[len(taskStates)-1]
+			} else {
+				return taskStates[i-1]
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	panic("unknown task state")
+}
+
+func getTaskCount(queue *asynq.QueueInfo, taskState asynq.TaskState) int {
+	switch taskState {
+	case asynq.TaskStateActive:
+		return queue.Active
+	case asynq.TaskStatePending:
+		return queue.Pending
+	case asynq.TaskStateAggregating:
+		return queue.Aggregating
+	case asynq.TaskStateScheduled:
+		return queue.Scheduled
+	case asynq.TaskStateRetry:
+		return queue.Retry
+	case asynq.TaskStateArchived:
+		return queue.Archived
+	case asynq.TaskStateCompleted:
+		return queue.Completed
+	}
+	panic("unkonwn task state")
+}
+
+func drawTaskStateBreakdown(d *ScreenDrawer, style tcell.Style, state *State) {
+	const pad = "    " // padding between states
+	for _, ts := range taskStates {
+		s := style
+		if state.taskState == ts {
+			s = s.Bold(true).Underline(true)
+		}
+		d.Print(fmt.Sprintf("%s:%d", strings.Title(ts.String()), getTaskCount(state.selectedQueue, ts)), s)
+		d.Print(pad, style)
+	}
+	d.NL()
+}
+
+func drawTaskModal(d *ScreenDrawer, state *State) {
+	if state.taskID == "" {
+		return
+	}
+	task := state.selectedTask
+	if task == nil {
+		// task no longer found
+		fns := []func(d *modalRowDrawer){
+			func(d *modalRowDrawer) { d.Print("=== Task Info ===", baseStyle.Bold(true)) },
+			func(d *modalRowDrawer) { d.Print("", baseStyle) },
+			func(d *modalRowDrawer) {
+				d.Print(fmt.Sprintf("Task %q no longer exists", state.taskID), baseStyle)
+			},
+		}
+		withModal(d, fns)
+		return
+	}
+	fns := []func(d *modalRowDrawer){
+		func(d *modalRowDrawer) { d.Print("=== Task Info ===", baseStyle.Bold(true)) },
+		func(d *modalRowDrawer) { d.Print("", baseStyle) },
+		func(d *modalRowDrawer) {
+			d.Print("ID: ", labelStyle)
+			d.Print(task.ID, baseStyle)
+		},
+		func(d *modalRowDrawer) {
+			d.Print("Type: ", labelStyle)
+			d.Print(task.Type, baseStyle)
+		},
+		func(d *modalRowDrawer) {
+			d.Print("State: ", labelStyle)
+			d.Print(task.State.String(), baseStyle)
+		},
+		func(d *modalRowDrawer) {
+			d.Print("Queue: ", labelStyle)
+			d.Print(task.Queue, baseStyle)
+		},
+		func(d *modalRowDrawer) {
+			d.Print("Retry: ", labelStyle)
+			d.Print(fmt.Sprintf("%d/%d", task.Retried, task.MaxRetry), baseStyle)
+		},
+	}
+	if task.LastErr != "" {
+		fns = append(fns, func(d *modalRowDrawer) {
+			d.Print("Last Failure: ", labelStyle)
+			d.Print(task.LastErr, baseStyle)
+		})
+		fns = append(fns, func(d *modalRowDrawer) {
+			d.Print("Last Failure Time: ", labelStyle)
+			d.Print(fmt.Sprintf("%v (%s)", task.LastFailedAt, formatPastTime(task.LastFailedAt)), baseStyle)
+		})
+	}
+	if !task.NextProcessAt.IsZero() {
+		fns = append(fns, func(d *modalRowDrawer) {
+			d.Print("Next Process Time: ", labelStyle)
+			d.Print(fmt.Sprintf("%v (%s)", task.NextProcessAt, formatNextProcessTime(task.NextProcessAt)), baseStyle)
+		})
+	}
+	if !task.CompletedAt.IsZero() {
+		fns = append(fns, func(d *modalRowDrawer) {
+			d.Print("Completion Time: ", labelStyle)
+			d.Print(fmt.Sprintf("%v (%s)", task.CompletedAt, formatPastTime(task.CompletedAt)), baseStyle)
+		})
+	}
+	fns = append(fns, func(d *modalRowDrawer) {
+		d.Print("Payload: ", labelStyle)
+		d.Print(formatByteSlice(task.Payload), baseStyle)
+	})
+	if task.Result != nil {
+		fns = append(fns, func(d *modalRowDrawer) {
+			d.Print("Result: ", labelStyle)
+			d.Print(formatByteSlice(task.Result), baseStyle)
+		})
+	}
+	withModal(d, fns)
+}
+
+// Reports whether the given byte slice is printable (i.e. human readable)
+func isPrintable(data []byte) bool {
+	if !utf8.Valid(data) {
+		return false
+	}
+	isAllSpace := true
+	for _, r := range string(data) {
+		if !unicode.IsGraphic(r) {
+			return false
+		}
+		if !unicode.IsSpace(r) {
+			isAllSpace = false
+		}
+	}
+	return !isAllSpace
+}
+
+func formatByteSlice(data []byte) string {
+	if data == nil {
+		return "<nil>"
+	}
+	if !isPrintable(data) {
+		return "<non-printable>"
+	}
+	return strings.ReplaceAll(string(data), "\n", "  ")
+}
+
+type modalRowDrawer struct {
+	d        *ScreenDrawer
+	width    int // current width occupied by content
+	maxWidth int
+}
+
+// Note: s should not include newline
+func (d *modalRowDrawer) Print(s string, style tcell.Style) {
+	if d.width >= d.maxWidth {
+		return // no longer write to this row
+	}
+	if d.width+runewidth.StringWidth(s) > d.maxWidth {
+		s = truncate(s, d.maxWidth-d.width)
+	}
+	d.d.Print(s, style)
+}
+
+// withModal draws a modal with the given functions row by row.
+func withModal(d *ScreenDrawer, rowPrintFns []func(d *modalRowDrawer)) {
+	w, h := d.Screen().Size()
+	var (
+		modalWidth  = int(math.Floor(float64(w) * 0.6))
+		modalHeight = int(math.Floor(float64(h) * 0.6))
+		rowOffset   = int(math.Floor(float64(h) * 0.2)) // 20% from the top
+		colOffset   = int(math.Floor(float64(w) * 0.2)) // 20% from the left
+	)
+	if modalHeight < 3 {
+		return // no content can be shown
+	}
+	d.Goto(colOffset, rowOffset)
+	d.Print(string(tcell.RuneULCorner), baseStyle)
+	d.Print(strings.Repeat(string(tcell.RuneHLine), modalWidth-2), baseStyle)
+	d.Print(string(tcell.RuneURCorner), baseStyle)
+	d.NL()
+	rowDrawer := modalRowDrawer{
+		d:        d,
+		width:    0,
+		maxWidth: modalWidth - 4, /* borders + paddings */
+	}
+	for i := 1; i < modalHeight-1; i++ {
+		d.Goto(colOffset, rowOffset+i)
+		d.Print(fmt.Sprintf("%c ", tcell.RuneVLine), baseStyle)
+		if i <= len(rowPrintFns) {
+			rowPrintFns[i-1](&rowDrawer)
+		}
+		d.FillUntil(' ', baseStyle, colOffset+modalWidth-2)
+		d.Print(fmt.Sprintf(" %c", tcell.RuneVLine), baseStyle)
+		d.NL()
+	}
+	d.Goto(colOffset, rowOffset+modalHeight-1)
+	d.Print(string(tcell.RuneLLCorner), baseStyle)
+	d.Print(strings.Repeat(string(tcell.RuneHLine), modalWidth-2), baseStyle)
+	d.Print(string(tcell.RuneLRCorner), baseStyle)
+	d.NL()
+}
+
+func adjustWidth(s string, width int) string {
+	sw := runewidth.StringWidth(s)
+	if sw > width {
+		return truncate(s, width)
+	}
+	var b strings.Builder
+	b.WriteString(s)
+	b.WriteString(strings.Repeat(" ", width-sw))
+	return b.String()
+}
+
+// truncates s if s exceeds max length.
+func truncate(s string, max int) string {
+	if runewidth.StringWidth(s) <= max {
+		return s
+	}
+	return string([]rune(s)[:max-1]) + "…"
+}
+
+func drawDebugInfo(d *ScreenDrawer, state *State) {
+	d.Println(state.DebugString(), baseStyle)
+}
+
+func drawHelp(d *ScreenDrawer) {
+	keyStyle := labelStyle.Bold(true)
+	withModal(d, []func(*modalRowDrawer){
+		func(d *modalRowDrawer) { d.Print("=== Help ===", baseStyle.Bold(true)) },
+		func(d *modalRowDrawer) { d.Print("", baseStyle) },
+		func(d *modalRowDrawer) {
+			d.Print("<Enter>", keyStyle)
+			d.Print("              to select", baseStyle)
+		},
+		func(d *modalRowDrawer) {
+			d.Print("<Esc>", keyStyle)
+			d.Print(" or ", baseStyle)
+			d.Print("<q>", keyStyle)
+			d.Print("         to go back", baseStyle)
+		},
+		func(d *modalRowDrawer) {
+			d.Print("<UpArrow>", keyStyle)
+			d.Print(" or ", baseStyle)
+			d.Print("<k>", keyStyle)
+			d.Print("     to move up", baseStyle)
+		},
+		func(d *modalRowDrawer) {
+			d.Print("<DownArrow>", keyStyle)
+			d.Print(" or ", baseStyle)
+			d.Print("<j>", keyStyle)
+			d.Print("   to move down", baseStyle)
+		},
+		func(d *modalRowDrawer) {
+			d.Print("<LeftArrow>", keyStyle)
+			d.Print(" or ", baseStyle)
+			d.Print("<h>", keyStyle)
+			d.Print("   to move left", baseStyle)
+		},
+		func(d *modalRowDrawer) {
+			d.Print("<RightArrow>", keyStyle)
+			d.Print(" or ", baseStyle)
+			d.Print("<l>", keyStyle)
+			d.Print("  to move right", baseStyle)
+		},
+		func(d *modalRowDrawer) {
+			d.Print("<Ctrl+C>", keyStyle)
+			d.Print("             to quit", baseStyle)
+		},
+	})
+}

tools/asynq/cmd/dash/draw_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+// Copyright 2022 Kentaro Hibino. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a MIT license
+// that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+package dash
+
+import "testing"
+
+func TestTruncate(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		s    string
+		max  int
+		want string
+	}{
+		{
+			s:    "hello world!",
+			max:  15,
+			want: "hello world!",
+		},
+		{
+			s:    "hello world!",
+			max:  6,
+			want: "hello…",
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tc := range tests {
+		got := truncate(tc.s, tc.max)
+		if tc.want != got {
+			t.Errorf("truncate(%q, %d) = %q, want %q", tc.s, tc.max, got, tc.want)
+		}
+	}
+}

tools/asynq/cmd/dash/fetch.go

@@ -0,0 +1,185 @@
+// Copyright 2022 Kentaro Hibino. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a MIT license
+// that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+package dash
+
+import (
+	"sort"
+
+	"github.com/gdamore/tcell/v2"
+	"github.com/hibiken/asynq"
+)
+
+type fetcher interface {
+	// Fetch retries data required by the given state of the dashboard.
+	Fetch(state *State)
+}
+
+type dataFetcher struct {
+	inspector *asynq.Inspector
+	opts      Options
+	s         tcell.Screen
+
+	errorCh  chan<- error
+	queueCh  chan<- *asynq.QueueInfo
+	taskCh   chan<- *asynq.TaskInfo
+	queuesCh chan<- []*asynq.QueueInfo
+	groupsCh chan<- []*asynq.GroupInfo
+	tasksCh  chan<- []*asynq.TaskInfo
+}
+
+func (f *dataFetcher) Fetch(state *State) {
+	switch state.view {
+	case viewTypeQueues:
+		f.fetchQueues()
+	case viewTypeQueueDetails:
+		if shouldShowGroupTable(state) {
+			f.fetchGroups(state.selectedQueue.Queue)
+		} else if state.taskState == asynq.TaskStateAggregating {
+			f.fetchAggregatingTasks(state.selectedQueue.Queue, state.selectedGroup.Group, taskPageSize(f.s), state.pageNum)
+		} else {
+			f.fetchTasks(state.selectedQueue.Queue, state.taskState, taskPageSize(f.s), state.pageNum)
+		}
+		// if the task modal is open, additionally fetch the selected task's info
+		if state.taskID != "" {
+			f.fetchTaskInfo(state.selectedQueue.Queue, state.taskID)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func (f *dataFetcher) fetchQueues() {
+	var (
+		inspector = f.inspector
+		queuesCh  = f.queuesCh
+		errorCh   = f.errorCh
+		opts      = f.opts
+	)
+	go fetchQueues(inspector, queuesCh, errorCh, opts)
+}
+
+func fetchQueues(i *asynq.Inspector, queuesCh chan<- []*asynq.QueueInfo, errorCh chan<- error, opts Options) {
+	queues, err := i.Queues()
+	if err != nil {
+		errorCh <- err
+		return
+	}
+	sort.Strings(queues)
+	var res []*asynq.QueueInfo
+	for _, q := range queues {
+		info, err := i.GetQueueInfo(q)
+		if err != nil {
+			errorCh <- err
+			return
+		}
+		res = append(res, info)
+	}
+	queuesCh <- res
+}
+
+func fetchQueueInfo(i *asynq.Inspector, qname string, queueCh chan<- *asynq.QueueInfo, errorCh chan<- error) {
+	q, err := i.GetQueueInfo(qname)
+	if err != nil {
+		errorCh <- err
+		return
+	}
+	queueCh <- q
+}
+
+func (f *dataFetcher) fetchGroups(qname string) {
+	var (
+		i        = f.inspector
+		groupsCh = f.groupsCh
+		errorCh  = f.errorCh
+		queueCh  = f.queueCh
+	)
+	go fetchGroups(i, qname, groupsCh, errorCh)
+	go fetchQueueInfo(i, qname, queueCh, errorCh)
+}
+
+func fetchGroups(i *asynq.Inspector, qname string, groupsCh chan<- []*asynq.GroupInfo, errorCh chan<- error) {
+	groups, err := i.Groups(qname)
+	if err != nil {
+		errorCh <- err
+		return
+	}
+	groupsCh <- groups
+}
+
+func (f *dataFetcher) fetchAggregatingTasks(qname, group string, pageSize, pageNum int) {
+	var (
+		i       = f.inspector
+		tasksCh = f.tasksCh
+		errorCh = f.errorCh
+		queueCh = f.queueCh
+	)
+	go fetchAggregatingTasks(i, qname, group, pageSize, pageNum, tasksCh, errorCh)
+	go fetchQueueInfo(i, qname, queueCh, errorCh)
+}
+
+func fetchAggregatingTasks(i *asynq.Inspector, qname, group string, pageSize, pageNum int,
+	tasksCh chan<- []*asynq.TaskInfo, errorCh chan<- error) {
+	tasks, err := i.ListAggregatingTasks(qname, group, asynq.PageSize(pageSize), asynq.Page(pageNum))
+	if err != nil {
+		errorCh <- err
+		return
+	}
+	tasksCh <- tasks
+}
+
+func (f *dataFetcher) fetchTasks(qname string, taskState asynq.TaskState, pageSize, pageNum int) {
+	var (
+		i       = f.inspector
+		tasksCh = f.tasksCh
+		errorCh = f.errorCh
+		queueCh = f.queueCh
+	)
+	go fetchTasks(i, qname, taskState, pageSize, pageNum, tasksCh, errorCh)
+	go fetchQueueInfo(i, qname, queueCh, errorCh)
+}
+
+func fetchTasks(i *asynq.Inspector, qname string, taskState asynq.TaskState, pageSize, pageNum int,
+	tasksCh chan<- []*asynq.TaskInfo, errorCh chan<- error) {
+	var (
+		tasks []*asynq.TaskInfo
+		err   error
+	)
+	opts := []asynq.ListOption{asynq.PageSize(pageSize), asynq.Page(pageNum)}
+	switch taskState {
+	case asynq.TaskStateActive:
+		tasks, err = i.ListActiveTasks(qname, opts...)
+	case asynq.TaskStatePending:
+		tasks, err = i.ListPendingTasks(qname, opts...)
+	case asynq.TaskStateScheduled:
+		tasks, err = i.ListScheduledTasks(qname, opts...)
+	case asynq.TaskStateRetry:
+		tasks, err = i.ListRetryTasks(qname, opts...)
+	case asynq.TaskStateArchived:
+		tasks, err = i.ListArchivedTasks(qname, opts...)
+	case asynq.TaskStateCompleted:
+		tasks, err = i.ListCompletedTasks(qname, opts...)
+	}
+	if err != nil {
+		errorCh <- err
+		return
+	}
+	tasksCh <- tasks
+}
+
+func (f *dataFetcher) fetchTaskInfo(qname, taskID string) {
+	var (
+		i       = f.inspector
+		taskCh  = f.taskCh
+		errorCh = f.errorCh
+	)
+	go fetchTaskInfo(i, qname, taskID, taskCh, errorCh)
+}
+
+func fetchTaskInfo(i *asynq.Inspector, qname, taskID string, taskCh chan<- *asynq.TaskInfo, errorCh chan<- error) {
+	info, err := i.GetTaskInfo(qname, taskID)
+	if err != nil {
+		errorCh <- err
+		return
+	}
+	taskCh <- info
+}

