v0.13.1

- Added `String()`, `Type()`, and `Value()` methods to the interface to
  aid with debugging and error handling.

.travis.yml

@@ -2,12 +2,12 @@ language: go
 go_import_path: github.com/hibiken/asynq
 git:
   depth: 1
-go: [1.13.x, 1.14.x]
+go: [1.13.x, 1.14.x, 1.15.x]
 script:
   - go test -race -v -coverprofile=coverage.txt -covermode=atomic ./...
-  - go test -run=XXX -bench=. -loglevel=debug ./...
+  - go test -run=^$ -bench=. -loglevel=debug ./...
 services:
   - redis-server
 after_success:
-  - bash ./.travis/benchcmp.sh
+  - travis_wait 60 bash ./.travis/benchstat.sh
   - bash <(curl -s https://codecov.io/bash)

.travis/benchstat.sh

@@ -2,17 +2,19 @@ if [ "${TRAVIS_PULL_REQUEST_BRANCH:-$TRAVIS_BRANCH}" != "master" ]; then
     REMOTE_URL="$(git config --get remote.origin.url)";
     cd ${TRAVIS_BUILD_DIR}/.. && \
     git clone ${REMOTE_URL} "${TRAVIS_REPO_SLUG}-bench" && \
+    # turn the detached message off
+    git config --global advice.detachedHead false && \
     cd "${TRAVIS_REPO_SLUG}-bench" && \
 
     # Benchmark master
     git checkout master && \
-    go test -run=XXX -bench=. ./... > master.txt && \
+    go test -run=^$ -bench=. -count=5 -timeout=60m -benchmem ./... > master.txt && \
 
     # Benchmark feature branch
     git checkout ${TRAVIS_COMMIT} && \
-    go test -run=XXX -bench=. ./... > feature.txt && \
+    go test -run=^$ -bench=. -count=5 -timeout=60m -benchmem ./... > feature.txt && \
 
     # compare two benchmarks
-    go get -u golang.org/x/tools/cmd/benchcmp && \
-    benchcmp master.txt feature.txt;
+    go get -u golang.org/x/perf/cmd/benchstat && \
+    benchstat master.txt feature.txt;
 fi

CHANGELOG.md

@@ -7,6 +7,109 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0
 
 ## [Unreleased]
 
+## [0.13.1] - 2020-11-22
+
+### Fixed
+
+- Fixed processor to wait for specified time duration before forcefully shutdown workers.
+
+
+## [0.13.0] - 2020-10-13
+
+### Added
+
+- `Scheduler` type is added to enable periodic tasks. See the godoc for its APIs and [wiki](https://github.com/hibiken/asynq/wiki/Periodic-Tasks) for the getting-started guide.
+
+### Changed
+
+- interface `Option` has changed. See the godoc for the new interface.
+  This change would have no impact as long as you are using exported functions (e.g. `MaxRetry`, `Queue`, etc)
+  to create `Option`s.
+
+### Added
+
+- `Payload.String() string`  method is added
+- `Payload.MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error)` method is added
+
+## [0.12.0] - 2020-09-12
+
+**IMPORTANT**: If you are upgrading from a previous version, please install the latest version of the CLI `go get -u github.com/hibiken/asynq/tools/asynq` and run `asynq migrate` command. No process should be writing to Redis while you run the migration command. 
+
+## The semantics of queue have changed
+Previously, we called tasks that are ready to be processed *"Enqueued tasks"*, and other tasks that are scheduled to be processed in the future *"Scheduled tasks"*, etc.
+We changed the semantics of *"Enqueue"* slightly; All tasks that client pushes to Redis are *Enqueued* to a queue. Within a queue, tasks will transition from one state to another. 
+Possible task states are:
+- `Pending`: task is ready to be processed (previously called "Enqueued")
+- `Active`: tasks is currently being processed (previously called "InProgress")
+- `Scheduled`: task is scheduled to be processed in the future
+- `Retry`: task failed to be processed and will be retried again in the future
+- `Dead`: task has exhausted all of its retries and stored for manual inspection purpose
+
+**These semantics change is reflected in the new `Inspector` API and CLI commands.**
+
+---
+
+### Changed
+#### `Client`
+Use `ProcessIn` or `ProcessAt` option to schedule a task instead of `EnqueueIn` or `EnqueueAt`.
+
+| Previously                  | v0.12.0                                    |
+|-----------------------------|--------------------------------------------|
+| `client.EnqueueAt(t, task)` | `client.Enqueue(task, asynq.ProcessAt(t))` |  
+| `client.EnqueueIn(d, task)` | `client.Enqueue(task, asynq.ProcessIn(d))` |  
+
+#### `Inspector`
+All Inspector methods are scoped to a queue, and the methods take `qname (string)` as the first argument.  
+`EnqueuedTask` is renamed to `PendingTask` and its corresponding methods.  
+`InProgressTask` is renamed to `ActiveTask` and its corresponding methods.  
+Command "Enqueue" is replaced by the verb "Run" (e.g. `EnqueueAllScheduledTasks` --> `RunAllScheduledTasks`)
+
+#### `CLI`
+CLI commands are restructured to use subcommands. Commands are organized into a few management commands:
+To view details on any command, use `asynq help <command> <subcommand>`.
+- `asynq stats`
+- `asynq queue [ls inspect history rm pause unpause]`
+- `asynq task [ls cancel delete kill run delete-all kill-all run-all]`
+- `asynq server [ls]`
+
+### Added
+
+#### `RedisConnOpt`
+- `RedisClusterClientOpt` is added to connect to Redis Cluster.
+- `Username` field is added to all `RedisConnOpt` types in order to authenticate connection when Redis ACLs are used.
+
+#### `Client`
+- `ProcessIn(d time.Duration) Option` and `ProcessAt(t time.Time) Option` are added to replace `EnqueueIn` and `EnqueueAt` functionality.
+
+#### `Inspector`
+- `Queues() ([]string, error)` method is added to get all queue names.
+- `ClusterKeySlot(qname string) (int64, error)` method is added to get queue's hash slot in Redis cluster.
+- `ClusterNodes(qname string) ([]ClusterNode, error)` method is added to get a list of Redis cluster nodes for the given queue. 
+- `Close() error` method is added to close connection with redis.
+
+### `Handler` 
+- `GetQueueName(ctx context.Context) (string, bool)` helper is added to extract queue name from a context.
+
+## [0.11.0] - 2020-07-28
+
+### Added
+
+- `Inspector` type was added to monitor and mutate state of queues and tasks.
+- `HealthCheckFunc` and `HealthCheckInterval` fields were added to `Config` to allow user to specify a callback
+  function to check for broker connection.
+
+## [0.10.0] - 2020-07-06
+
+### Changed
+
+- All tasks now requires timeout or deadline. By default, timeout is set to 30 mins.
+- Tasks that exceed its deadline are automatically retried.
+- Encoding schema for task message has changed. Please install the latest CLI and run `migrate` command if 
+  you have tasks enqueued with the previous version of asynq.
+- API of `(*Client).Enqueue`, `(*Client).EnqueueIn`, and `(*Client).EnqueueAt` has changed to return a `*Result`.
+- API of `ErrorHandler` has changed. It now takes context as the first argument and removed `retried`, `maxRetry` from the argument list.
+  Use `GetRetryCount` and/or `GetMaxRetry` to get the count values.
+
 ## [0.9.4] - 2020-06-13
 