tools/asynq/cmd/dash/key_event.go

@@ -0,0 +1,317 @@
+// Copyright 2022 Kentaro Hibino. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a MIT license
+// that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+package dash
+
+import (
+	"os"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/gdamore/tcell/v2"
+	"github.com/hibiken/asynq"
+)
+
+// keyEventHandler handles keyboard events and updates the state.
+// It delegates data fetching to fetcher and UI rendering to drawer.
+type keyEventHandler struct {
+	s     tcell.Screen
+	state *State
+	done  chan struct{}
+
+	fetcher fetcher
+	drawer  drawer
+
+	ticker       *time.Ticker
+	pollInterval time.Duration
+}
+
+func (h *keyEventHandler) quit() {
+	h.s.Fini()
+	close(h.done)
+	os.Exit(0)
+}
+
+func (h *keyEventHandler) HandleKeyEvent(ev *tcell.EventKey) {
+	if ev.Key() == tcell.KeyEscape || ev.Rune() == 'q' {
+		h.goBack() // Esc and 'q' key have "go back" semantics
+	} else if ev.Key() == tcell.KeyCtrlC {
+		h.quit()
+	} else if ev.Key() == tcell.KeyCtrlL {
+		h.s.Sync()
+	} else if ev.Key() == tcell.KeyDown || ev.Rune() == 'j' {
+		h.handleDownKey()
+	} else if ev.Key() == tcell.KeyUp || ev.Rune() == 'k' {
+		h.handleUpKey()
+	} else if ev.Key() == tcell.KeyRight || ev.Rune() == 'l' {
+		h.handleRightKey()
+	} else if ev.Key() == tcell.KeyLeft || ev.Rune() == 'h' {
+		h.handleLeftKey()
+	} else if ev.Key() == tcell.KeyEnter {
+		h.handleEnterKey()
+	} else if ev.Rune() == '?' {
+		h.showHelp()
+	} else if ev.Rune() == 'n' {
+		h.nextPage()
+	} else if ev.Rune() == 'p' {
+		h.prevPage()
+	}
+}
+
+func (h *keyEventHandler) goBack() {
+	var (
+		state = h.state
+		d     = h.drawer
+		f     = h.fetcher
+	)
+	if state.view == viewTypeHelp {
+		state.view = state.prevView // exit help
+		f.Fetch(state)
+		h.resetTicker()
+		d.Draw(state)
+	} else if state.view == viewTypeQueueDetails {
+		// if task modal is open close it; otherwise go back to the previous view
+		if state.taskID != "" {
+			state.taskID = ""
+			state.selectedTask = nil
+			d.Draw(state)
+		} else {
+			state.view = viewTypeQueues
+			f.Fetch(state)
+			h.resetTicker()
+			d.Draw(state)
+		}
+	} else {
+		h.quit()
+	}
+}
+
+func (h *keyEventHandler) handleDownKey() {
+	switch h.state.view {
+	case viewTypeQueues:
+		h.downKeyQueues()
+	case viewTypeQueueDetails:
+		h.downKeyQueueDetails()
+	}
+}
+
+func (h *keyEventHandler) downKeyQueues() {
+	if h.state.queueTableRowIdx < len(h.state.queues) {
+		h.state.queueTableRowIdx++
+	} else {
+		h.state.queueTableRowIdx = 0 // loop back
+	}
+	h.drawer.Draw(h.state)
+}
+
+func (h *keyEventHandler) downKeyQueueDetails() {
+	s, state := h.s, h.state
+	if shouldShowGroupTable(state) {
+		if state.groupTableRowIdx < groupPageSize(s) {
+			state.groupTableRowIdx++
+		} else {
+			state.groupTableRowIdx = 0 // loop back
+		}
+	} else if state.taskID == "" {
+		if state.taskTableRowIdx < len(state.tasks) {
+			state.taskTableRowIdx++
+		} else {
+			state.taskTableRowIdx = 0 // loop back
+		}
+	}
+	h.drawer.Draw(state)
+}
+
+func (h *keyEventHandler) handleUpKey() {
+	switch h.state.view {
+	case viewTypeQueues:
+		h.upKeyQueues()
+	case viewTypeQueueDetails:
+		h.upKeyQueueDetails()
+	}
+}
+
+func (h *keyEventHandler) upKeyQueues() {
+	state := h.state
+	if state.queueTableRowIdx == 0 {
+		state.queueTableRowIdx = len(state.queues)
+	} else {
+		state.queueTableRowIdx--
+	}
+	h.drawer.Draw(state)
+}
+
+func (h *keyEventHandler) upKeyQueueDetails() {
+	s, state := h.s, h.state
+	if shouldShowGroupTable(state) {
+		if state.groupTableRowIdx == 0 {
+			state.groupTableRowIdx = groupPageSize(s)
+		} else {
+			state.groupTableRowIdx--
+		}
+	} else if state.taskID == "" {
+		if state.taskTableRowIdx == 0 {
+			state.taskTableRowIdx = len(state.tasks)
+		} else {
+			state.taskTableRowIdx--
+		}
+	}
+	h.drawer.Draw(state)
+}
+
+func (h *keyEventHandler) handleEnterKey() {
+	switch h.state.view {
+	case viewTypeQueues:
+		h.enterKeyQueues()
+	case viewTypeQueueDetails:
+		h.enterKeyQueueDetails()
+	}
+}
+
+func (h *keyEventHandler) resetTicker() {
+	h.ticker.Reset(h.pollInterval)
+}
+
+func (h *keyEventHandler) enterKeyQueues() {
+	var (
+		state = h.state
+		f     = h.fetcher
+		d     = h.drawer
+	)
+	if state.queueTableRowIdx != 0 {
+		state.selectedQueue = state.queues[state.queueTableRowIdx-1]
+		state.view = viewTypeQueueDetails
+		state.taskState = asynq.TaskStateActive
+		state.tasks = nil
+		state.pageNum = 1
+		f.Fetch(state)
+		h.resetTicker()
+		d.Draw(state)
+	}
+}
+
+func (h *keyEventHandler) enterKeyQueueDetails() {
+	var (
+		state = h.state
+		f     = h.fetcher
+		d     = h.drawer
+	)
+	if shouldShowGroupTable(state) && state.groupTableRowIdx != 0 {
+		state.selectedGroup = state.groups[state.groupTableRowIdx-1]
+		state.tasks = nil
+		state.pageNum = 1
+		f.Fetch(state)
+		h.resetTicker()
+		d.Draw(state)
+	} else if !shouldShowGroupTable(state) && state.taskTableRowIdx != 0 {
+		task := state.tasks[state.taskTableRowIdx-1]
+		state.selectedTask = task
+		state.taskID = task.ID
+		f.Fetch(state)
+		h.resetTicker()
+		d.Draw(state)
+	}
+
+}
+
+func (h *keyEventHandler) handleLeftKey() {
+	var (
+		state = h.state
+		f     = h.fetcher
+		d     = h.drawer
+	)
+	if state.view == viewTypeQueueDetails && state.taskID == "" {
+		state.taskState = prevTaskState(state.taskState)
+		state.pageNum = 1
+		state.taskTableRowIdx = 0
+		state.tasks = nil
+		state.selectedGroup = nil
+		f.Fetch(state)
+		h.resetTicker()
+		d.Draw(state)
+	}
+}
+
+func (h *keyEventHandler) handleRightKey() {
+	var (
+		state = h.state
+		f     = h.fetcher
+		d     = h.drawer
+	)
+	if state.view == viewTypeQueueDetails && state.taskID == "" {
+		state.taskState = nextTaskState(state.taskState)
+		state.pageNum = 1
+		state.taskTableRowIdx = 0
+		state.tasks = nil
+		state.selectedGroup = nil
+		f.Fetch(state)
+		h.resetTicker()
+		d.Draw(state)
+	}
+}
+
+func (h *keyEventHandler) nextPage() {
+	var (
+		s     = h.s
+		state = h.state
+		f     = h.fetcher
+		d     = h.drawer
+	)
+	if state.view == viewTypeQueueDetails {
+		if shouldShowGroupTable(state) {
+			pageSize := groupPageSize(s)
+			total := len(state.groups)
+			start := (state.pageNum - 1) * pageSize
+			end := start + pageSize
+			if end <= total {
+				state.pageNum++
+				d.Draw(state)
+			}
+		} else {
+			pageSize := taskPageSize(s)
+			totalCount := getTaskCount(state.selectedQueue, state.taskState)
+			if (state.pageNum-1)*pageSize+len(state.tasks) < totalCount {
+				state.pageNum++
+				f.Fetch(state)
+				h.resetTicker()
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func (h *keyEventHandler) prevPage() {
+	var (
+		s     = h.s
+		state = h.state
+		f     = h.fetcher
+		d     = h.drawer
+	)
+	if state.view == viewTypeQueueDetails {
+		if shouldShowGroupTable(state) {
+			pageSize := groupPageSize(s)
+			start := (state.pageNum - 1) * pageSize
+			if start > 0 {
+				state.pageNum--
+				d.Draw(state)
+			}
+		} else {
+			if state.pageNum > 1 {
+				state.pageNum--
+				f.Fetch(state)
+				h.resetTicker()
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func (h *keyEventHandler) showHelp() {
+	var (
+		state = h.state
+		d     = h.drawer
+	)
+	if state.view != viewTypeHelp {
+		state.prevView = state.view
+		state.view = viewTypeHelp
+		d.Draw(state)
+	}
+}

tools/asynq/cmd/dash/key_event_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,234 @@
+// Copyright 2022 Kentaro Hibino. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a MIT license
+// that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+package dash
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/gdamore/tcell/v2"
+	"github.com/google/go-cmp/cmp"
+	"github.com/hibiken/asynq"
+)
+
+func makeKeyEventHandler(t *testing.T, state *State) *keyEventHandler {
+	ticker := time.NewTicker(time.Second)
+	t.Cleanup(func() { ticker.Stop() })
+	return &keyEventHandler{
+		s:            tcell.NewSimulationScreen("UTF-8"),
+		state:        state,
+		done:         make(chan struct{}),
+		fetcher:      &fakeFetcher{},
+		drawer:       &fakeDrawer{},
+		ticker:       ticker,
+		pollInterval: time.Second,
+	}
+}
+
+type keyEventHandlerTest struct {
+	desc      string            // test description
+	state     *State            // initial state, to be mutated by the handler
+	events    []*tcell.EventKey // keyboard events
+	wantState State             // expected state after the events
+}
+
+func TestKeyEventHandler(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []*keyEventHandlerTest{
+		{
+			desc:      "navigates to help view",
+			state:     &State{view: viewTypeQueues},
+			events:    []*tcell.EventKey{tcell.NewEventKey(tcell.KeyRune, '?', tcell.ModNone)},
+			wantState: State{view: viewTypeHelp},
+		},
+		{
+			desc: "navigates to queue details view",
+			state: &State{
+				view: viewTypeQueues,
+				queues: []*asynq.QueueInfo{
+					{Queue: "default", Size: 100, Active: 10, Pending: 40, Scheduled: 40, Completed: 10},
+				},
+				queueTableRowIdx: 0,
+			},
+			events: []*tcell.EventKey{
+				tcell.NewEventKey(tcell.KeyRune, 'j', tcell.ModNone),   // down
+				tcell.NewEventKey(tcell.KeyEnter, '\n', tcell.ModNone), // Enter
+			},
+			wantState: State{
+				view: viewTypeQueueDetails,
+				queues: []*asynq.QueueInfo{
+					{Queue: "default", Size: 100, Active: 10, Pending: 40, Scheduled: 40, Completed: 10},
+				},
+				selectedQueue:    &asynq.QueueInfo{Queue: "default", Size: 100, Active: 10, Pending: 40, Scheduled: 40, Completed: 10},
+				queueTableRowIdx: 1,
+				taskState:        asynq.TaskStateActive,
+				pageNum:          1,
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			desc: "does nothing if no queues are present",
+			state: &State{
+				view:             viewTypeQueues,
+				queues:           []*asynq.QueueInfo{}, // empty
+				queueTableRowIdx: 0,
+			},
+			events: []*tcell.EventKey{
+				tcell.NewEventKey(tcell.KeyRune, 'j', tcell.ModNone),   // down
+				tcell.NewEventKey(tcell.KeyEnter, '\n', tcell.ModNone), // Enter
+			},
+			wantState: State{
+				view:             viewTypeQueues,
+				queues:           []*asynq.QueueInfo{},
+				queueTableRowIdx: 0,
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			desc: "opens task info modal",
+			state: &State{
+				view: viewTypeQueueDetails,
+				queues: []*asynq.QueueInfo{
+					{Queue: "default", Size: 500, Active: 10, Pending: 40},
+				},
+				queueTableRowIdx: 1,
+				selectedQueue:    &asynq.QueueInfo{Queue: "default", Size: 50, Active: 10, Pending: 40},
+				taskState:        asynq.TaskStatePending,
+				pageNum:          1,
+				tasks: []*asynq.TaskInfo{
+					{ID: "xxxx", Type: "foo"},
+					{ID: "yyyy", Type: "bar"},
+					{ID: "zzzz", Type: "baz"},
+				},
+				taskTableRowIdx: 2,
+			},
+			events: []*tcell.EventKey{
+				tcell.NewEventKey(tcell.KeyEnter, '\n', tcell.ModNone), // Enter
+			},
+			wantState: State{
+				view: viewTypeQueueDetails,
+				queues: []*asynq.QueueInfo{
+					{Queue: "default", Size: 500, Active: 10, Pending: 40},
+				},
+				queueTableRowIdx: 1,
+				selectedQueue:    &asynq.QueueInfo{Queue: "default", Size: 50, Active: 10, Pending: 40},
+				taskState:        asynq.TaskStatePending,
+				pageNum:          1,
+				tasks: []*asynq.TaskInfo{
+					{ID: "xxxx", Type: "foo"},
+					{ID: "yyyy", Type: "bar"},
+					{ID: "zzzz", Type: "baz"},
+				},
+				taskTableRowIdx: 2,
+				// new states
+				taskID:       "yyyy",
+				selectedTask: &asynq.TaskInfo{ID: "yyyy", Type: "bar"},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			desc: "Esc closes task info modal",
+			state: &State{
+				view: viewTypeQueueDetails,
+				queues: []*asynq.QueueInfo{
+					{Queue: "default", Size: 500, Active: 10, Pending: 40},
+				},
+				queueTableRowIdx: 1,
+				selectedQueue:    &asynq.QueueInfo{Queue: "default", Size: 50, Active: 10, Pending: 40},
+				taskState:        asynq.TaskStatePending,
+				pageNum:          1,
+				tasks: []*asynq.TaskInfo{
+					{ID: "xxxx", Type: "foo"},
+					{ID: "yyyy", Type: "bar"},
+					{ID: "zzzz", Type: "baz"},
+				},
+				taskTableRowIdx: 2,
+				taskID:          "yyyy", // presence of this field opens the modal
+			},
+			events: []*tcell.EventKey{
+				tcell.NewEventKey(tcell.KeyEscape, ' ', tcell.ModNone), // Esc
+			},
+			wantState: State{
+				view: viewTypeQueueDetails,
+				queues: []*asynq.QueueInfo{
+					{Queue: "default", Size: 500, Active: 10, Pending: 40},
+				},
+				queueTableRowIdx: 1,
+				selectedQueue:    &asynq.QueueInfo{Queue: "default", Size: 50, Active: 10, Pending: 40},
+				taskState:        asynq.TaskStatePending,
+				pageNum:          1,
+				tasks: []*asynq.TaskInfo{
+					{ID: "xxxx", Type: "foo"},
+					{ID: "yyyy", Type: "bar"},
+					{ID: "zzzz", Type: "baz"},
+				},
+				taskTableRowIdx: 2,
+				taskID:          "", // this field should be unset
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			desc: "Arrow keys are disabled while task info modal is open",
+			state: &State{
+				view: viewTypeQueueDetails,
+				queues: []*asynq.QueueInfo{
+					{Queue: "default", Size: 500, Active: 10, Pending: 40},
+				},
+				queueTableRowIdx: 1,
+				selectedQueue:    &asynq.QueueInfo{Queue: "default", Size: 50, Active: 10, Pending: 40},
+				taskState:        asynq.TaskStatePending,
+				pageNum:          1,
+				tasks: []*asynq.TaskInfo{
+					{ID: "xxxx", Type: "foo"},
+					{ID: "yyyy", Type: "bar"},
+					{ID: "zzzz", Type: "baz"},
+				},
+				taskTableRowIdx: 2,
+				taskID:          "yyyy", // presence of this field opens the modal
+			},
+			events: []*tcell.EventKey{
+				tcell.NewEventKey(tcell.KeyLeft, ' ', tcell.ModNone),
+			},
+
+			// no change
+			wantState: State{
+				view: viewTypeQueueDetails,
+				queues: []*asynq.QueueInfo{
+					{Queue: "default", Size: 500, Active: 10, Pending: 40},
+				},
+				queueTableRowIdx: 1,
+				selectedQueue:    &asynq.QueueInfo{Queue: "default", Size: 50, Active: 10, Pending: 40},
+				taskState:        asynq.TaskStatePending,
+				pageNum:          1,
+				tasks: []*asynq.TaskInfo{
+					{ID: "xxxx", Type: "foo"},
+					{ID: "yyyy", Type: "bar"},
+					{ID: "zzzz", Type: "baz"},
+				},
+				taskTableRowIdx: 2,
+				taskID:          "yyyy", // presence of this field opens the modal
+			},
+		},
+		// TODO: Add more tests
+	}
+
+	for _, tc := range tests {
+		t.Run(tc.desc, func(t *testing.T) {
+			h := makeKeyEventHandler(t, tc.state)
+			for _, e := range tc.events {
+				h.HandleKeyEvent(e)
+			}
+			if diff := cmp.Diff(tc.wantState, *tc.state, cmp.AllowUnexported(State{})); diff != "" {
+				t.Errorf("after state was %+v, want %+v: (-want,+got)\n%s", *tc.state, tc.wantState, diff)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+
+}
+
+/*** fake implementation for tests ***/
+
+type fakeFetcher struct{}
+
+func (f *fakeFetcher) Fetch(s *State) {}
+
+type fakeDrawer struct{}
+
+func (d *fakeDrawer) Draw(s *State) {}

tools/asynq/cmd/dash/screen_drawer.go

@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+// Copyright 2022 Kentaro Hibino. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a MIT license
+// that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+package dash
+
+import (
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/gdamore/tcell/v2"
+	"github.com/mattn/go-runewidth"
+)
+
+/*** Screen Drawer ***/
+
+// ScreenDrawer is used to draw contents on screen.
+//
+// Usage example:
+//    d := NewScreenDrawer(s)
+//    d.Println("Hello world", mystyle)
+//    d.NL() // adds newline
+//    d.Print("foo", mystyle.Bold(true))
+//    d.Print("bar", mystyle.Italic(true))
+type ScreenDrawer struct {
+	l *LineDrawer
+}
+
+func NewScreenDrawer(s tcell.Screen) *ScreenDrawer {
+	return &ScreenDrawer{l: NewLineDrawer(0, s)}
+}
+
+func (d *ScreenDrawer) Print(s string, style tcell.Style) {
+	d.l.Draw(s, style)
+}
+
+func (d *ScreenDrawer) Println(s string, style tcell.Style) {
+	d.Print(s, style)
+	d.NL()
+}
+
+// FillLine prints the given rune until the end of the current line
+// and adds a newline.
+func (d *ScreenDrawer) FillLine(r rune, style tcell.Style) {
+	w, _ := d.Screen().Size()
+	if w-d.l.col < 0 {
+		d.NL()
+		return
+	}
+	s := strings.Repeat(string(r), w-d.l.col)
+	d.Print(s, style)
+	d.NL()
+}
+
+func (d *ScreenDrawer) FillUntil(r rune, style tcell.Style, limit int) {
+	if d.l.col > limit {
+		return // already passed the limit
+	}
+	s := strings.Repeat(string(r), limit-d.l.col)
+	d.Print(s, style)
+}
+
+// NL adds a newline (i.e., moves to the next line).
+func (d *ScreenDrawer) NL() {
+	d.l.row++
+	d.l.col = 0
+}
+
+func (d *ScreenDrawer) Screen() tcell.Screen {
+	return d.l.s
+}
+
+// Goto moves the screendrawer to the specified cell.
+func (d *ScreenDrawer) Goto(x, y int) {
+	d.l.row = y
+	d.l.col = x
+}
+
+// Go to the bottom of the screen.
+func (d *ScreenDrawer) GoToBottom() {
+	_, h := d.Screen().Size()
+	d.l.row = h - 1
+	d.l.col = 0
+}
+
+type LineDrawer struct {
+	s   tcell.Screen
+	row int
+	col int
+}
+
+func NewLineDrawer(row int, s tcell.Screen) *LineDrawer {
+	return &LineDrawer{row: row, col: 0, s: s}
+}
+
+func (d *LineDrawer) Draw(s string, style tcell.Style) {
+	for _, r := range s {
+		d.s.SetContent(d.col, d.row, r, nil, style)
+		d.col += runewidth.RuneWidth(r)
+	}
+}

tools/asynq/cmd/dash/table.go

@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+// Copyright 2022 Kentaro Hibino. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a MIT license
+// that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+package dash
+
+import (
+	"github.com/gdamore/tcell/v2"
+	"github.com/mattn/go-runewidth"
+)
+
+type columnAlignment int
+
+const (
+	alignRight columnAlignment = iota
+	alignLeft
+)
+
+type columnConfig[V any] struct {
+	name      string
+	alignment columnAlignment
+	displayFn func(v V) string
+}
+
+type column[V any] struct {
+	*columnConfig[V]
+	width int
+}
+
+// Helper to draw a table.
+func drawTable[V any](d *ScreenDrawer, style tcell.Style, configs []*columnConfig[V], data []V, highlightRowIdx int) {
+	const colBuffer = "    " // extra buffer between columns
+	cols := make([]*column[V], len(configs))
+	for i, cfg := range configs {
+		cols[i] = &column[V]{cfg, runewidth.StringWidth(cfg.name)}
+	}
+	// adjust the column width to accommodate the widest value.
+	for _, v := range data {
+		for _, col := range cols {
+			if w := runewidth.StringWidth(col.displayFn(v)); col.width < w {
+				col.width = w
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	// print header
+	headerStyle := style.Background(tcell.ColorDimGray).Foreground(tcell.ColorWhite)
+	for _, col := range cols {
+		if col.alignment == alignLeft {
+			d.Print(rpad(col.name, col.width)+colBuffer, headerStyle)
+		} else {
+			d.Print(lpad(col.name, col.width)+colBuffer, headerStyle)
+		}
+	}
+	d.FillLine(' ', headerStyle)
+	// print body
+	for i, v := range data {
+		rowStyle := style
+		if highlightRowIdx == i {
+			rowStyle = style.Background(tcell.ColorDarkOliveGreen)
+		}
+		for _, col := range cols {
+			if col.alignment == alignLeft {
+				d.Print(rpad(col.displayFn(v), col.width)+colBuffer, rowStyle)
+			} else {
+				d.Print(lpad(col.displayFn(v), col.width)+colBuffer, rowStyle)
+			}
+		}
+		d.FillLine(' ', rowStyle)
+	}
+}

tools/asynq/cmd/group.go

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"os"
 
+	"github.com/MakeNowJust/heredoc/v2"
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 )
 
@@ -19,15 +20,18 @@ func init() {
 }
 
 var groupCmd = &cobra.Command{
-	Use:   "group",
+	Use:   "group <command> [flags]",
 	Short: "Manage groups",
+	Example: heredoc.Doc(`
+		$ asynq group list --queue=myqueue`),
 }
 
 var groupListCmd = &cobra.Command{
-	Use:   "ls",
-	Short: "List groups",
-	Args:  cobra.NoArgs,
-	Run:   groupLists,
+	Use:     "list",
+	Aliases: []string{"ls"},
+	Short:   "List groups",
+	Args:    cobra.NoArgs,
+	Run:     groupLists,
 }
 
 func groupLists(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {

tools/asynq/cmd/queue.go

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import (
 	"io"
 	"os"
 
+	"github.com/MakeNowJust/heredoc/v2"
 	"github.com/fatih/color"
 	"github.com/hibiken/asynq"
 	"github.com/hibiken/asynq/internal/errors"
@@ -31,51 +32,75 @@ func init() {
 }
 
 var queueCmd = &cobra.Command{
-	Use:   "queue",
+	Use:   "queue <command> [flags]",
 	Short: "Manage queues",
+	Example: heredoc.Doc(`
+	  $ asynq queue ls
+	  $ asynq queue inspect myqueue
+	  $ asynq queue pause myqueue`),
 }
 
 var queueListCmd = &cobra.Command{
-	Use:   "ls",
-	Short: "List queues",
+	Use:     "list",
+	Short:   "List queues",
+	Aliases: []string{"ls"},
 	// TODO: Use RunE instead?
 	Run: queueList,
 }
 
 var queueInspectCmd = &cobra.Command{
-	Use:   "inspect QUEUE [QUEUE...]",
+	Use:   "inspect <queue> [<queue>...]",
 	Short: "Display detailed information on one or more queues",
 	Args:  cobra.MinimumNArgs(1),
 	// TODO: Use RunE instead?
 	Run: queueInspect,
+	Example: heredoc.Doc(`
+		$ asynq queue inspect myqueue
+		$ asynq queue inspect queue1 queue2 queue3`),
 }
 
 var queueHistoryCmd = &cobra.Command{
-	Use:   "history QUEUE [QUEUE...]",
+	Use:   "history <queue> [<queue>...]",
 	Short: "Display historical aggregate data from one or more queues",
 	Args:  cobra.MinimumNArgs(1),
 	Run:   queueHistory,
+	Example: heredoc.Doc(`
+		$ asynq queue history myqueue
+		$ asynq queue history queue1 queue2 queue3
+		$ asynq queue history myqueue --days=90`),
 }
 
 var queuePauseCmd = &cobra.Command{
-	Use:   "pause QUEUE [QUEUE...]",
+	Use:   "pause <queue> [<queue>...]",
 	Short: "Pause one or more queues",
 	Args:  cobra.MinimumNArgs(1),
 	Run:   queuePause,
+	Example: heredoc.Doc(`
+		$ asynq queue pause myqueue
+		$ asynq queue pause queue1 queue2 queue3`),
 }
 
 var queueUnpauseCmd = &cobra.Command{
-	Use:   "unpause QUEUE [QUEUE...]",
-	Short: "Unpause one or more queues",
-	Args:  cobra.MinimumNArgs(1),
-	Run:   queueUnpause,
+	Use:     "resume <queue> [<queue>...]",
+	Short:   "Resume (unpause) one or more queues",
+	Args:    cobra.MinimumNArgs(1),
+	Aliases: []string{"unpause"},
+	Run:     queueUnpause,
+	Example: heredoc.Doc(`
+		$ asynq queue resume myqueue
+		$ asynq queue resume queue1 queue2 queue3`),
 }
 
 var queueRemoveCmd = &cobra.Command{
-	Use:   "rm QUEUE [QUEUE...]",
-	Short: "Remove one or more queues",
-	Args:  cobra.MinimumNArgs(1),
-	Run:   queueRemove,
+	Use:     "remove <queue> [<queue>...]",
+	Short:   "Remove one or more queues",
+	Aliases: []string{"rm", "delete"},
+	Args:    cobra.MinimumNArgs(1),
+	Run:     queueRemove,
+	Example: heredoc.Doc(`
+		$ asynq queue rm myqueue
+		$ asynq queue rm queue1 queue2 queue3
+		$ asynq queue rm myqueue --force`),
 }
 
 func queueList(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {

tools/asynq/cmd/root.go

@@ -11,14 +11,19 @@ import (
 	"os"
 	"strings"
 	"text/tabwriter"
+	"time"
 	"unicode"
 	"unicode/utf8"
 
-	"github.com/go-redis/redis/v8"
+	"github.com/MakeNowJust/heredoc/v2"
+	"github.com/fatih/color"
 	"github.com/hibiken/asynq"
 	"github.com/hibiken/asynq/internal/base"
 	"github.com/hibiken/asynq/internal/rdb"
+	"github.com/redis/go-redis/v9"
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
+	"github.com/spf13/pflag"
+	"golang.org/x/exp/utf8string"
 
 	homedir "github.com/mitchellh/go-homedir"
 	"github.com/spf13/viper"
@@ -35,14 +40,27 @@ var (
 	useRedisCluster bool
 	clusterAddrs    string
 	tlsServerName   string
+	insecure        bool
 )
 