 ### Fixed

CONTRIBUTING.md

@@ -45,6 +45,7 @@ Thank you! We'll try to respond as quickly as possible.
 6. Create a new pull request
 
 Please try to keep your pull request focused in scope and avoid including unrelated commits.
+Please run tests against redis cluster locally with `--redis_cluster` flag to ensure that code works for Redis cluster. TODO: Run tests using Redis cluster on CI.
 
 After you have submitted your pull request, we'll try to get back to you as soon as possible. We may suggest some changes or improvements.
 

README.md

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 
 ## Overview
 
-Asynq is a Go library for queueing tasks and processing them in the background with workers. It is backed by Redis and it is designed to have a low barrier to entry. It should be integrated in your web stack easily.
+Asynq is a Go library for queueing tasks and processing them asynchronously with workers. It's backed by Redis and is designed to be scalable yet easy to get started.
 
 Highlevel overview of how Asynq works:
 
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@ A system can consist of multiple worker servers and brokers, giving way to high
 - Scheduling of tasks
 - Durability since tasks are written to Redis
 - [Retries](https://github.com/hibiken/asynq/wiki/Task-Retry) of failed tasks
+- Automatic recovery of tasks in the event of a worker crash
 - [Weighted priority queues](https://github.com/hibiken/asynq/wiki/Priority-Queues#weighted-priority-queues)
 - [Strict priority queues](https://github.com/hibiken/asynq/wiki/Priority-Queues#strict-priority-queues)
 - Low latency to add a task since writes are fast in Redis
@@ -41,7 +42,9 @@ A system can consist of multiple worker servers and brokers, giving way to high
 - Allow [timeout and deadline per task](https://github.com/hibiken/asynq/wiki/Task-Timeout-and-Cancelation)
 - [Flexible handler interface with support for middlewares](https://github.com/hibiken/asynq/wiki/Handler-Deep-Dive)
 - [Ability to pause queue](/tools/asynq/README.md#pause) to stop processing tasks from the queue
-- [Support Redis Sentinels](https://github.com/hibiken/asynq/wiki/Automatic-Failover) for HA
+- [Periodic Tasks](https://github.com/hibiken/asynq/wiki/Periodic-Tasks)
+- [Support Redis Cluster](https://github.com/hibiken/asynq/wiki/Redis-Cluster) for automatic sharding and high availability
+- [Support Redis Sentinels](https://github.com/hibiken/asynq/wiki/Automatic-Failover) for high availability
 - [CLI](#command-line-tool) to inspect and remote-control queues and tasks
 
 ## Quickstart
@@ -65,8 +68,8 @@ import (
 
 // A list of task types.
 const (
-    EmailDelivery   = "email:deliver"
-    ImageProcessing = "image:process"
+    TypeEmailDelivery   = "email:deliver"
+    TypeImageResize     = "image:resize"
 )
 
 //----------------------------------------------
@@ -76,12 +79,12 @@ const (
 
 func NewEmailDeliveryTask(userID int, tmplID string) *asynq.Task {
     payload := map[string]interface{}{"user_id": userID, "template_id": tmplID}
-    return asynq.NewTask(EmailDelivery, payload)
+    return asynq.NewTask(TypeEmailDelivery, payload)
 }
 
-func NewImageProcessingTask(src, dst string) *asynq.Task {
-    payload := map[string]interface{}{"src": src, "dst": dst}
-    return asynq.NewTask(ImageProcessing, payload)
+func NewImageResizeTask(src string) *asynq.Task {
+    payload := map[string]interface{}{"src": src}
+    return asynq.NewTask(TypeImageResize, payload)
 }
 
 //---------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -102,7 +105,7 @@ func HandleEmailDeliveryTask(ctx context.Context, t *asynq.Task) error {
         return err
     }
     fmt.Printf("Send Email to User: user_id = %d, template_id = %s\n", userID, tmplID)
-    // Email delivery logic ...
+    // Email delivery code ...
     return nil
 }
 
@@ -116,12 +119,8 @@ func (p *ImageProcessor) ProcessTask(ctx context.Context, t *asynq.Task) error {
     if err != nil {
         return err
     }
-    dst, err := t.Payload.GetString("dst")
-    if err != nil {
-        return err
-    }
-    fmt.Printf("Process image: src = %s, dst = %s\n", src, dst)
-    // Image processing logic ...
+    fmt.Printf("Resize image: src = %s\n", src)
+    // Image resizing code ...
     return nil
 }
 
@@ -130,9 +129,7 @@ func NewImageProcessor() *ImageProcessor {
 }
 ```
 
-In your web application code, import the above package and use [`Client`](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/hibiken/asynq?tab=doc#Client) to put tasks on the queue.  
-A task will be processed asynchronously by a background worker as soon as the task gets enqueued.  
-Scheduled tasks will be stored in Redis and will be enqueued at the specified time.
+In your application code, import the above package and use [`Client`](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/hibiken/asynq?tab=doc#Client) to put tasks on the queue.
 