 // rootCmd represents the base command when called without any subcommands
 var rootCmd = &cobra.Command{
-	Use:     "asynq",
-	Short:   "A monitoring tool for asynq queues",
-	Long:    `Asynq is a montoring CLI to inspect tasks and queues managed by asynq.`,
+	Use:     "asynq <command> <subcommand> [flags]",
+	Short:   "Asynq CLI",
+	Long:    `Command line tool to inspect tasks and queues managed by Asynq`,
 	Version: base.Version,
+
+	SilenceUsage:  true,
+	SilenceErrors: true,
+
+	Example: heredoc.Doc(`
+		$ asynq stats
+		$ asynq queue pause myqueue
+		$ asynq task list --queue=myqueue --state=archived`),
+	Annotations: map[string]string{
+		"help:feedback": heredoc.Doc(`
+			Open an issue at https://github.com/hibiken/asynq/issues/new/choose`),
+	},
 }
 
 var versionOutput = fmt.Sprintf("asynq version %s\n", base.Version)
@@ -64,22 +82,241 @@ func Execute() {
 	}
 }
 
+func isRootCmd(cmd *cobra.Command) bool {
+	return cmd != nil && !cmd.HasParent()
+}
+
+// displayLine represents a line displayed in the output as '<name> <desc>',
+// where pad is used to pad the name from desc.
+type displayLine struct {
+	name string
+	desc string
+	pad  int // number of rpad
+}
+
+func (l *displayLine) String() string {
+	return rpad(l.name, l.pad) + l.desc
+}
+
+type displayLines []*displayLine
+
+func (dls displayLines) String() string {
+	var lines []string
+	for _, dl := range dls {
+		lines = append(lines, dl.String())
+	}
+	return strings.Join(lines, "\n")
+}
+
+// Capitalize the first word in the given string.
+func capitalize(s string) string {
+	str := utf8string.NewString(s)
+	if str.RuneCount() == 0 {
+		return ""
+	}
+	var b strings.Builder
+	b.WriteString(strings.ToUpper(string(str.At(0))))
+	b.WriteString(str.Slice(1, str.RuneCount()))
+	return b.String()
+}
+
+func rootHelpFunc(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
+	// Display helpful error message when user mistypes a subcommand (e.g. 'asynq queue lst').
+	if isRootCmd(cmd.Parent()) && len(args) >= 2 && args[1] != "--help" && args[1] != "-h" {
+		printSubcommandSuggestions(cmd, args[1])
+		return
+	}
+
+	var lines []*displayLine
+	var commands []*displayLine
+	for _, c := range cmd.Commands() {
+		if c.Hidden || c.Short == "" || c.Name() == "help" {
+			continue
+		}
+		l := &displayLine{name: c.Name() + ":", desc: capitalize(c.Short)}
+		commands = append(commands, l)
+		lines = append(lines, l)
+	}
+	var localFlags []*displayLine
+	cmd.LocalFlags().VisitAll(func(f *pflag.Flag) {
+		l := &displayLine{name: "--" + f.Name, desc: capitalize(f.Usage)}
+		localFlags = append(localFlags, l)
+		lines = append(lines, l)
+	})
+	var inheritedFlags []*displayLine
+	cmd.InheritedFlags().VisitAll(func(f *pflag.Flag) {
+		l := &displayLine{name: "--" + f.Name, desc: capitalize(f.Usage)}
+		inheritedFlags = append(inheritedFlags, l)
+		lines = append(lines, l)
+	})
+	adjustPadding(lines...)
+
+	type helpEntry struct {
+		Title string
+		Body  string
+	}
+	var helpEntries []*helpEntry
+	desc := cmd.Long
+	if desc == "" {
+		desc = cmd.Short
+	}
+	if desc != "" {
+		helpEntries = append(helpEntries, &helpEntry{"", desc})
+	}
+	helpEntries = append(helpEntries, &helpEntry{"USAGE", cmd.UseLine()})
+	if len(commands) > 0 {
+		helpEntries = append(helpEntries, &helpEntry{"COMMANDS", displayLines(commands).String()})
+	}
+	if cmd.LocalFlags().HasFlags() {
+		helpEntries = append(helpEntries, &helpEntry{"FLAGS", displayLines(localFlags).String()})
+	}
+	if cmd.InheritedFlags().HasFlags() {
+		helpEntries = append(helpEntries, &helpEntry{"INHERITED FLAGS", displayLines(inheritedFlags).String()})
+	}
+	if cmd.Example != "" {
+		helpEntries = append(helpEntries, &helpEntry{"EXAMPLES", cmd.Example})
+	}
+	helpEntries = append(helpEntries, &helpEntry{"LEARN MORE", heredoc.Doc(`
+		Use 'asynq <command> <subcommand> --help' for more information about a command.`)})
+	if s, ok := cmd.Annotations["help:feedback"]; ok {
+		helpEntries = append(helpEntries, &helpEntry{"FEEDBACK", s})
+	}
+
+	out := cmd.OutOrStdout()
+	bold := color.New(color.Bold)
+	for _, e := range helpEntries {
+		if e.Title != "" {
+			// If there is a title, add indentation to each line in the body
+			bold.Fprintln(out, e.Title)
+			fmt.Fprintln(out, indent(e.Body, 2 /* spaces */))
+		} else {
+			// If there is no title, print the body as is
+			fmt.Fprintln(out, e.Body)
+		}
+		fmt.Fprintln(out)
+	}
+}
+
+func rootUsageFunc(cmd *cobra.Command) error {
+	out := cmd.OutOrStdout()
+	fmt.Fprintf(out, "Usage: %s", cmd.UseLine())
+	if subcmds := cmd.Commands(); len(subcmds) > 0 {
+		fmt.Fprint(out, "\n\nAvailable commands:\n")
+		for _, c := range subcmds {
+			if c.Hidden {
+				continue
+			}
+			fmt.Fprintf(out, "  %s\n", c.Name())
+		}
+	}
+
+	var localFlags []*displayLine
+	cmd.LocalFlags().VisitAll(func(f *pflag.Flag) {
+		localFlags = append(localFlags, &displayLine{name: "--" + f.Name, desc: capitalize(f.Usage)})
+	})
+	adjustPadding(localFlags...)
+	if len(localFlags) > 0 {
+		fmt.Fprint(out, "\n\nFlags:\n")
+		for _, l := range localFlags {
+			fmt.Fprintf(out, "  %s\n", l.String())
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func printSubcommandSuggestions(cmd *cobra.Command, arg string) {
+	out := cmd.OutOrStdout()
+	fmt.Fprintf(out, "unknown command %q for %q\n", arg, cmd.CommandPath())
+	if cmd.SuggestionsMinimumDistance <= 0 {
+		cmd.SuggestionsMinimumDistance = 2
+	}
+	candidates := cmd.SuggestionsFor(arg)
+	if len(candidates) > 0 {
+		fmt.Fprint(out, "\nDid you mean this?\n")
+		for _, c := range candidates {
+			fmt.Fprintf(out, "\t%s\n", c)
+		}
+	}
+	fmt.Fprintln(out)
+	rootUsageFunc(cmd)
+}
+
+func adjustPadding(lines ...*displayLine) {
+	// find the maximum width of the name
+	max := 0
+	for _, l := range lines {
+		if n := utf8.RuneCountInString(l.name); n > max {
+			max = n
+		}
+	}
+	for _, l := range lines {
+		l.pad = max
+	}
+}
+
+// rpad adds padding to the right of a string.
+func rpad(s string, padding int) string {
+	tmpl := fmt.Sprintf("%%-%ds ", padding)
+	return fmt.Sprintf(tmpl, s)
+
+}
+
+// lpad adds padding to the left of a string.
+func lpad(s string, padding int) string {
+	tmpl := fmt.Sprintf("%%%ds ", padding)
+	return fmt.Sprintf(tmpl, s)
+}
+
+// indent indents the given text by given spaces.
+func indent(text string, space int) string {
+	if len(text) == 0 {
+		return ""
+	}
+	var b strings.Builder
+	indentation := strings.Repeat(" ", space)
+	lastRune := '\n'
+	for _, r := range text {
+		if lastRune == '\n' {
+			b.WriteString(indentation)
+		}
+		b.WriteRune(r)
+		lastRune = r
+	}
+	return b.String()
+}
+
+// dedent removes any indentation from the given text.
+func dedent(text string) string {
+	lines := strings.Split(text, "\n")
+	var b strings.Builder
+	for _, l := range lines {
+		b.WriteString(strings.TrimLeftFunc(l, unicode.IsSpace))
+		b.WriteRune('\n')
+	}
+	return b.String()
+}
+
 func init() {
 	cobra.OnInitialize(initConfig)
 
+	rootCmd.SetHelpFunc(rootHelpFunc)
+	rootCmd.SetUsageFunc(rootUsageFunc)
+
 	rootCmd.AddCommand(versionCmd)
 	rootCmd.SetVersionTemplate(versionOutput)
 
-	rootCmd.PersistentFlags().StringVar(&cfgFile, "config", "", "config file to set flag defaut values (default is $HOME/.asynq.yaml)")
-	rootCmd.PersistentFlags().StringVarP(&uri, "uri", "u", "127.0.0.1:6379", "redis server URI")
-	rootCmd.PersistentFlags().IntVarP(&db, "db", "n", 0, "redis database number (default is 0)")
-	rootCmd.PersistentFlags().StringVarP(&password, "password", "p", "", "password to use when connecting to redis server")
-	rootCmd.PersistentFlags().BoolVar(&useRedisCluster, "cluster", false, "connect to redis cluster")
+	rootCmd.PersistentFlags().StringVar(&cfgFile, "config", "", "Config file to set flag defaut values (default is $HOME/.asynq.yaml)")
+	rootCmd.PersistentFlags().StringVarP(&uri, "uri", "u", "127.0.0.1:6379", "Redis server URI")
+	rootCmd.PersistentFlags().IntVarP(&db, "db", "n", 0, "Redis database number (default is 0)")
+	rootCmd.PersistentFlags().StringVarP(&password, "password", "p", "", "Password to use when connecting to redis server")
+	rootCmd.PersistentFlags().BoolVar(&useRedisCluster, "cluster", false, "Connect to redis cluster")
 	rootCmd.PersistentFlags().StringVar(&clusterAddrs, "cluster_addrs",
 		"127.0.0.1:7000,127.0.0.1:7001,127.0.0.1:7002,127.0.0.1:7003,127.0.0.1:7004,127.0.0.1:7005",
-		"list of comma-separated redis server addresses")
+		"List of comma-separated redis server addresses")
 	rootCmd.PersistentFlags().StringVar(&tlsServerName, "tls_server",
-		"", "server name for TLS validation")
+		"", "Server name for TLS validation")
+	rootCmd.PersistentFlags().BoolVar(&insecure, "insecure",
+		false, "Allow insecure TLS connection by skipping cert validation")
 	// Bind flags with config.
 	viper.BindPFlag("uri", rootCmd.PersistentFlags().Lookup("uri"))
 	viper.BindPFlag("db", rootCmd.PersistentFlags().Lookup("db"))
@@ -87,6 +324,7 @@ func init() {
 	viper.BindPFlag("cluster", rootCmd.PersistentFlags().Lookup("cluster"))
 	viper.BindPFlag("cluster_addrs", rootCmd.PersistentFlags().Lookup("cluster_addrs"))
 	viper.BindPFlag("tls_server", rootCmd.PersistentFlags().Lookup("tls_server"))
+	viper.BindPFlag("insecure", rootCmd.PersistentFlags().Lookup("insecure"))
 }
 
 // initConfig reads in config file and ENV variables if set.
@@ -118,7 +356,7 @@ func initConfig() {
 // createRDB creates a RDB instance using flag values and returns it.
 func createRDB() *rdb.RDB {
 	var c redis.UniversalClient
-	if useRedisCluster {
+	if viper.GetBool("cluster") {
 		addrs := strings.Split(viper.GetString("cluster_addrs"), ",")
 		c = redis.NewClusterClient(&redis.ClusterOptions{
 			Addrs:     addrs,
@@ -136,13 +374,18 @@ func createRDB() *rdb.RDB {
 	return rdb.NewRDB(c)
 }
 
-// createRDB creates a Inspector instance using flag values and returns it.
+// createClient creates a Client instance using flag values and returns it.
+func createClient() *asynq.Client {
+	return asynq.NewClient(getRedisConnOpt())
+}
+
+// createInspector creates a Inspector instance using flag values and returns it.
 func createInspector() *asynq.Inspector {
 	return asynq.NewInspector(getRedisConnOpt())
 }
 
 func getRedisConnOpt() asynq.RedisConnOpt {
-	if useRedisCluster {
+	if viper.GetBool("cluster") {
 		addrs := strings.Split(viper.GetString("cluster_addrs"), ",")
 		return asynq.RedisClusterClientOpt{
 			Addrs:     addrs,
@@ -163,7 +406,7 @@ func getTLSConfig() *tls.Config {
 	if tlsServer == "" {
 		return nil
 	}
-	return &tls.Config{ServerName: tlsServer}
+	return &tls.Config{ServerName: tlsServer, InsecureSkipVerify: viper.GetBool("insecure")}
 }
 
 // printTable is a helper function to print data in table format.
@@ -223,3 +466,37 @@ func isPrintable(data []byte) bool {
 	}
 	return !isAllSpace
 }
+
+// Helper to turn a command line flag into a duration
+func getDuration(cmd *cobra.Command, arg string) time.Duration {
+	durationStr, err := cmd.Flags().GetString(arg)
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Printf("error: %v\n", err)
+		os.Exit(1)
+	}
+
+	duration, err := time.ParseDuration(durationStr)
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Printf("error: %v\n", err)
+		os.Exit(1)
+	}
+
+	return duration
+}
+
+// Helper to turn a command line flag into a time
+func getTime(cmd *cobra.Command, arg string) time.Time {
+	timeStr, err := cmd.Flags().GetString(arg)
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Printf("error: %v\n", err)
+		os.Exit(1)
+	}
+
+	timeVal, err := time.Parse(time.RFC3339, timeStr)
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Printf("error: %v\n", err)
+		os.Exit(1)
+	}
+
+	return timeVal
+}

tools/asynq/cmd/server.go

@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 	"time"
 
+	"github.com/MakeNowJust/heredoc/v2"
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 )
 
@@ -21,13 +22,16 @@ func init() {
 }
 
 var serverCmd = &cobra.Command{
-	Use:   "server",
+	Use:   "server <command> [flags]",
 	Short: "Manage servers",
+	Example: heredoc.Doc(`
+		$ asynq server list`),
 }
 
 var serverListCmd = &cobra.Command{
-	Use:   "ls",
-	Short: "List servers",
+	Use:     "list",
+	Aliases: []string{"ls"},
+	Short:   "List servers",
 	Long: `Server list (asynq server ls) shows all running worker servers
 pulling tasks from the given redis instance.
 

tools/asynq/cmd/stats.go

@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ import (
 	"time"
 	"unicode/utf8"
 
+	"github.com/MakeNowJust/heredoc/v2"
 	"github.com/fatih/color"
 	"github.com/hibiken/asynq/internal/rdb"
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
@@ -24,19 +25,15 @@ import (
 // statsCmd represents the stats command
 var statsCmd = &cobra.Command{
 	Use:   "stats",
-	Short: "Shows current state of the tasks and queues",
-	Long: `Stats (aysnq stats) will show the overview of tasks and queues at that instant.
+	Short: "View current state",
+	Long: heredoc.Doc(`
+	  Stats shows the overview of tasks and queues at that instant.
 
-Specifically, the command shows the following:
-* Number of tasks in each state
-* Number of tasks in each queue
-* Aggregate data for the current day
-* Basic information about the running redis instance
-
-To monitor the tasks continuously, it's recommended that you run this
-command in conjunction with the watch command.
-
-Example: watch -n 3 asynq stats -> Shows current state of tasks every three seconds`,
+	  The command shows the following:
+	    * Number of tasks in each state
+	    * Number of tasks in each queue
+	    * Aggregate data for the current day
+	    * Basic information about the running redis instance`),
 	Args: cobra.NoArgs,
 	Run:  stats,
 }

tools/asynq/cmd/task.go

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import (
 	"os"
 	"time"
 
+	"github.com/MakeNowJust/heredoc/v2"
 	"github.com/fatih/color"
 	"github.com/hibiken/asynq"
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
@@ -18,8 +19,8 @@ import (
 func init() {
 	rootCmd.AddCommand(taskCmd)
 	taskCmd.AddCommand(taskListCmd)
-	taskListCmd.Flags().StringP("queue", "q", "", "queue to inspect")
-	taskListCmd.Flags().StringP("state", "s", "", "state of the tasks to inspect")
+	taskListCmd.Flags().StringP("queue", "q", "", "queue to inspect (required)")
+	taskListCmd.Flags().StringP("state", "s", "", "state of the tasks; one of { active | pending | aggregating | scheduled | retry | archived | completed } (required)")
 	taskListCmd.Flags().Int("page", 1, "page number")
 	taskListCmd.Flags().Int("size", 30, "page size")
 	taskListCmd.Flags().StringP("group", "g", "", "group to inspect (required for listing aggregating tasks)")
@@ -29,141 +30,183 @@ func init() {
 	taskCmd.AddCommand(taskCancelCmd)
 
 	taskCmd.AddCommand(taskInspectCmd)
-	taskInspectCmd.Flags().StringP("queue", "q", "", "queue to which the task belongs")
-	taskInspectCmd.Flags().StringP("id", "i", "", "id of the task")
+	taskInspectCmd.Flags().StringP("queue", "q", "", "queue to which the task belongs (required)")
+	taskInspectCmd.Flags().StringP("id", "i", "", "id of the task (required)")
 	taskInspectCmd.MarkFlagRequired("queue")
 	taskInspectCmd.MarkFlagRequired("id")
 
 	taskCmd.AddCommand(taskArchiveCmd)
-	taskArchiveCmd.Flags().StringP("queue", "q", "", "queue to which the task belongs")
-	taskArchiveCmd.Flags().StringP("id", "i", "", "id of the task")
+	taskArchiveCmd.Flags().StringP("queue", "q", "", "queue to which the task belongs (required)")
+	taskArchiveCmd.Flags().StringP("id", "i", "", "id of the task (required)")
 	taskArchiveCmd.MarkFlagRequired("queue")
 	taskArchiveCmd.MarkFlagRequired("id")
 
 	taskCmd.AddCommand(taskDeleteCmd)
-	taskDeleteCmd.Flags().StringP("queue", "q", "", "queue to which the task belongs")
-	taskDeleteCmd.Flags().StringP("id", "i", "", "id of the task")
+	taskDeleteCmd.Flags().StringP("queue", "q", "", "queue to which the task belongs (required)")
+	taskDeleteCmd.Flags().StringP("id", "i", "", "id of the task (required)")
 	taskDeleteCmd.MarkFlagRequired("queue")
 	taskDeleteCmd.MarkFlagRequired("id")
 
 	taskCmd.AddCommand(taskRunCmd)
-	taskRunCmd.Flags().StringP("queue", "q", "", "queue to which the task belongs")
-	taskRunCmd.Flags().StringP("id", "i", "", "id of the task")
+	taskRunCmd.Flags().StringP("queue", "q", "", "queue to which the task belongs (required)")
+	taskRunCmd.Flags().StringP("id", "i", "", "id of the task (required)")
 	taskRunCmd.MarkFlagRequired("queue")
 	taskRunCmd.MarkFlagRequired("id")
 
+	taskCmd.AddCommand(taskEnqueueCmd)
+	taskEnqueueCmd.Flags().StringP("type_name", "t", "", "type name to enqueue the task as (required)")
+	taskEnqueueCmd.Flags().StringP("payload", "l", "", "payload to enqueue (required)")
+	// The following are the various OptionTypes; if not specified we won't pass them so that composeOptions()
+	// can apply its own defaults
+	taskEnqueueCmd.Flags().Int("retry", 0, "maximum retries")
+	taskEnqueueCmd.Flags().String("queue", "", "queue to enqueue the task to")
+	taskEnqueueCmd.Flags().String("id", "", "id to enqueue the task as")
+	taskEnqueueCmd.Flags().String("timeout", "", "timeout for the task (how long it can run); must be parseable as a time.Duration")
+	taskEnqueueCmd.Flags().String("deadline", "", "deadline for the task; must be in RFC3339 format")
+	taskEnqueueCmd.Flags().String("unique", "", "unique period for the task (duration within which it is guaranteed to be unique); must be parseable as a time.Duration")
+	taskEnqueueCmd.Flags().String("process_at", "", "process at time for the task; must be in RFC3339 format")
+	taskEnqueueCmd.Flags().String("process_in", "", "process in window for the task; must be parseable as a time.Duration")
+	taskEnqueueCmd.Flags().String("retention", "", "retention window for the task; must be parseable as a time.Duration")
+	taskEnqueueCmd.Flags().String("group", "", "group for the task")
+	taskEnqueueCmd.MarkFlagRequired("type_name")
+	taskEnqueueCmd.MarkFlagRequired("payload")
+
 	taskCmd.AddCommand(taskArchiveAllCmd)
-	taskArchiveAllCmd.Flags().StringP("queue", "q", "", "queue to which the tasks belong")
-	taskArchiveAllCmd.Flags().StringP("state", "s", "", "state of the tasks")
+	taskArchiveAllCmd.Flags().StringP("queue", "q", "", "queue to which the tasks belong (required)")
+	taskArchiveAllCmd.Flags().StringP("state", "s", "", "state of the tasks; one of { pending | aggregating | scheduled | retry } (required)")
 	taskArchiveAllCmd.MarkFlagRequired("queue")
 	taskArchiveAllCmd.MarkFlagRequired("state")
+	taskArchiveAllCmd.Flags().StringP("group", "g", "", "group to which the tasks belong (required for archiving aggregating tasks)")
 
 	taskCmd.AddCommand(taskDeleteAllCmd)
-	taskDeleteAllCmd.Flags().StringP("queue", "q", "", "queue to which the tasks belong")
-	taskDeleteAllCmd.Flags().StringP("state", "s", "", "state of the tasks")
+	taskDeleteAllCmd.Flags().StringP("queue", "q", "", "queue to which the tasks belong (required)")
+	taskDeleteAllCmd.Flags().StringP("state", "s", "", "state of the tasks; one of { pending | aggregating | scheduled | retry | archived | completed } (required)")
 	taskDeleteAllCmd.MarkFlagRequired("queue")
 	taskDeleteAllCmd.MarkFlagRequired("state")
+	taskDeleteAllCmd.Flags().StringP("group", "g", "", "group to which the tasks belong (required for deleting aggregating tasks)")
 
 	taskCmd.AddCommand(taskRunAllCmd)
-	taskRunAllCmd.Flags().StringP("queue", "q", "", "queue to which the tasks belong")
-	taskRunAllCmd.Flags().StringP("state", "s", "", "state of the tasks")
+	taskRunAllCmd.Flags().StringP("queue", "q", "", "queue to which the tasks belong (required)")
+	taskRunAllCmd.Flags().StringP("state", "s", "", "state of the tasks; one of { scheduled | retry | archived } (required)")
 	taskRunAllCmd.MarkFlagRequired("queue")
 	taskRunAllCmd.MarkFlagRequired("state")
+	taskRunAllCmd.Flags().StringP("group", "g", "", "group to which the tasks belong (required for running aggregating tasks)")
 }
 
 var taskCmd = &cobra.Command{
-	Use:   "task",
+	Use:   "task <command> [flags]",
 	Short: "Manage tasks",
+	Example: heredoc.Doc(`
+		$ asynq task list --queue=myqueue --state=scheduled
+		$ asynq task inspect --queue=myqueue --id=7837f142-6337-4217-9276-8f27281b67d1
+		$ asynq task delete --queue=myqueue --id=7837f142-6337-4217-9276-8f27281b67d1
+		$ asynq task deleteall --queue=myqueue --state=archived`),
 }
 
 var taskListCmd = &cobra.Command{
-	Use:   "ls --queue=QUEUE --state=STATE",
-	Short: "List tasks",
-	Long: `List tasks of the given state from the specified queue.
+	Use:     "list --queue=<queue> --state=<state> [flags]",
+	Aliases: []string{"ls"},
+	Short:   "List tasks",
+	Long: heredoc.Doc(`
+	List tasks of the given state from the specified queue.
 
-The value for the state flag should be one of:
-- active
-- pending
-- aggregating
-- scheduled
-- retry
-- archived
-- completed
+	The --queue and --state flags are required.
 
-List opeartion paginates the result set.
-By default, the command fetches the first 30 tasks.
-Use --page and --size flags to specify the page number and size.
+	Note: For aggregating tasks, additional --group flag is required.
 
-
-Example: 
-To list pending tasks from "default" queue, run
-  asynq task ls --queue=default --state=pending
-
-To list the tasks from the second page, run
-  asynq task ls --queue=default --state=pending --page=1
-
-For aggregating tasks, additional --group flag is required.
-
-Example:
-  asynq task ls --queue=default --state=aggregating --group=mygroup
-`,
+	List opeartion paginates the result set. By default, the command fetches the first 30 tasks.
+	Use --page and --size flags to specify the page number and size.`),
+	Example: heredoc.Doc(`
+		$ asynq task list --queue=myqueue --state=pending
+		$ asynq task list --queue=myqueue --state=aggregating --group=mygroup
+		$ asynq task list --queue=myqueue --state=scheduled --page=2`),
 	Run: taskList,
 }
 
 var taskInspectCmd = &cobra.Command{
-	Use:   "inspect --queue=QUEUE --id=TASK_ID",
+	Use:   "inspect --queue=<queue> --id=<task_id>",
 	Short: "Display detailed information on the specified task",
 	Args:  cobra.NoArgs,
 	Run:   taskInspect,
+	Example: heredoc.Doc(`
+		$ asynq task inspect --queue=myqueue --id=f1720682-f5a6-4db1-8953-4f48ae541d0f`),
 }
 
 var taskCancelCmd = &cobra.Command{
-	Use:   "cancel TASK_ID [TASK_ID...]",
+	Use:   "cancel <task_id> [<task_id>...]",
 	Short: "Cancel one or more active tasks",
 	Args:  cobra.MinimumNArgs(1),
 	Run:   taskCancel,
+	Example: heredoc.Doc(`
+		$ asynq task cancel f1720682-f5a6-4db1-8953-4f48ae541d0f`),
 }
 
 var taskArchiveCmd = &cobra.Command{
-	Use:   "archive --queue=QUEUE --id=TASK_ID",
+	Use:   "archive --queue=<queue> --id=<task_id>",
 	Short: "Archive a task with the given id",
 	Args:  cobra.NoArgs,
 	Run:   taskArchive,
+	Example: heredoc.Doc(`
+		$ asynq task archive --queue=myqueue --id=f1720682-f5a6-4db1-8953-4f48ae541d0f`),
 }
 
 var taskDeleteCmd = &cobra.Command{
-	Use:   "delete --queue=QUEUE --id=TASK_ID",
-	Short: "Delete a task with the given id",
-	Args:  cobra.NoArgs,
-	Run:   taskDelete,
+	Use:     "delete --queue=<queue> --id=<task_id>",
+	Aliases: []string{"remove", "rm"},
+	Short:   "Delete a task with the given id",
+	Args:    cobra.NoArgs,
+	Run:     taskDelete,
+	Example: heredoc.Doc(`
+		$ asynq task delete --queue=myqueue --id=f1720682-f5a6-4db1-8953-4f48ae541d0f`),
 }
 
 var taskRunCmd = &cobra.Command{
-	Use:   "run --queue=QUEUE --id=TASK_ID",
+	Use:   "run --queue=<queue> --id=<task_id>",
 	Short: "Run a task with the given id",
 	Args:  cobra.NoArgs,
 	Run:   taskRun,
+	Example: heredoc.Doc(`
+		$ asynq task run --queue=myqueue --id=f1720682-f5a6-4db1-8953-4f48ae541d0f`),
+}
+
+var taskEnqueueCmd = &cobra.Command{
+	Use:   "enqueue --type_name=footype --payload=barpayload",
+	Short: "Enqueue a task",
+	Args:  cobra.NoArgs,
+	Run:   taskEnqueue,
+	Example: heredoc.Doc(`
+		$ asynq task enqueue -t footype -l barpayload
+		$ asynq task enqueue -t footask -l barpayload --retry 3 --id f1720682-f5a6-4db1-8953-4f48ae541d0f --queue bazqueue --timeout 100s --deadline 2024-12-14T01:23:45Z --unique 100s --process_at 2024-12-14T01:22:05Z --process_in 100s --retention 5h --group baygroup`),
 }
 
 var taskArchiveAllCmd = &cobra.Command{
-	Use:   "archiveall --queue=QUEUE --state=STATE",
+	Use:   "archiveall --queue=<queue> --state=<state>",
 	Short: "Archive all tasks in the given state",
 	Args:  cobra.NoArgs,
 	Run:   taskArchiveAll,
+	Example: heredoc.Doc(`
+		$ asynq task archiveall --queue=myqueue --state=retry
+		$ asynq task archiveall --queue=myqueue --state=aggregating --group=mygroup`),
 }
 
 var taskDeleteAllCmd = &cobra.Command{
-	Use:   "deleteall --queue=QUEUE --state=STATE",
+	Use:   "deleteall --queue=<queue> --state=<state>",
 	Short: "Delete all tasks in the given state",
 	Args:  cobra.NoArgs,
 	Run:   taskDeleteAll,
+	Example: heredoc.Doc(`
+		$ asynq task deleteall --queue=myqueue --state=archived
+		$ asynq task deleteall --queue=myqueue --state=aggregating --group=mygroup`),
 }
 
 var taskRunAllCmd = &cobra.Command{
-	Use:   "runall --queue=QUEUE --state=STATE",
+	Use:   "runall --queue=<queue> --state=<state>",
 	Short: "Run all tasks in the given state",
 	Args:  cobra.NoArgs,
 	Run:   taskRunAll,
+	Example: heredoc.Doc(`
+		$ asynq task runall --queue=myqueue --state=retry
+		$ asynq task runall --queue=myqueue --state=aggregating --group=mygroup`),
 }
 
 func taskList(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
@@ -506,6 +549,95 @@ func taskRun(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
 	fmt.Println("task is now pending")
 }
 