 ```go
 package main
@@ -157,51 +154,55 @@ func main() {
     // ------------------------------------------------------
 
     t := tasks.NewEmailDeliveryTask(42, "some:template:id")
-    err := c.Enqueue(t)
+    res, err := c.Enqueue(t)
     if err != nil {
         log.Fatal("could not enqueue task: %v", err)
     }
+    fmt.Printf("Enqueued Result: %+v\n", res)
 
 
     // ------------------------------------------------------------
     // Example 2: Schedule task to be processed in the future.
-    //            Use (*Client).EnqueueIn or (*Client).EnqueueAt.
+    //            Use ProcessIn or ProcessAt option.
     // ------------------------------------------------------------
 
     t = tasks.NewEmailDeliveryTask(42, "other:template:id")
-    err = c.EnqueueIn(24*time.Hour, t)
+    res, err = c.Enqueue(t, asynq.ProcessIn(24*time.Hour))
     if err != nil {
         log.Fatal("could not schedule task: %v", err)
     }
+    fmt.Printf("Enqueued Result: %+v\n", res)
 
 
     // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-    // Example 3: Set options to tune task processing behavior.
+    // Example 3: Set other options to tune task processing behavior.
     //            Options include MaxRetry, Queue, Timeout, Deadline, Unique etc.
     // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-    c.SetDefaultOptions(tasks.ImageProcessing, asynq.MaxRetry(10), asynq.Timeout(time.Minute))
+    c.SetDefaultOptions(tasks.ImageProcessing, asynq.MaxRetry(10), asynq.Timeout(3*time.Minute))
 
-    t = tasks.NewImageProcessingTask("some/blobstore/url", "other/blobstore/url")
-    err = c.Enqueue(t)
+    t = tasks.NewImageResizeTask("some/blobstore/path")
+    res, err = c.Enqueue(t)
     if err != nil {
         log.Fatal("could not enqueue task: %v", err)
     }
+    fmt.Printf("Enqueued Result: %+v\n", res)
 
     // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
     // Example 4: Pass options to tune task processing behavior at enqueue time.
     //            Options passed at enqueue time override default ones, if any.
     // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-    t = tasks.NewImageProcessingTask("some/blobstore/url", "other/blobstore/url")
-    err = c.Enqueue(t, asynq.Queue("critical"), asynq.Timeout(30*time.Second))
+    t = tasks.NewImageResizeTask("some/blobstore/path")
+    res, err = c.Enqueue(t, asynq.Queue("critical"), asynq.Timeout(30*time.Second))
     if err != nil {
         log.Fatal("could not enqueue task: %v", err)
     }
+    fmt.Printf("Enqueued Result: %+v\n", res)
 }
 ```
 
-Next, create a worker server to process these tasks in the background.  
+Next, start a worker server to process these tasks in the background.  
 To start the background workers, use [`Server`](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/hibiken/asynq?tab=doc#Server) and provide your [`Handler`](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/hibiken/asynq?tab=doc#Handler) to process the tasks.
 
 You can optionally use [`ServeMux`](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/hibiken/asynq?tab=doc#ServeMux) to create a handler, just as you would with [`"net/http"`](https://golang.org/pkg/net/http/) Handler.
@@ -235,8 +236,8 @@ func main() {
 
     // mux maps a type to a handler
     mux := asynq.NewServeMux()
-    mux.HandleFunc(tasks.EmailDelivery, tasks.HandleEmailDeliveryTask)
-    mux.Handle(tasks.ImageProcessing, tasks.NewImageProcessor())
+    mux.HandleFunc(tasks.TypeEmailDelivery, tasks.HandleEmailDeliveryTask)
+    mux.Handle(tasks.TypeImageResize, tasks.NewImageProcessor())
     // ...register other handlers...
 
     if err := srv.Run(mux); err != nil {
@@ -277,7 +278,7 @@ go get -u github.com/hibiken/asynq/tools/asynq
 
 | Dependency                 | Version |
 | -------------------------- | ------- |
-| [Redis](https://redis.io/) | v2.8+   |
+| [Redis](https://redis.io/) | v3.0+   |
 | [Go](https://golang.org/)  | v1.13+  |
 
 ## Contributing

asynq.go

@@ -37,7 +37,9 @@ func NewTask(typename string, payload map[string]interface{}) *Task {
 //
 // RedisConnOpt represents a sum of following types:
 //
-// RedisClientOpt | *RedisClientOpt | RedisFailoverClientOpt | *RedisFailoverClientOpt
+//   - RedisClientOpt
+//   - RedisFailoverClientOpt
+//   - RedisClusterClientOpt
 type RedisConnOpt interface{}
 
 // RedisClientOpt is used to create a redis client that connects
@@ -50,7 +52,12 @@ type RedisClientOpt struct {
 	// Redis server address in "host:port" format.
 	Addr string
 
-	// Redis server password.
+	// Username to authenticate the current connection when Redis ACLs are used.
+	// See: https://redis.io/commands/auth.
+	Username string
+
+	// Password to authenticate the current connection.
+	// See: https://redis.io/commands/auth.
 	Password string
 
 	// Redis DB to select after connecting to a server.
@@ -81,7 +88,12 @@ type RedisFailoverClientOpt struct {
 	// Redis sentinel password.
 	SentinelPassword string
 
-	// Redis server password.
+	// Username to authenticate the current connection when Redis ACLs are used.
+	// See: https://redis.io/commands/auth.
+	Username string
+
+	// Password to authenticate the current connection.
+	// See: https://redis.io/commands/auth.
 	Password string
 
 	// Redis DB to select after connecting to a server.
@@ -97,6 +109,30 @@ type RedisFailoverClientOpt struct {
 	TLSConfig *tls.Config
 }
 
+// RedisFailoverClientOpt is used to creates a redis client that connects to
+// redis cluster.
+type RedisClusterClientOpt struct {
+	// A seed list of host:port addresses of cluster nodes.
+	Addrs []string
+
+	// The maximum number of retries before giving up.
+	// Command is retried on network errors and MOVED/ASK redirects.
+	// Default is 8 retries.
+	MaxRedirects int
+
+	// Username to authenticate the current connection when Redis ACLs are used.
+	// See: https://redis.io/commands/auth.
+	Username string
+
+	// Password to authenticate the current connection.
+	// See: https://redis.io/commands/auth.
+	Password string
+
+	// TLS Config used to connect to a server.
+	// TLS will be negotiated only if this field is set.
+	TLSConfig *tls.Config
+}
+
 // ParseRedisURI parses redis uri string and returns RedisConnOpt if uri is valid.
 // It returns a non-nil error if uri cannot be parsed.
 //
@@ -173,12 +209,13 @@ func parseRedisSentinelURI(u *url.URL) (RedisConnOpt, error) {
 // createRedisClient returns a redis client given a redis connection configuration.
 //
 // Passing an unexpected type as a RedisConnOpt argument will cause panic.
-func createRedisClient(r RedisConnOpt) *redis.Client {
+func createRedisClient(r RedisConnOpt) redis.UniversalClient {
 	switch r := r.(type) {
 	case *RedisClientOpt:
 		return redis.NewClient(&redis.Options{
 			Network:   r.Network,
 			Addr:      r.Addr,
+			Username:  r.Username,
 			Password:  r.Password,
 			DB:        r.DB,
 			PoolSize:  r.PoolSize,
@@ -188,6 +225,7 @@ func createRedisClient(r RedisConnOpt) *redis.Client {
 		return redis.NewClient(&redis.Options{
 			Network:   r.Network,
 			Addr:      r.Addr,
+			Username:  r.Username,
 			Password:  r.Password,
 			DB:        r.DB,
 			PoolSize:  r.PoolSize,
@@ -198,6 +236,7 @@ func createRedisClient(r RedisConnOpt) *redis.Client {
 			MasterName:       r.MasterName,
 			SentinelAddrs:    r.SentinelAddrs,
 			SentinelPassword: r.SentinelPassword,
+			Username:         r.Username,
 			Password:         r.Password,
 			DB:               r.DB,
 			PoolSize:         r.PoolSize,
@@ -208,11 +247,28 @@ func createRedisClient(r RedisConnOpt) *redis.Client {
 			MasterName:       r.MasterName,
 			SentinelAddrs:    r.SentinelAddrs,
 			SentinelPassword: r.SentinelPassword,
+			Username:         r.Username,
 			Password:         r.Password,
 			DB:               r.DB,
 			PoolSize:         r.PoolSize,
 			TLSConfig:        r.TLSConfig,
 		})
+	case RedisClusterClientOpt:
+		return redis.NewClusterClient(&redis.ClusterOptions{
+			Addrs:        r.Addrs,
+			MaxRedirects: r.MaxRedirects,