+func taskEnqueue(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
+	typeName, err := cmd.Flags().GetString("type_name")
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Printf("error: %v\n", err)
+		os.Exit(1)
+	}
+
+	payload, err := cmd.Flags().GetString("payload")
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Printf("error: %v\n", err)
+		os.Exit(1)
+	}
+
+	// For all of the optional flags, we need to explicitly check whether they were set or
+	// not; for consistency we want to use the defaults set in composeOptions() rather than
+	// the ones in the flag definitions.
+	opts := []asynq.Option{}
+	if cmd.Flags().Changed("retry") {
+		retry, err := cmd.Flags().GetInt("retry")
+		if err != nil {
+			fmt.Printf("error: %v\n", err)
+			os.Exit(1)
+		}
+		opts = append(opts, asynq.MaxRetry(retry))
+	}
+
+	if cmd.Flags().Changed("queue") {
+		queue, err := cmd.Flags().GetString("queue")
+		if err != nil {
+			fmt.Printf("error: %v\n", err)
+			os.Exit(1)
+		}
+		opts = append(opts, asynq.Queue(queue))
+	}
+
+	if cmd.Flags().Changed("id") {
+		id, err := cmd.Flags().GetString("id")
+		if err != nil {
+			fmt.Printf("error: %v\n", err)
+			os.Exit(1)
+		}
+		opts = append(opts, asynq.TaskID(id))
+	}
+
+	if cmd.Flags().Changed("timeout") {
+		opts = append(opts, asynq.Timeout(getDuration(cmd, "timeout")))
+	}
+
+	if cmd.Flags().Changed("deadline") {
+		opts = append(opts, asynq.Deadline(getTime(cmd, "deadline")))
+	}
+
+	if cmd.Flags().Changed("unique") {
+		opts = append(opts, asynq.Unique(getDuration(cmd, "unique")))
+	}
+
+	if cmd.Flags().Changed("process_at") {
+		opts = append(opts, asynq.ProcessAt(getTime(cmd, "process_at")))
+	}
+
+	if cmd.Flags().Changed("process_in") {
+		opts = append(opts, asynq.ProcessIn(getDuration(cmd, "process_in")))
+	}
+
+	if cmd.Flags().Changed("retention") {
+		opts = append(opts, asynq.Retention(getDuration(cmd, "retention")))
+	}
+
+	if cmd.Flags().Changed("group") {
+		group, err := cmd.Flags().GetString("group")
+		if err != nil {
+			fmt.Printf("error: %v\n", err)
+			os.Exit(1)
+		}
+		opts = append(opts, asynq.Group(group))
+	}
+
+	c := createClient()
+	task := asynq.NewTask(typeName, []byte(payload), opts...)
+
+	taskInfo, err := c.Enqueue(task)
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Printf("error: %v\n", err)
+		os.Exit(1)
+	}
+
+	fmt.Printf("Enqueued task %s to queue %s\n", taskInfo.ID, taskInfo.Queue)
+}
+
 func taskArchiveAll(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
 	qname, err := cmd.Flags().GetString("queue")
 	if err != nil {
@@ -527,6 +659,17 @@ func taskArchiveAll(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
 		n, err = i.ArchiveAllScheduledTasks(qname)
 	case "retry":
 		n, err = i.ArchiveAllRetryTasks(qname)
+	case "aggregating":
+		group, err := cmd.Flags().GetString("group")
+		if err != nil {
+			fmt.Printf("error: %v\n", err)
+			os.Exit(1)
+		}
+		if group == "" {
+			fmt.Println("error: Flag --group is required for aggregating tasks")
+			os.Exit(1)
+		}
+		n, err = i.ArchiveAllAggregatingTasks(qname, group)
 	default:
 		fmt.Printf("error: unsupported state %q\n", state)
 		os.Exit(1)
@@ -563,6 +706,17 @@ func taskDeleteAll(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
 		n, err = i.DeleteAllArchivedTasks(qname)
 	case "completed":
 		n, err = i.DeleteAllCompletedTasks(qname)
+	case "aggregating":
+		group, err := cmd.Flags().GetString("group")
+		if err != nil {
+			fmt.Printf("error: %v\n", err)
+			os.Exit(1)
+		}
+		if group == "" {
+			fmt.Println("error: Flag --group is required for aggregating tasks")
+			os.Exit(1)
+		}
+		n, err = i.DeleteAllAggregatingTasks(qname, group)
 	default:
 		fmt.Printf("error: unsupported state %q\n", state)
 		os.Exit(1)
@@ -595,6 +749,17 @@ func taskRunAll(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
 		n, err = i.RunAllRetryTasks(qname)
 	case "archived":
 		n, err = i.RunAllArchivedTasks(qname)
+	case "aggregating":
+		group, err := cmd.Flags().GetString("group")
+		if err != nil {
+			fmt.Printf("error: %v\n", err)
+			os.Exit(1)
+		}
+		if group == "" {
+			fmt.Println("error: Flag --group is required for aggregating tasks")
+			os.Exit(1)
+		}
+		n, err = i.RunAllAggregatingTasks(qname, group)
 	default:
 		fmt.Printf("error: unsupported state %q\n", state)
 		os.Exit(1)
@@ -605,3 +770,4 @@ func taskRunAll(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
 	}
 	fmt.Printf("%d tasks are now pending\n", n)
 }
+

tools/go.mod

@@ -1,17 +1,55 @@
 module github.com/hibiken/asynq/tools
 
-go 1.13
+go 1.22
 
 require (
-	github.com/fatih/color v1.9.0
-	github.com/go-redis/redis/v8 v8.11.4
-	github.com/hibiken/asynq v0.21.0
+	github.com/MakeNowJust/heredoc/v2 v2.0.1
+	github.com/fatih/color v1.18.0
+	github.com/gdamore/tcell/v2 v2.5.1
+	github.com/google/go-cmp v0.6.0
+	github.com/hibiken/asynq v0.25.0
 	github.com/hibiken/asynq/x v0.0.0-20220131170841-349f4c50fb1d
+	github.com/mattn/go-runewidth v0.0.16
 	github.com/mitchellh/go-homedir v1.1.0
-	github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.11.0
-	github.com/spf13/afero v1.1.2 // indirect
+	github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.11.1
+	github.com/redis/go-redis/v9 v9.7.0
 	github.com/spf13/cobra v1.1.1
+	github.com/spf13/pflag v1.0.5
 	github.com/spf13/viper v1.7.0
+	golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20191030013958-a1ab85dbe136
 )
 
-replace github.com/hibiken/asynq => ../
+require (
+	github.com/beorn7/perks v1.0.1 // indirect
+	github.com/cespare/xxhash/v2 v2.2.0 // indirect
+	github.com/dgryski/go-rendezvous v0.0.0-20200823014737-9f7001d12a5f // indirect
+	github.com/fsnotify/fsnotify v1.4.9 // indirect
+	github.com/gdamore/encoding v1.0.0 // indirect
+	github.com/golang/protobuf v1.5.3 // indirect
+	github.com/google/uuid v1.6.0 // indirect
+	github.com/hashicorp/hcl v1.0.0 // indirect
+	github.com/inconshreveable/mousetrap v1.0.0 // indirect
+	github.com/lucasb-eyer/go-colorful v1.2.0 // indirect
+	github.com/magiconair/properties v1.8.1 // indirect
+	github.com/mattn/go-colorable v0.1.13 // indirect
+	github.com/mattn/go-isatty v0.0.20 // indirect
+	github.com/matttproud/golang_protobuf_extensions v1.0.1 // indirect
+	github.com/mitchellh/mapstructure v1.1.2 // indirect
+	github.com/pelletier/go-toml v1.2.0 // indirect
+	github.com/prometheus/client_model v0.2.0 // indirect
+	github.com/prometheus/common v0.26.0 // indirect
+	github.com/prometheus/procfs v0.6.0 // indirect
+	github.com/rivo/uniseg v0.2.0 // indirect
+	github.com/robfig/cron/v3 v3.0.1 // indirect
+	github.com/spf13/afero v1.1.2 // indirect
+	github.com/spf13/cast v1.7.0 // indirect
+	github.com/spf13/jwalterweatherman v1.0.0 // indirect
+	github.com/subosito/gotenv v1.2.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/sys v0.26.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/term v0.0.0-20201210144234-2321bbc49cbf // indirect
+	golang.org/x/text v0.3.8 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/time v0.7.0 // indirect
+	google.golang.org/protobuf v1.35.1 // indirect
+	gopkg.in/ini.v1 v1.51.0 // indirect
+	gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.4.0 // indirect
+)