+			Username:     r.Username,
+			Password:     r.Password,
+			TLSConfig:    r.TLSConfig,
+		})
+	case *RedisClusterClientOpt:
+		return redis.NewClusterClient(&redis.ClusterOptions{
+			Addrs:        r.Addrs,
+			MaxRedirects: r.MaxRedirects,
+			Username:     r.Username,
+			Password:     r.Password,
+			TLSConfig:    r.TLSConfig,
+		})
 	default:
 		panic(fmt.Sprintf("asynq: unexpected type %T for RedisConnOpt", r))
 	}

asynq_test.go

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ package asynq
 import (
 	"flag"
 	"sort"
+	"strings"
 	"testing"
 
 	"github.com/go-redis/redis/v7"
@@ -24,6 +25,9 @@ var (
 	redisAddr string
 	redisDB   int
 
+	useRedisCluster   bool
+	redisClusterAddrs string // comma-separated list of host:port
+
 	testLogLevel = FatalLevel
 )
 
@@ -32,23 +36,52 @@ var testLogger *log.Logger
 func init() {
 	flag.StringVar(&redisAddr, "redis_addr", "localhost:6379", "redis address to use in testing")
 	flag.IntVar(&redisDB, "redis_db", 14, "redis db number to use in testing")
+	flag.BoolVar(&useRedisCluster, "redis_cluster", false, "use redis cluster as a broker in testing")
+	flag.StringVar(&redisClusterAddrs, "redis_cluster_addrs", "localhost:7000,localhost:7001,localhost:7002", "comma separated list of redis server addresses")
 	flag.Var(&testLogLevel, "loglevel", "log level to use in testing")
 
 	testLogger = log.NewLogger(nil)
 	testLogger.SetLevel(toInternalLogLevel(testLogLevel))
 }
 
-func setup(tb testing.TB) *redis.Client {
+func setup(tb testing.TB) (r redis.UniversalClient) {
 	tb.Helper()
-	r := redis.NewClient(&redis.Options{
-		Addr: redisAddr,
-		DB:   redisDB,
-	})
+	if useRedisCluster {
+		addrs := strings.Split(redisClusterAddrs, ",")
+		if len(addrs) == 0 {
+			tb.Fatal("No redis cluster addresses provided. Please set addresses using --redis_cluster_addrs flag.")
+		}
+		r = redis.NewClusterClient(&redis.ClusterOptions{
+			Addrs: addrs,
+		})
+	} else {
+		r = redis.NewClient(&redis.Options{
+			Addr: redisAddr,
+			DB:   redisDB,
+		})
+	}
 	// Start each test with a clean slate.
 	h.FlushDB(tb, r)
 	return r
 }
 
+func getRedisConnOpt(tb testing.TB) RedisConnOpt {
+	tb.Helper()
+	if useRedisCluster {
+		addrs := strings.Split(redisClusterAddrs, ",")
+		if len(addrs) == 0 {
+			tb.Fatal("No redis cluster addresses provided. Please set addresses using --redis_cluster_addrs flag.")
+		}
+		return RedisClusterClientOpt{
+			Addrs: addrs,
+		}
+	}
+	return RedisClientOpt{
+		Addr: redisAddr,
+		DB:   redisDB,
+	}
+}
+
 var sortTaskOpt = cmp.Transformer("SortMsg", func(in []*Task) []*Task {
 	out := append([]*Task(nil), in...) // Copy input to avoid mutating it
 	sort.Slice(out, func(i, j int) bool {

benchmark_test.go

@@ -18,10 +18,7 @@ func BenchmarkEndToEndSimple(b *testing.B) {
 	for n := 0; n < b.N; n++ {
 		b.StopTimer() // begin setup
 		setup(b)
-		redis := &RedisClientOpt{
-			Addr: redisAddr,
-			DB:   redisDB,
-		}
+		redis := getRedisConnOpt(b)
 		client := NewClient(redis)
 		srv := NewServer(redis, Config{
 			Concurrency: 10,
@@ -33,10 +30,11 @@ func BenchmarkEndToEndSimple(b *testing.B) {
 		// Create a bunch of tasks
 		for i := 0; i < count; i++ {
 			t := NewTask(fmt.Sprintf("task%d", i), map[string]interface{}{"data": i})
-			if err := client.Enqueue(t); err != nil {
+			if _, err := client.Enqueue(t); err != nil {
 				b.Fatalf("could not enqueue a task: %v", err)
 			}
 		}
+		client.Close()
 
 		var wg sync.WaitGroup
 		wg.Add(count)
@@ -61,10 +59,7 @@ func BenchmarkEndToEnd(b *testing.B) {
 	for n := 0; n < b.N; n++ {
 		b.StopTimer() // begin setup
 		setup(b)
-		redis := &RedisClientOpt{
-			Addr: redisAddr,
-			DB:   redisDB,
-		}
+		redis := getRedisConnOpt(b)
 		client := NewClient(redis)
 		srv := NewServer(redis, Config{
 			Concurrency: 10,
@@ -76,16 +71,17 @@ func BenchmarkEndToEnd(b *testing.B) {
 		// Create a bunch of tasks
 		for i := 0; i < count; i++ {
 			t := NewTask(fmt.Sprintf("task%d", i), map[string]interface{}{"data": i})
-			if err := client.Enqueue(t); err != nil {
+			if _, err := client.Enqueue(t); err != nil {
 				b.Fatalf("could not enqueue a task: %v", err)
 			}
 		}
 		for i := 0; i < count; i++ {
 			t := NewTask(fmt.Sprintf("scheduled%d", i), map[string]interface{}{"data": i})
-			if err := client.EnqueueAt(time.Now().Add(time.Second), t); err != nil {
+			if _, err := client.Enqueue(t, ProcessIn(1*time.Second)); err != nil {
 				b.Fatalf("could not enqueue a task: %v", err)
 			}
 		}
+		client.Close()
 
 		var wg sync.WaitGroup
 		wg.Add(count * 2)
@@ -127,10 +123,7 @@ func BenchmarkEndToEndMultipleQueues(b *testing.B) {
 	for n := 0; n < b.N; n++ {
 		b.StopTimer() // begin setup
 		setup(b)
-		redis := &RedisClientOpt{
-			Addr: redisAddr,
-			DB:   redisDB,
-		}
+		redis := getRedisConnOpt(b)
 		client := NewClient(redis)
 		srv := NewServer(redis, Config{
 			Concurrency: 10,
@@ -144,22 +137,23 @@ func BenchmarkEndToEndMultipleQueues(b *testing.B) {
 		// Create a bunch of tasks
 		for i := 0; i < highCount; i++ {
 			t := NewTask(fmt.Sprintf("task%d", i), map[string]interface{}{"data": i})
-			if err := client.Enqueue(t, Queue("high")); err != nil {
+			if _, err := client.Enqueue(t, Queue("high")); err != nil {
 				b.Fatalf("could not enqueue a task: %v", err)
 			}
 		}
 		for i := 0; i < defaultCount; i++ {
 			t := NewTask(fmt.Sprintf("task%d", i), map[string]interface{}{"data": i})
-			if err := client.Enqueue(t); err != nil {
+			if _, err := client.Enqueue(t); err != nil {
 				b.Fatalf("could not enqueue a task: %v", err)
 			}
 		}
 		for i := 0; i < lowCount; i++ {
 			t := NewTask(fmt.Sprintf("task%d", i), map[string]interface{}{"data": i})
-			if err := client.Enqueue(t, Queue("low")); err != nil {
+			if _, err := client.Enqueue(t, Queue("low")); err != nil {
 				b.Fatalf("could not enqueue a task: %v", err)
 			}
 		}
+		client.Close()
 
 		var wg sync.WaitGroup
 		wg.Add(highCount + defaultCount + lowCount)
@@ -185,10 +179,7 @@ func BenchmarkClientWhileServerRunning(b *testing.B) {
 	for n := 0; n < b.N; n++ {
 		b.StopTimer() // begin setup
 		setup(b)
-		redis := &RedisClientOpt{
-			Addr: redisAddr,
-			DB:   redisDB,