tools/go.sum

@@ -14,6 +14,8 @@ dmitri.shuralyov.com/gpu/mtl v0.0.0-20190408044501-666a987793e9/go.mod h1:H6x//7
 github.com/BurntSushi/toml v0.3.1 h1:WXkYYl6Yr3qBf1K79EBnL4mak0OimBfB0XUf9Vl28OQ=
 github.com/BurntSushi/toml v0.3.1/go.mod h1:xHWCNGjB5oqiDr8zfno3MHue2Ht5sIBksp03qcyfWMU=
 github.com/BurntSushi/xgb v0.0.0-20160522181843-27f122750802/go.mod h1:IVnqGOEym/WlBOVXweHU+Q+/VP0lqqI8lqeDx9IjBqo=
+github.com/MakeNowJust/heredoc/v2 v2.0.1 h1:rlCHh70XXXv7toz95ajQWOWQnN4WNLt0TdpZYIR/J6A=
+github.com/MakeNowJust/heredoc/v2 v2.0.1/go.mod h1:6/2Abh5s+hc3g9nbWLe9ObDIOhaRrqsyY9MWy+4JdRM=
 github.com/OneOfOne/xxhash v1.2.2/go.mod h1:HSdplMjZKSmBqAxg5vPj2TmRDmfkzw+cTzAElWljhcU=
 github.com/alecthomas/template v0.0.0-20160405071501-a0175ee3bccc/go.mod h1:LOuyumcjzFXgccqObfd/Ljyb9UuFJ6TxHnclSeseNhc=
 github.com/alecthomas/template v0.0.0-20190718012654-fb15b899a751/go.mod h1:LOuyumcjzFXgccqObfd/Ljyb9UuFJ6TxHnclSeseNhc=
@@ -29,12 +31,16 @@ github.com/beorn7/perks v1.0.1 h1:VlbKKnNfV8bJzeqoa4cOKqO6bYr3WgKZxO8Z16+hsOM=
 github.com/beorn7/perks v1.0.1/go.mod h1:G2ZrVWU2WbWT9wwq4/hrbKbnv/1ERSJQ0ibhJ6rlkpw=
 github.com/bgentry/speakeasy v0.1.0/go.mod h1:+zsyZBPWlz7T6j88CTgSN5bM796AkVf0kBD4zp0CCIs=
 github.com/bketelsen/crypt v0.0.3-0.20200106085610-5cbc8cc4026c/go.mod h1:MKsuJmJgSg28kpZDP6UIiPt0e0Oz0kqKNGyRaWEPv84=
+github.com/bsm/ginkgo/v2 v2.12.0 h1:Ny8MWAHyOepLGlLKYmXG4IEkioBysk6GpaRTLC8zwWs=
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@@ -52,11 +58,17 @@ github.com/dgryski/go-sip13 v0.0.0-20181026042036-e10d5fee7954/go.mod h1:vAd38F8
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@@ -66,7 +78,6 @@ github.com/go-logfmt/logfmt v0.3.0/go.mod h1:Qt1PoO58o5twSAckw1HlFXLmHsOX5/0LbT9
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@@ -89,8 +100,9 @@ github.com/golang/protobuf v1.4.1/go.mod h1:U8fpvMrcmy5pZrNK1lt4xCsGvpyWQ/VVv6QD
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@@ -100,16 +112,18 @@ github.com/google/go-cmp v0.4.0/go.mod h1:v8dTdLbMG2kIc/vJvl+f65V22dbkXbowE6jgT/
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@@ -162,20 +176,27 @@ github.com/kisielk/gotool v1.0.0/go.mod h1:XhKaO+MFFWcvkIS/tQcRk01m1F5IRFswLeQ+o
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@@ -196,18 +217,15 @@ github.com/modern-go/reflect2 v1.0.1/go.mod h1:bx2lNnkwVCuqBIxFjflWJWanXIb3Rllmb
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 github.com/onsi/gomega v1.16.0/go.mod h1:HnhC7FXeEQY45zxNK3PPoIUhzk/80Xly9PcubAlGdZY=
 github.com/pascaldekloe/goe v0.0.0-20180627143212-57f6aae5913c/go.mod h1:lzWF7FIEvWOWxwDKqyGYQf6ZUaNfKdP144TG7ZOy1lc=
 github.com/pelletier/go-toml v1.2.0 h1:T5zMGML61Wp+FlcbWjRDT7yAxhJNAiPPLOFECq181zc=
@@ -222,8 +240,9 @@ github.com/prometheus/client_golang v0.9.1/go.mod h1:7SWBe2y4D6OKWSNQJUaRYU/AaXP
 github.com/prometheus/client_golang v0.9.3/go.mod h1:/TN21ttK/J9q6uSwhBd54HahCDft0ttaMvbicHlPoso=
 github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.0.0/go.mod h1:db9x61etRT2tGnBNRi70OPL5FsnadC4Ky3P0J6CfImo=
 github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.7.1/go.mod h1:PY5Wy2awLA44sXw4AOSfFBetzPP4j5+D6mVACh+pe2M=
-github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.11.0 h1:HNkLOAEQMIDv/K+04rukrLx6ch7msSRwf3/SASFAGtQ=
 github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.11.0/go.mod h1:Z6t4BnS23TR94PD6BsDNk8yVqroYurpAkEiz0P2BEV0=
+github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.11.1 h1:+4eQaD7vAZ6DsfsxB15hbE0odUjGI5ARs9yskGu1v4s=
+github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.11.1/go.mod h1:Z6t4BnS23TR94PD6BsDNk8yVqroYurpAkEiz0P2BEV0=
 github.com/prometheus/client_model v0.0.0-20180712105110-5c3871d89910/go.mod h1:MbSGuTsp3dbXC40dX6PRTWyKYBIrTGTE9sqQNg2J8bo=
 github.com/prometheus/client_model v0.0.0-20190129233127-fd36f4220a90/go.mod h1:xMI15A0UPsDsEKsMN9yxemIoYk6Tm2C1GtYGdfGttqA=
 github.com/prometheus/client_model v0.0.0-20190812154241-14fe0d1b01d4/go.mod h1:xMI15A0UPsDsEKsMN9yxemIoYk6Tm2C1GtYGdfGttqA=
@@ -242,10 +261,16 @@ github.com/prometheus/procfs v0.1.3/go.mod h1:lV6e/gmhEcM9IjHGsFOCxxuZ+z1YqCvr4O
 github.com/prometheus/procfs v0.6.0 h1:mxy4L2jP6qMonqmq+aTtOx1ifVWUgG/TAmntgbh3xv4=
 github.com/prometheus/procfs v0.6.0/go.mod h1:cz+aTbrPOrUb4q7XlbU9ygM+/jj0fzG6c1xBZuNvfVA=
 github.com/prometheus/tsdb v0.7.1/go.mod h1:qhTCs0VvXwvX/y3TZrWD7rabWM+ijKTux40TwIPHuXU=
+github.com/redis/go-redis/v9 v9.7.0 h1:HhLSs+B6O021gwzl+locl0zEDnyNkxMtf/Z3NNBMa9E=
+github.com/redis/go-redis/v9 v9.7.0/go.mod h1:f6zhXITC7JUJIlPEiBOTXxJgPLdZcA93GewI7inzyWw=
+github.com/rivo/uniseg v0.2.0 h1:S1pD9weZBuJdFmowNwbpi7BJ8TNftyUImj/0WQi72jY=
+github.com/rivo/uniseg v0.2.0/go.mod h1:J6wj4VEh+S6ZtnVlnTBMWIodfgj8LQOQFoIToxlJtxc=
 github.com/robfig/cron/v3 v3.0.1 h1:WdRxkvbJztn8LMz/QEvLN5sBU+xKpSqwwUO1Pjr4qDs=
 github.com/robfig/cron/v3 v3.0.1/go.mod h1:eQICP3HwyT7UooqI/z+Ov+PtYAWygg1TEWWzGIFLtro=
 github.com/rogpeppe/fastuuid v0.0.0-20150106093220-6724a57986af/go.mod h1:XWv6SoW27p1b0cqNHllgS5HIMJraePCO15w5zCzIWYg=
 github.com/rogpeppe/go-internal v1.3.0/go.mod h1:M8bDsm7K2OlrFYOpmOWEs/qY81heoFRclV5y23lUDJ4=
+github.com/rogpeppe/go-internal v1.9.0 h1:73kH8U+JUqXU8lRuOHeVHaa/SZPifC7BkcraZVejAe8=
+github.com/rogpeppe/go-internal v1.9.0/go.mod h1:WtVeX8xhTBvf0smdhujwtBcq4Qrzq/fJaraNFVN+nFs=
 github.com/russross/blackfriday/v2 v2.0.1/go.mod h1:+Rmxgy9KzJVeS9/2gXHxylqXiyQDYRxCVz55jmeOWTM=
 github.com/ryanuber/columnize v0.0.0-20160712163229-9b3edd62028f/go.mod h1:sm1tb6uqfes/u+d4ooFouqFdy9/2g9QGwK3SQygK0Ts=
 github.com/sean-/seed v0.0.0-20170313163322-e2103e2c3529/go.mod h1:DxrIzT+xaE7yg65j358z/aeFdxmN0P9QXhEzd20vsDc=
@@ -262,8 +287,9 @@ github.com/spaolacci/murmur3 v0.0.0-20180118202830-f09979ecbc72/go.mod h1:JwIasO
 github.com/spf13/afero v1.1.2 h1:m8/z1t7/fwjysjQRYbP0RD+bUIF/8tJwPdEZsI83ACI=
 github.com/spf13/afero v1.1.2/go.mod h1:j4pytiNVoe2o6bmDsKpLACNPDBIoEAkihy7loJ1B0CQ=
 github.com/spf13/cast v1.3.0/go.mod h1:Qx5cxh0v+4UWYiBimWS+eyWzqEqokIECu5etghLkUJE=
-github.com/spf13/cast v1.3.1 h1:nFm6S0SMdyzrzcmThSipiEubIDy8WEXKNZ0UOgiRpng=
 github.com/spf13/cast v1.3.1/go.mod h1:Qx5cxh0v+4UWYiBimWS+eyWzqEqokIECu5etghLkUJE=
+github.com/spf13/cast v1.7.0 h1:ntdiHjuueXFgm5nzDRdOS4yfT43P5Fnud6DH50rz/7w=
+github.com/spf13/cast v1.7.0/go.mod h1:ancEpBxwJDODSW/UG4rDrAqiKolqNNh2DX3mk86cAdo=
 github.com/spf13/cobra v1.1.1 h1:KfztREH0tPxJJ+geloSLaAkaPkr4ki2Er5quFV1TDo4=
 github.com/spf13/cobra v1.1.1/go.mod h1:WnodtKOvamDL/PwE2M4iKs8aMDBZ5Q5klgD3qfVJQMI=
 github.com/spf13/jwalterweatherman v1.0.0 h1:XHEdyB+EcvlqZamSM4ZOMGlc93t6AcsBEu9Gc1vn7yk=
@@ -290,8 +316,9 @@ go.etcd.io/bbolt v1.3.2/go.mod h1:IbVyRI1SCnLcuJnV2u8VeU0CEYM7e686BmAb1XKL+uU=
 go.opencensus.io v0.21.0/go.mod h1:mSImk1erAIZhrmZN+AvHh14ztQfjbGwt4TtuofqLduU=
 go.opencensus.io v0.22.0/go.mod h1:+kGneAE2xo2IficOXnaByMWTGM9T73dGwxeWcUqIpI8=
 go.uber.org/atomic v1.4.0/go.mod h1:gD2HeocX3+yG+ygLZcrzQJaqmWj9AIm7n08wl/qW/PE=
-go.uber.org/goleak v0.10.0 h1:G3eWbSNIskeRqtsN/1uI5B+eP73y3JUuBsv9AZjehb4=
 go.uber.org/goleak v0.10.0/go.mod h1:VCZuO8V8mFPlL0F5J5GK1rtHV3DrFcQ1R8ryq7FK0aI=
+go.uber.org/goleak v1.3.0 h1:2K3zAYmnTNqV73imy9J1T3WC+gmCePx2hEGkimedGto=
+go.uber.org/goleak v1.3.0/go.mod h1:CoHD4mav9JJNrW/WLlf7HGZPjdw8EucARQHekz1X6bE=
 go.uber.org/multierr v1.1.0/go.mod h1:wR5kodmAFQ0UK8QlbwjlSNy0Z68gJhDJUG5sjR94q/0=
 go.uber.org/zap v1.10.0/go.mod h1:vwi/ZaCAaUcBkycHslxD9B2zi4UTXhF60s6SWpuDF0Q=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20180904163835-0709b304e793/go.mod h1:6SG95UA2DQfeDnfUPMdvaQW0Q7yPrPDi9nlGo2tz2b4=
@@ -305,6 +332,7 @@ golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20190121172915-509febef88a4/go.mod h1:CJ0aWSM057203Lf6IL
 golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20190306152737-a1d7652674e8/go.mod h1:CJ0aWSM057203Lf6IL+f9T1iT9GByDxfZKAQTCR3kQA=
 golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20190510132918-efd6b22b2522/go.mod h1:ZjyILWgesfNpC6sMxTJOJm9Kp84zZh5NQWvqDGG3Qr8=
 golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20190829153037-c13cbed26979/go.mod h1:86+5VVa7VpoJ4kLfm080zCjGlMRFzhUhsZKEZO7MGek=
+golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20191030013958-a1ab85dbe136 h1:A1gGSx58LAGVHUUsOf7IiR0u8Xb6W51gRwfDBhkdcaw=
 golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20191030013958-a1ab85dbe136/go.mod h1:JXzH8nQsPlswgeRAPE3MuO9GYsAcnJvJ4vnMwN/5qkY=
 golang.org/x/image v0.0.0-20190227222117-0694c2d4d067/go.mod h1:kZ7UVZpmo3dzQBMxlp+ypCbDeSB+sBbTgSJuh5dn5js=
 golang.org/x/image v0.0.0-20190802002840-cff245a6509b/go.mod h1:FeLwcggjj3mMvU+oOTbSwawSJRM1uh48EjtB4UJZlP0=
@@ -340,7 +368,6 @@ golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20200520004742-59133d7f0dd7/go.mod h1:qpuaurCH72eLCgpAm/
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20200625001655-4c5254603344/go.mod h1:/O7V0waA8r7cgGh81Ro3o1hOxt32SMVPicZroKQ2sZA=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20201021035429-f5854403a974/go.mod h1:sp8m0HH+o8qH0wwXwYZr8TS3Oi6o0r6Gce1SSxlDquU=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20201202161906-c7110b5ffcbb/go.mod h1:sp8m0HH+o8qH0wwXwYZr8TS3Oi6o0r6Gce1SSxlDquU=
-golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20210428140749-89ef3d95e781 h1:DzZ89McO9/gWPsQXS/FVKAlG02ZjaQ6AlZRBimEYOd0=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20210428140749-89ef3d95e781/go.mod h1:OJAsFXCWl8Ukc7SiCT/9KSuxbyM7479/AVlXFRxuMCk=
 golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.0.0-20180821212333-d2e6202438be/go.mod h1:N/0e6XlmueqKjAGxoOufVs8QHGRruUQn6yWY3a++T0U=
 golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.0.0-20190226205417-e64efc72b421/go.mod h1:gOpvHmFTYa4IltrdGE7lF6nIHvwfUNPOp7c8zoXwtLw=
@@ -361,7 +388,6 @@ golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20181026203630-95b1ffbd15a5/go.mod h1:STP8DvDyc/dI5b8T5h
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20181107165924-66b7b1311ac8/go.mod h1:STP8DvDyc/dI5b8T5hshtkjS+E42TnysNCUPdjciGhY=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20181116152217-5ac8a444bdc5/go.mod h1:STP8DvDyc/dI5b8T5hshtkjS+E42TnysNCUPdjciGhY=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20190215142949-d0b11bdaac8a/go.mod h1:STP8DvDyc/dI5b8T5hshtkjS+E42TnysNCUPdjciGhY=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20190222072716-a9d3bda3a223/go.mod h1:STP8DvDyc/dI5b8T5hshtkjS+E42TnysNCUPdjciGhY=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20190312061237-fead79001313/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7wpKNCjG9DtNlClVuFLEZdDNbEs=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20190412213103-97732733099d/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7wpKNCjG9DtNlClVuFLEZdDNbEs=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20190422165155-953cdadca894/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7wpKNCjG9DtNlClVuFLEZdDNbEs=
@@ -371,7 +397,6 @@ golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20190606165138-5da285871e9c/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7w
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20190624142023-c5567b49c5d0/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7wpKNCjG9DtNlClVuFLEZdDNbEs=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20190904154756-749cb33beabd/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7wpKNCjG9DtNlClVuFLEZdDNbEs=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20191005200804-aed5e4c7ecf9/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7wpKNCjG9DtNlClVuFLEZdDNbEs=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20191026070338-33540a1f6037/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7wpKNCjG9DtNlClVuFLEZdDNbEs=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20191120155948-bd437916bb0e/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7wpKNCjG9DtNlClVuFLEZdDNbEs=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20200106162015-b016eb3dc98e/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7wpKNCjG9DtNlClVuFLEZdDNbEs=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20200323222414-85ca7c5b95cd/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7wpKNCjG9DtNlClVuFLEZdDNbEs=
@@ -382,18 +407,27 @@ golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20201119102817-f84b799fce68/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7w
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20210112080510-489259a85091/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7wpKNCjG9DtNlClVuFLEZdDNbEs=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20210124154548-22da62e12c0c/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7wpKNCjG9DtNlClVuFLEZdDNbEs=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20210423082822-04245dca01da/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7wpKNCjG9DtNlClVuFLEZdDNbEs=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20210603081109-ebe580a85c40 h1:JWgyZ1qgdTaF3N3oxC+MdTV7qvEEgHo3otj+HB5CM7Q=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20210603081109-ebe580a85c40/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20220318055525-2edf467146b5/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20220811171246-fbc7d0a398ab/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.6.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.26.0 h1:KHjCJyddX0LoSTb3J+vWpupP9p0oznkqVk/IfjymZbo=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.26.0/go.mod h1:/VUhepiaJMQUp4+oa/7Zr1D23ma6VTLIYjOOTFZPUcA=
 golang.org/x/term v0.0.0-20201126162022-7de9c90e9dd1/go.mod h1:bj7SfCRtBDWHUb9snDiAeCFNEtKQo2Wmx5Cou7ajbmo=
+golang.org/x/term v0.0.0-20201210144234-2321bbc49cbf h1:MZ2shdL+ZM/XzY3ZGOnh4Nlpnxz5GSOhOmtHo3iPU6M=
+golang.org/x/term v0.0.0-20201210144234-2321bbc49cbf/go.mod h1:bj7SfCRtBDWHUb9snDiAeCFNEtKQo2Wmx5Cou7ajbmo=
 golang.org/x/text v0.3.0/go.mod h1:NqM8EUOU14njkJ3fqMW+pc6Ldnwhi/IjpwHt7yyuwOQ=
 golang.org/x/text v0.3.1-0.20180807135948-17ff2d5776d2/go.mod h1:NqM8EUOU14njkJ3fqMW+pc6Ldnwhi/IjpwHt7yyuwOQ=
 golang.org/x/text v0.3.2/go.mod h1:bEr9sfX3Q8Zfm5fL9x+3itogRgK3+ptLWKqgva+5dAk=
 golang.org/x/text v0.3.3/go.mod h1:5Zoc/QRtKVWzQhOtBMvqHzDpF6irO9z98xDceosuGiQ=
-golang.org/x/text v0.3.6 h1:aRYxNxv6iGQlyVaZmk6ZgYEDa+Jg18DxebPSrd6bg1M=
 golang.org/x/text v0.3.6/go.mod h1:5Zoc/QRtKVWzQhOtBMvqHzDpF6irO9z98xDceosuGiQ=
+golang.org/x/text v0.3.7/go.mod h1:u+2+/6zg+i71rQMx5EYifcz6MCKuco9NR6JIITiCfzQ=
+golang.org/x/text v0.3.8 h1:nAL+RVCQ9uMn3vJZbV+MRnydTJFPf8qqY42YiA6MrqY=
+golang.org/x/text v0.3.8/go.mod h1:E6s5w1FMmriuDzIBO73fBruAKo1PCIq6d2Q6DHfQ8WQ=
 golang.org/x/time v0.0.0-20181108054448-85acf8d2951c/go.mod h1:tRJNPiyCQ0inRvYxbN9jk5I+vvW/OXSQhTDSoE431IQ=
-golang.org/x/time v0.0.0-20190308202827-9d24e82272b4 h1:SvFZT6jyqRaOeXpc5h/JSfZenJ2O330aBsf7JfSUXmQ=
 golang.org/x/time v0.0.0-20190308202827-9d24e82272b4/go.mod h1:tRJNPiyCQ0inRvYxbN9jk5I+vvW/OXSQhTDSoE431IQ=
+golang.org/x/time v0.7.0 h1:ntUhktv3OPE6TgYxXWv9vKvUSJyIFJlyohwbkEwPrKQ=
+golang.org/x/time v0.7.0/go.mod h1:3BpzKBy/shNhVucY/MWOyx10tF3SFh9QdLuxbVysPQM=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.0.0-20180221164845-07fd8470d635/go.mod h1:n7NCudcB/nEzxVGmLbDWY5pfWTLqBcC2KZ6jyYvM4mQ=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.0.0-20180917221912-90fa682c2a6e/go.mod h1:n7NCudcB/nEzxVGmLbDWY5pfWTLqBcC2KZ6jyYvM4mQ=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.0.0-20190114222345-bf090417da8b/go.mod h1:n7NCudcB/nEzxVGmLbDWY5pfWTLqBcC2KZ6jyYvM4mQ=
@@ -417,7 +451,6 @@ golang.org/x/tools v0.0.0-20201224043029-2b0845dc783e/go.mod h1:emZCQorbCU4vsT4f
 golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20190717185122-a985d3407aa7/go.mod h1:I/5z698sn9Ka8TeJc9MKroUUfqBBauWjQqLJ2OPfmY0=
 golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20191011141410-1b5146add898/go.mod h1:I/5z698sn9Ka8TeJc9MKroUUfqBBauWjQqLJ2OPfmY0=
 golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20191204190536-9bdfabe68543/go.mod h1:I/5z698sn9Ka8TeJc9MKroUUfqBBauWjQqLJ2OPfmY0=
-golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20200804184101-5ec99f83aff1 h1:go1bK/D/BFZV2I8cIQd1NKEZ+0owSTG1fDTci4IqFcE=
 golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20200804184101-5ec99f83aff1/go.mod h1:I/5z698sn9Ka8TeJc9MKroUUfqBBauWjQqLJ2OPfmY0=
 google.golang.org/api v0.4.0/go.mod h1:8k5glujaEP+g9n7WNsDg8QP6cUVNI86fCNMcbazEtwE=
 google.golang.org/api v0.7.0/go.mod h1:WtwebWUNSVBH/HAw79HIFXZNqEvBhG+Ra+ax0hx3E3M=
@@ -453,8 +486,9 @@ google.golang.org/protobuf v1.23.0/go.mod h1:EGpADcykh3NcUnDUJcl1+ZksZNG86OlYog2
 google.golang.org/protobuf v1.23.1-0.20200526195155-81db48ad09cc/go.mod h1:EGpADcykh3NcUnDUJcl1+ZksZNG86OlYog2l/sGQquU=
 google.golang.org/protobuf v1.25.0/go.mod h1:9JNX74DMeImyA3h4bdi1ymwjUzf21/xIlbajtzgsN7c=
 google.golang.org/protobuf v1.26.0-rc.1/go.mod h1:jlhhOSvTdKEhbULTjvd4ARK9grFBp09yW+WbY/TyQbw=
-google.golang.org/protobuf v1.26.0 h1:bxAC2xTBsZGibn2RTntX0oH50xLsqy1OxA9tTL3p/lk=
 google.golang.org/protobuf v1.26.0/go.mod h1:9q0QmTI4eRPtz6boOQmLYwt+qCgq0jsYwAQnmE0givc=
+google.golang.org/protobuf v1.35.1 h1:m3LfL6/Ca+fqnjnlqQXNpFPABW1UD7mjh8KO2mKFytA=
+google.golang.org/protobuf v1.35.1/go.mod h1:9fA7Ob0pmnwhb644+1+CVWFRbNajQ6iRojtC/QF5bRE=
 gopkg.in/alecthomas/kingpin.v2 v2.2.6/go.mod h1:FMv+mEhP44yOT+4EoQTLFTRgOQ1FBLkstjWtayDeSgw=
 gopkg.in/check.v1 v0.0.0-20161208181325-20d25e280405/go.mod h1:Co6ibVJAznAaIkqp8huTwlJQCZ016jof/cbN4VW5Yz0=
 gopkg.in/check.v1 v1.0.0-20180628173108-788fd7840127/go.mod h1:Co6ibVJAznAaIkqp8huTwlJQCZ016jof/cbN4VW5Yz0=
@@ -465,7 +499,6 @@ gopkg.in/fsnotify.v1 v1.4.7/go.mod h1:Tz8NjZHkW78fSQdbUxIjBTcgA1z1m8ZHf0WmKUhAMy
 gopkg.in/ini.v1 v1.51.0 h1:AQvPpx3LzTDM0AjnIRlVFwFFGC+npRopjZxLJj6gdno=
 gopkg.in/ini.v1 v1.51.0/go.mod h1:pNLf8WUiyNEtQjuu5G5vTm06TEv9tsIgeAvK8hOrP4k=
 gopkg.in/resty.v1 v1.12.0/go.mod h1:mDo4pnntr5jdWRML875a/NmxYqAlA73dVijT2AXvQQo=
-gopkg.in/tomb.v1 v1.0.0-20141024135613-dd632973f1e7 h1:uRGJdciOHaEIrze2W8Q3AKkepLTh2hOroT7a+7czfdQ=
 gopkg.in/tomb.v1 v1.0.0-20141024135613-dd632973f1e7/go.mod h1:dt/ZhP58zS4L8KSrWDmTeBkI65Dw0HsyUHuEVlX15mw=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.0.0-20170812160011-eb3733d160e7/go.mod h1:JAlM8MvJe8wmxCU4Bli9HhUf9+ttbYbLASfIpnQbh74=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.2.1/go.mod h1:hI93XBmqTisBFMUTm0b8Fm+jr3Dg1NNxqwp+5A1VGuI=