-		}
+		redis := getRedisConnOpt(b)
 		client := NewClient(redis)
 		srv := NewServer(redis, Config{
 			Concurrency: 10,
@@ -200,14 +191,14 @@ func BenchmarkClientWhileServerRunning(b *testing.B) {
 		// Enqueue 10,000 tasks.
 		for i := 0; i < count; i++ {
 			t := NewTask(fmt.Sprintf("task%d", i), map[string]interface{}{"data": i})
-			if err := client.Enqueue(t); err != nil {
+			if _, err := client.Enqueue(t); err != nil {
 				b.Fatalf("could not enqueue a task: %v", err)
 			}
 		}
 		// Schedule 10,000 tasks.
 		for i := 0; i < count; i++ {
 			t := NewTask(fmt.Sprintf("scheduled%d", i), map[string]interface{}{"data": i})
-			if err := client.EnqueueAt(time.Now().Add(time.Second), t); err != nil {
+			if _, err := client.Enqueue(t, ProcessIn(1*time.Second)); err != nil {
 				b.Fatalf("could not enqueue a task: %v", err)
 			}
 		}
@@ -223,7 +214,7 @@ func BenchmarkClientWhileServerRunning(b *testing.B) {
 		enqueued := 0
 		for enqueued < 100000 {
 			t := NewTask(fmt.Sprintf("enqueued%d", enqueued), map[string]interface{}{"data": enqueued})
-			if err := client.Enqueue(t); err != nil {
+			if _, err := client.Enqueue(t); err != nil {
 				b.Logf("could not enqueue task %d: %v", enqueued, err)
 				continue
 			}
@@ -233,6 +224,7 @@ func BenchmarkClientWhileServerRunning(b *testing.B) {
 
 		b.StopTimer() // begin teardown
 		srv.Stop()
+		client.Close()
 		b.StartTimer() // end teardown
 	}
 }

client.go

@@ -7,14 +7,13 @@ package asynq
 import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
-	"sort"
 	"strings"
 	"sync"
 	"time"
 
+	"github.com/google/uuid"
 	"github.com/hibiken/asynq/internal/base"
 	"github.com/hibiken/asynq/internal/rdb"
-	"github.com/rs/xid"
 )
 
 // A Client is responsible for scheduling tasks.
@@ -29,7 +28,7 @@ type Client struct {
 	rdb  *rdb.RDB
 }
 
-// NewClient and returns a new Client given a redis connection option.
+// NewClient returns a new Client instance given a redis connection option.
 func NewClient(r RedisConnOpt) *Client {
 	rdb := rdb.NewRDB(createRedisClient(r))
 	return &Client{
@@ -38,16 +37,39 @@ func NewClient(r RedisConnOpt) *Client {
 	}
 }
 
+type OptionType int
+
+const (
+	MaxRetryOpt OptionType = iota
+	QueueOpt
+	TimeoutOpt
+	DeadlineOpt
+	UniqueOpt
+	ProcessAtOpt
+	ProcessInOpt
+)
+
 // Option specifies the task processing behavior.
-type Option interface{}
+type Option interface {
+	// String returns a string representation of the option.
+	String() string
+
+	// Type describes the type of the option.
+	Type() OptionType
+
+	// Value returns a value used to create this option.
+	Value() interface{}
+}
 
 // Internal option representations.
 type (
-	retryOption    int
-	queueOption    string
-	timeoutOption  time.Duration
-	deadlineOption time.Time
-	uniqueOption   time.Duration
+	retryOption     int
+	queueOption     string
+	timeoutOption   time.Duration
+	deadlineOption  time.Time
+	uniqueOption    time.Duration
+	processAtOption time.Time
+	processInOption time.Duration
 )
 
 // MaxRetry returns an option to specify the max number of times
@@ -61,25 +83,51 @@ func MaxRetry(n int) Option {
 	return retryOption(n)
 }
 
+func (n retryOption) String() string     { return fmt.Sprintf("MaxRetry(%d)", int(n)) }
+func (n retryOption) Type() OptionType   { return MaxRetryOpt }
+func (n retryOption) Value() interface{} { return n }
+
 // Queue returns an option to specify the queue to enqueue the task into.
 //
 // Queue name is case-insensitive and the lowercased version is used.
-func Queue(name string) Option {
-	return queueOption(strings.ToLower(name))
+func Queue(qname string) Option {
+	return queueOption(strings.ToLower(qname))
 }
 
+func (qname queueOption) String() string     { return fmt.Sprintf("Queue(%q)", string(qname)) }
+func (qname queueOption) Type() OptionType   { return QueueOpt }
+func (qname queueOption) Value() interface{} { return qname }
+
 // Timeout returns an option to specify how long a task may run.
+// If the timeout elapses before the Handler returns, then the task
+// will be retried.
 //
 // Zero duration means no limit.
+//
+// If there's a conflicting Deadline option, whichever comes earliest
+// will be used.
 func Timeout(d time.Duration) Option {
 	return timeoutOption(d)
 }
 
+func (d timeoutOption) String() string     { return fmt.Sprintf("Timeout(%v)", time.Duration(d)) }
+func (d timeoutOption) Type() OptionType   { return TimeoutOpt }
+func (d timeoutOption) Value() interface{} { return d }
+
 // Deadline returns an option to specify the deadline for the given task.
+// If it reaches the deadline before the Handler returns, then the task
+// will be retried.
+//
+// If there's a conflicting Timeout option, whichever comes earliest
+// will be used.
 func Deadline(t time.Time) Option {
 	return deadlineOption(t)
 }
 
+func (t deadlineOption) String() string     { return fmt.Sprintf("Deadline(%v)", time.Time(t)) }
+func (t deadlineOption) Type() OptionType   { return DeadlineOpt }
+func (t deadlineOption) Value() interface{} { return t }
+
 // Unique returns an option to enqueue a task only if the given task is unique.
 // Task enqueued with this option is guaranteed to be unique within the given ttl.
 // Once the task gets processed successfully or once the TTL has expired, another task with the same uniqueness may be enqueued.
@@ -93,6 +141,32 @@ func Unique(ttl time.Duration) Option {
 	return uniqueOption(ttl)
 }
 
+func (ttl uniqueOption) String() string     { return fmt.Sprintf("Unique(%v)", time.Duration(ttl)) }
+func (ttl uniqueOption) Type() OptionType   { return UniqueOpt }
+func (ttl uniqueOption) Value() interface{} { return ttl }
+
+// ProcessAt returns an option to specify when to process the given task.
+//
+// If there's a conflicting ProcessIn option, the last option passed to Enqueue overrides the others.
+func ProcessAt(t time.Time) Option {
+	return processAtOption(t)
+}
+
+func (t processAtOption) String() string     { return fmt.Sprintf("ProcessAt(%v)", time.Time(t)) }
+func (t processAtOption) Type() OptionType   { return ProcessAtOpt }
+func (t processAtOption) Value() interface{} { return t }
+