x/go.mod

@@ -1,10 +1,25 @@
 module github.com/hibiken/asynq/x
 
-go 1.16
+go 1.22
 
 require (
-	github.com/go-redis/redis/v8 v8.11.4
-	github.com/google/uuid v1.3.0
-	github.com/hibiken/asynq v0.21.0
-	github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.11.0
+	github.com/google/uuid v1.6.0
+	github.com/hibiken/asynq v0.25.0
+	github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.20.5
+	github.com/redis/go-redis/v9 v9.7.0
+)
+
+require (
+	github.com/beorn7/perks v1.0.1 // indirect
+	github.com/cespare/xxhash/v2 v2.3.0 // indirect
+	github.com/dgryski/go-rendezvous v0.0.0-20200823014737-9f7001d12a5f // indirect
+	github.com/munnerz/goautoneg v0.0.0-20191010083416-a7dc8b61c822 // indirect
+	github.com/prometheus/client_model v0.6.1 // indirect
+	github.com/prometheus/common v0.55.0 // indirect
+	github.com/prometheus/procfs v0.15.1 // indirect
+	github.com/robfig/cron/v3 v3.0.1 // indirect
+	github.com/spf13/cast v1.7.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/sys v0.26.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/time v0.7.0 // indirect
+	google.golang.org/protobuf v1.35.1 // indirect
 )

x/go.sum

@@ -1,258 +1,50 @@
-cloud.google.com/go v0.26.0/go.mod h1:aQUYkXzVsufM+DwF1aE+0xfcU+56JwCaLick0ClmMTw=
-cloud.google.com/go v0.34.0/go.mod h1:aQUYkXzVsufM+DwF1aE+0xfcU+56JwCaLick0ClmMTw=
-github.com/BurntSushi/toml v0.3.1/go.mod h1:xHWCNGjB5oqiDr8zfno3MHue2Ht5sIBksp03qcyfWMU=
-github.com/alecthomas/template v0.0.0-20160405071501-a0175ee3bccc/go.mod h1:LOuyumcjzFXgccqObfd/Ljyb9UuFJ6TxHnclSeseNhc=
-github.com/alecthomas/template v0.0.0-20190718012654-fb15b899a751/go.mod h1:LOuyumcjzFXgccqObfd/Ljyb9UuFJ6TxHnclSeseNhc=
-github.com/alecthomas/units v0.0.0-20151022065526-2efee857e7cf/go.mod h1:ybxpYRFXyAe+OPACYpWeL0wqObRcbAqCMya13uyzqw0=
-github.com/alecthomas/units v0.0.0-20190717042225-c3de453c63f4/go.mod h1:ybxpYRFXyAe+OPACYpWeL0wqObRcbAqCMya13uyzqw0=
-github.com/alecthomas/units v0.0.0-20190924025748-f65c72e2690d/go.mod h1:rBZYJk541a8SKzHPHnH3zbiI+7dagKZ0cgpgrD7Fyho=
-github.com/beorn7/perks v0.0.0-20180321164747-3a771d992973/go.mod h1:Dwedo/Wpr24TaqPxmxbtue+5NUziq4I4S80YR8gNf3Q=
-github.com/beorn7/perks v1.0.0/go.mod h1:KWe93zE9D1o94FZ5RNwFwVgaQK1VOXiVxmqh+CedLV8=
 github.com/beorn7/perks v1.0.1 h1:VlbKKnNfV8bJzeqoa4cOKqO6bYr3WgKZxO8Z16+hsOM=
 github.com/beorn7/perks v1.0.1/go.mod h1:G2ZrVWU2WbWT9wwq4/hrbKbnv/1ERSJQ0ibhJ6rlkpw=
-github.com/census-instrumentation/opencensus-proto v0.2.1/go.mod h1:f6KPmirojxKA12rnyqOA5BBL4O983OfeGPqjHWSTneU=
-github.com/cespare/xxhash/v2 v2.1.1/go.mod h1:VGX0DQ3Q6kWi7AoAeZDth3/j3BFtOZR5XLFGgcrjCOs=
-github.com/cespare/xxhash/v2 v2.1.2 h1:YRXhKfTDauu4ajMg1TPgFO5jnlC2HCbmLXMcTG5cbYE=
-github.com/cespare/xxhash/v2 v2.1.2/go.mod h1:VGX0DQ3Q6kWi7AoAeZDth3/j3BFtOZR5XLFGgcrjCOs=
-github.com/client9/misspell v0.3.4/go.mod h1:qj6jICC3Q7zFZvVWo7KLAzC3yx5G7kyvSDkc90ppPyw=
-github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.0/go.mod h1:J7Y8YcW2NihsgmVo/mv3lAwl/skON4iLHjSsI+c5H38=
-github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1 h1:vj9j/u1bqnvCEfJOwUhtlOARqs3+rkHYY13jYWTU97c=
-github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1/go.mod h1:J7Y8YcW2NihsgmVo/mv3lAwl/skON4iLHjSsI+c5H38=
+github.com/bsm/ginkgo/v2 v2.12.0 h1:Ny8MWAHyOepLGlLKYmXG4IEkioBysk6GpaRTLC8zwWs=
+github.com/bsm/ginkgo/v2 v2.12.0/go.mod h1:SwYbGRRDovPVboqFv0tPTcG1sN61LM1Z4ARdbAV9g4c=
+github.com/bsm/gomega v1.27.10 h1:yeMWxP2pV2fG3FgAODIY8EiRE3dy0aeFYt4l7wh6yKA=
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 github.com/dgryski/go-rendezvous v0.0.0-20200823014737-9f7001d12a5f h1:lO4WD4F/rVNCu3HqELle0jiPLLBs70cWOduZpkS1E78=
 github.com/dgryski/go-rendezvous v0.0.0-20200823014737-9f7001d12a5f/go.mod h1:cuUVRXasLTGF7a8hSLbxyZXjz+1KgoB3wDUb6vlszIc=
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-github.com/envoyproxy/protoc-gen-validate v0.1.0/go.mod h1:iSmxcyjqTsJpI2R4NaDN7+kN2VEUnK/pcBlmesArF7c=
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-github.com/go-stack/stack v1.8.0/go.mod h1:v0f6uXyyMGvRgIKkXu+yp6POWl0qKG85gN/melR3HDY=
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x/rate/semaphore.go

@@ -7,9 +7,9 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 	"time"
 
-	"github.com/go-redis/redis/v8"
 	"github.com/hibiken/asynq"
 	asynqcontext "github.com/hibiken/asynq/internal/context"
+	"github.com/redis/go-redis/v9"
 )
 
 // NewSemaphore creates a counting Semaphore for the given scope with the given number of tokens.
@@ -110,5 +110,5 @@ func (s *Semaphore) Close() error {
 }
 
 func semaphoreKey(scope string) string {
-	return fmt.Sprintf("asynq:sema:%s", scope)
+	return "asynq:sema:" + scope
 }

x/rate/semaphore_test.go

@@ -8,11 +8,11 @@ import (
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 
-	"github.com/go-redis/redis/v8"
 	"github.com/google/uuid"
 	"github.com/hibiken/asynq"
 	"github.com/hibiken/asynq/internal/base"
 	asynqcontext "github.com/hibiken/asynq/internal/context"
+	"github.com/redis/go-redis/v9"
 )
 
 var (
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ func TestNewSemaphore_Acquire(t *testing.T) {
 			maxConcurrency: 3,
 			taskIDs:        []string{uuid.NewString(), uuid.NewString()},
 			ctxFunc: func(id string) (context.Context, context.CancelFunc) {
-				return asynqcontext.New(&base.TaskMessage{
+				return asynqcontext.New(context.Background(), &base.TaskMessage{
 					ID:    id,
 					Queue: "task-1",
 				}, time.Now().Add(time.Second))
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ func TestNewSemaphore_Acquire(t *testing.T) {
 			maxConcurrency: 3,
 			taskIDs:        []string{uuid.NewString(), uuid.NewString(), uuid.NewString(), uuid.NewString()},
 			ctxFunc: func(id string) (context.Context, context.CancelFunc) {
-				return asynqcontext.New(&base.TaskMessage{
+				return asynqcontext.New(context.Background(), &base.TaskMessage{
 					ID:    id,
 					Queue: "task-2",
 				}, time.Now().Add(time.Second))
@@ -211,7 +211,7 @@ func TestNewSemaphore_Acquire_StaleToken(t *testing.T) {
 
 	// adding a set member to mimic the case where token is acquired but the goroutine crashed,
 	// in which case, the token will not be explicitly removed and should be present already
-	rc.ZAdd(context.Background(), semaphoreKey("stale-token"), &redis.Z{
+	rc.ZAdd(context.Background(), semaphoreKey("stale-token"), redis.Z{
 		Score:  float64(time.Now().Add(-10 * time.Second).Unix()),
 		Member: taskID,
 	})
@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ func TestNewSemaphore_Acquire_StaleToken(t *testing.T) {
 	sema := NewSemaphore(opt, "stale-token", 1)
 	defer sema.Close()
 
-	ctx, cancel := asynqcontext.New(&base.TaskMessage{
+	ctx, cancel := asynqcontext.New(context.Background(), &base.TaskMessage{
 		ID:    taskID,
 		Queue: "task-1",
 	}, time.Now().Add(time.Second))
@@ -248,7 +248,7 @@ func TestNewSemaphore_Release(t *testing.T) {
 			name:    "task-5",
 			taskIDs: []string{uuid.NewString()},
 			ctxFunc: func(id string) (context.Context, context.CancelFunc) {
-				return asynqcontext.New(&base.TaskMessage{
+				return asynqcontext.New(context.Background(), &base.TaskMessage{
 					ID:    id,
 					Queue: "task-3",
 				}, time.Now().Add(time.Second))
@@ -259,7 +259,7 @@ func TestNewSemaphore_Release(t *testing.T) {
 			name:    "task-6",
 			taskIDs: []string{uuid.NewString(), uuid.NewString()},
 			ctxFunc: func(id string) (context.Context, context.CancelFunc) {
-				return asynqcontext.New(&base.TaskMessage{
+				return asynqcontext.New(context.Background(), &base.TaskMessage{
 					ID:    id,
 					Queue: "task-4",
 				}, time.Now().Add(time.Second))
@@ -277,9 +277,9 @@ func TestNewSemaphore_Release(t *testing.T) {
 				t.Errorf("%s;\nredis.UniversalClient.Del() got error %v", tt.desc, err)
 			}
 
-			var members []*redis.Z
+			var members []redis.Z
 			for i := 0; i < len(tt.taskIDs); i++ {
-				members = append(members, &redis.Z{
+				members = append(members, redis.Z{
 					Score:  float64(time.Now().Add(time.Duration(i) * time.Second).Unix()),
 					Member: tt.taskIDs[i],
 				})
@@ -337,7 +337,7 @@ func TestNewSemaphore_Release_Error(t *testing.T) {
 			name:    "task-8",
 			taskIDs: []string{uuid.NewString()},
 			ctxFunc: func(_ string) (context.Context, context.CancelFunc) {
-				return asynqcontext.New(&base.TaskMessage{
+				return asynqcontext.New(context.Background(), &base.TaskMessage{
 					ID:    testID,
 					Queue: "task-4",
 				}, time.Now().Add(time.Second))
@@ -356,9 +356,9 @@ func TestNewSemaphore_Release_Error(t *testing.T) {
 				t.Errorf("%s;\nredis.UniversalClient.Del() got error %v", tt.desc, err)
 			}
 
-			var members []*redis.Z
+			var members []redis.Z
 			for i := 0; i < len(tt.taskIDs); i++ {
-				members = append(members, &redis.Z{
+				members = append(members, redis.Z{
 					Score:  float64(time.Now().Add(time.Duration(i) * time.Second).Unix()),
 					Member: tt.taskIDs[i],
 				})