+// ProcessIn returns an option to specify when to process the given task relative to the current time.
+//
+// If there's a conflicting ProcessAt option, the last option passed to Enqueue overrides the others.
+func ProcessIn(d time.Duration) Option {
+	return processInOption(d)
+}
+
+func (d processInOption) String() string     { return fmt.Sprintf("ProcessIn(%v)", time.Duration(d)) }
+func (d processInOption) Type() OptionType   { return ProcessInOpt }
+func (d processInOption) Value() interface{} { return d }
+
 // ErrDuplicateTask indicates that the given task could not be enqueued since it's a duplicate of another task.
 //
 // ErrDuplicateTask error only applies to tasks enqueued with a Unique option.
@@ -104,69 +178,68 @@ type option struct {
 	timeout   time.Duration
 	deadline  time.Time
 	uniqueTTL time.Duration
+	processAt time.Time
 }
 
-func composeOptions(opts ...Option) option {
+// composeOptions merges user provided options into the default options
+// and returns the composed option.
+// It also validates the user provided options and returns an error if any of
+// the user provided options fail the validations.
+func composeOptions(opts ...Option) (option, error) {
 	res := option{
-		retry:    defaultMaxRetry,
-		queue:    base.DefaultQueueName,
-		timeout:  0,
-		deadline: time.Time{},
+		retry:     defaultMaxRetry,
+		queue:     base.DefaultQueueName,
+		timeout:   0, // do not set to deafultTimeout here
+		deadline:  time.Time{},
+		processAt: time.Now(),
 	}
 	for _, opt := range opts {
 		switch opt := opt.(type) {
 		case retryOption:
 			res.retry = int(opt)
 		case queueOption:
-			res.queue = string(opt)
+			trimmed := strings.TrimSpace(string(opt))
+			if err := validateQueueName(trimmed); err != nil {
+				return option{}, err
+			}
+			res.queue = trimmed
 		case timeoutOption:
 			res.timeout = time.Duration(opt)
 		case deadlineOption:
 			res.deadline = time.Time(opt)
 		case uniqueOption:
 			res.uniqueTTL = time.Duration(opt)
+		case processAtOption:
+			res.processAt = time.Time(opt)
+		case processInOption:
+			res.processAt = time.Now().Add(time.Duration(opt))
 		default:
 			// ignore unexpected option
 		}
 	}
-	return res
+	return res, nil
 }
 
-// uniqueKey computes the redis key used for the given task.
-// It returns an empty string if ttl is zero.
-func uniqueKey(t *Task, ttl time.Duration, qname string) string {
-	if ttl == 0 {
-		return ""
+func validateQueueName(qname string) error {
+	if len(qname) == 0 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("queue name must contain one or more characters")
 	}
-	return fmt.Sprintf("%s:%s:%s", t.Type, serializePayload(t.Payload.data), qname)
+	return nil
 }
 
-func serializePayload(payload map[string]interface{}) string {
-	if payload == nil {
-		return "nil"
-	}
-	type entry struct {
-		k string
-		v interface{}
-	}
-	var es []entry
-	for k, v := range payload {
-		es = append(es, entry{k, v})
-	}
-	// sort entries by key
-	sort.Slice(es, func(i, j int) bool { return es[i].k < es[j].k })
-	var b strings.Builder
-	for _, e := range es {
-		if b.Len() > 0 {
-			b.WriteString(",")
-		}
-		b.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("%s=%v", e.k, e.v))
-	}
-	return b.String()
-}
+const (
+	// Default max retry count used if nothing is specified.
+	defaultMaxRetry = 25
 
-// Default max retry count used if nothing is specified.
-const defaultMaxRetry = 25
+	// Default timeout used if both timeout and deadline are not specified.
+	defaultTimeout = 30 * time.Minute
+)
+
+// Value zero indicates no timeout and no deadline.
+var (
+	noTimeout  time.Duration = 0
+	noDeadline time.Time     = time.Unix(0, 0)
+)
 
 // SetDefaultOptions sets options to be used for a given task type.
 // The argument opts specifies the behavior of task processing.
@@ -179,68 +252,112 @@ func (c *Client) SetDefaultOptions(taskType string, opts ...Option) {
 	c.opts[taskType] = opts
 }
 
-// EnqueueAt schedules task to be enqueued at the specified time.
-//
-// EnqueueAt returns nil if the task is scheduled successfully, otherwise returns a non-nil error.
-//
-// The argument opts specifies the behavior of task processing.
-// If there are conflicting Option values the last one overrides others.
-func (c *Client) EnqueueAt(t time.Time, task *Task, opts ...Option) error {
-	return c.enqueueAt(t, task, opts...)
+// A Result holds enqueued task's metadata.
+type Result struct {
+	// ID is a unique identifier for the task.
+	ID string
+
+	// EnqueuedAt is the time the task was enqueued in UTC.
+	EnqueuedAt time.Time
+
+	// ProcessAt indicates when the task should be processed.
+	ProcessAt time.Time
+
+	// Retry is the maximum number of retry for the task.
+	Retry int
+
+	// Queue is a name of the queue the task is enqueued to.
+	Queue string
+
+	// Timeout is the timeout value for the task.
+	// Counting for timeout starts when a worker starts processing the task.
+	// If task processing doesn't complete within the timeout, the task will be retried.
+	// The value zero means no timeout.
+	//
+	// If deadline is set, min(now+timeout, deadline) is used, where the now is the time when
+	// a worker starts processing the task.
+	Timeout time.Duration
+
+	// Deadline is the deadline value for the task.
+	// If task processing doesn't complete before the deadline, the task will be retried.
+	// The value time.Unix(0, 0) means no deadline.
+	//
+	// If timeout is set, min(now+timeout, deadline) is used, where the now is the time when
+	// a worker starts processing the task.
+	Deadline time.Time
 }
 
-// Enqueue enqueues task to be processed immediately.
+// Close closes the connection with redis.
+func (c *Client) Close() error {
+	return c.rdb.Close()
+}
+
+// Enqueue enqueues the given task to be processed asynchronously.
 //
 // Enqueue returns nil if the task is enqueued successfully, otherwise returns a non-nil error.
 //
 // The argument opts specifies the behavior of task processing.
 // If there are conflicting Option values the last one overrides others.
-func (c *Client) Enqueue(task *Task, opts ...Option) error {
-	return c.enqueueAt(time.Now(), task, opts...)
-}
-
-// EnqueueIn schedules task to be enqueued after the specified delay.
-//
-// EnqueueIn returns nil if the task is scheduled successfully, otherwise returns a non-nil error.
-//
-// The argument opts specifies the behavior of task processing.
-// If there are conflicting Option values the last one overrides others.
-func (c *Client) EnqueueIn(d time.Duration, task *Task, opts ...Option) error {
-	return c.enqueueAt(time.Now().Add(d), task, opts...)
-}
-
-// Close closes the connection with redis server.
-func (c *Client) Close() error {
-	return c.rdb.Close()
-}
-
-func (c *Client) enqueueAt(t time.Time, task *Task, opts ...Option) error {
+// By deafult, max retry is set to 25 and timeout is set to 30 minutes.
+// If no ProcessAt or ProcessIn options are passed, the task will be processed immediately.
+func (c *Client) Enqueue(task *Task, opts ...Option) (*Result, error) {
 	c.mu.Lock()
-	defer c.mu.Unlock()
 	if defaults, ok := c.opts[task.Type]; ok {
 		opts = append(defaults, opts...)
 	}
-	opt := composeOptions(opts...)
+	c.mu.Unlock()
+	opt, err := composeOptions(opts...)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	deadline := noDeadline
+	if !opt.deadline.IsZero() {
+		deadline = opt.deadline
+	}
+	timeout := noTimeout
+	if opt.timeout != 0 {
+		timeout = opt.timeout
+	}
+	if deadline.Equal(noDeadline) && timeout == noTimeout {
+		// If neither deadline nor timeout are set, use default timeout.
+		timeout = defaultTimeout
+	}
+	var uniqueKey string
+	if opt.uniqueTTL > 0 {
+		uniqueKey = base.UniqueKey(opt.queue, task.Type, task.Payload.data)
+	}
 	msg := &base.TaskMessage{
-		ID:        xid.New(),
+		ID:        uuid.New(),
 		Type:      task.Type,
 		Payload:   task.Payload.data,
 		Queue:     opt.queue,
 		Retry:     opt.retry,
-		Timeout:   opt.timeout.String(),
-		Deadline:  opt.deadline.Format(time.RFC3339),
-		UniqueKey: uniqueKey(task, opt.uniqueTTL, opt.queue),
+		Deadline:  deadline.Unix(),
+		Timeout:   int64(timeout.Seconds()),
+		UniqueKey: uniqueKey,
 	}
-	var err error
-	if time.Now().After(t) {
+	now := time.Now()
+	if opt.processAt.Before(now) || opt.processAt.Equal(now) {
+		opt.processAt = now
 		err = c.enqueue(msg, opt.uniqueTTL)
 	} else {
-		err = c.schedule(msg, t, opt.uniqueTTL)
+		err = c.schedule(msg, opt.processAt, opt.uniqueTTL)
 	}
-	if err == rdb.ErrDuplicateTask {
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w", ErrDuplicateTask)
+	switch {
+	case err == rdb.ErrDuplicateTask:
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("%w", ErrDuplicateTask)
+	case err != nil:
+		return nil, err
 	}
-	return err
+	return &Result{
+		ID:         msg.ID.String(),
+		EnqueuedAt: time.Now().UTC(),
+		ProcessAt:  opt.processAt,
+		Queue:      msg.Queue,
+		Retry:      msg.Retry,
+		Timeout:    timeout,
+		Deadline:   deadline,
+	}, nil
 }
 
 func (c *Client) enqueue(msg *base.TaskMessage, uniqueTTL time.Duration) error {

client_test.go

@@ -15,17 +15,10 @@ import (
 	"github.com/hibiken/asynq/internal/base"
 )
 
-var (
-	noTimeout  = time.Duration(0).String()
-	noDeadline = time.Time{}.Format(time.RFC3339)
-)
-
-func TestClientEnqueueAt(t *testing.T) {
+func TestClientEnqueueWithProcessAtOption(t *testing.T) {
 	r := setup(t)
-	client := NewClient(RedisClientOpt{
-		Addr: redisAddr,
-		DB:   redisDB,
-	})
+	client := NewClient(getRedisConnOpt(t))
+	defer client.Close()
 
 	task := NewTask("send_email", map[string]interface{}{"to": "customer@gmail.com", "from": "merchant@example.com"})
 
@@ -37,47 +30,70 @@ func TestClientEnqueueAt(t *testing.T) {
 	tests := []struct {
 		desc          string
 		task          *Task
-		processAt     time.Time
-		opts          []Option
-		wantEnqueued  map[string][]*base.TaskMessage
-		wantScheduled []h.ZSetEntry
+		processAt     time.Time // value for ProcessAt option
+		opts          []Option  // other options
+		wantRes       *Result
+		wantPending   map[string][]*base.TaskMessage
+		wantScheduled map[string][]base.Z
 	}{
 		{
 			desc:      "Process task immediately",
 			task:      task,
 			processAt: now,
 			opts:      []Option{},
-			wantEnqueued: map[string][]*base.TaskMessage{
+			wantRes: &Result{
+				EnqueuedAt: now.UTC(),
+				ProcessAt:  now,
+				Queue:      "default",
+				Retry:      defaultMaxRetry,
+				Timeout:    defaultTimeout,
+				Deadline:   noDeadline,
+			},
+			wantPending: map[string][]*base.TaskMessage{
 				"default": {
 					{
 						Type:     task.Type,
 						Payload:  task.Payload.data,
 						Retry:    defaultMaxRetry,
 						Queue:    "default",
-						Timeout:  noTimeout,
-						Deadline: noDeadline,
+						Timeout:  int64(defaultTimeout.Seconds()),
+						Deadline: noDeadline.Unix(),
 					},
 				},
 			},
-			wantScheduled: nil, // db is flushed in setup so zset does not exist hence nil
+			wantScheduled: map[string][]base.Z{
+				"default": {},
+			},
 		},
 		{
-			desc:         "Schedule task to be processed in the future",
-			task:         task,
-			processAt:    oneHourLater,
-			opts:         []Option{},
-			wantEnqueued: nil, // db is flushed in setup so list does not exist hence nil
-			wantScheduled: []h.ZSetEntry{
-				{
-					Msg: &base.TaskMessage{
-						Type:     task.Type,
-						Payload:  task.Payload.data,
-						Retry:    defaultMaxRetry,
-						Queue:    "default",
-						Timeout:  noTimeout,
-						Deadline: noDeadline,
+			desc:      "Schedule task to be processed in the future",
+			task:      task,
+			processAt: oneHourLater,
+			opts:      []Option{},
+			wantRes: &Result{
+				EnqueuedAt: now.UTC(),
+				ProcessAt:  oneHourLater,
+				Queue:      "default",
+				Retry:      defaultMaxRetry,
+				Timeout:    defaultTimeout,
+				Deadline:   noDeadline,
+			},
+			wantPending: map[string][]*base.TaskMessage{
+				"default": {},
+			},
+			wantScheduled: map[string][]base.Z{
+				"default": {
+					{
+						Message: &base.TaskMessage{
+							Type:     task.Type,
+							Payload:  task.Payload.data,
+							Retry:    defaultMaxRetry,
+							Queue:    "default",
+							Timeout:  int64(defaultTimeout.Seconds()),
+							Deadline: noDeadline.Unix(),
+						},
+						Score: oneHourLater.Unix(),
 					},
-					Score: float64(oneHourLater.Unix()),
 				},
 			},
 		},
@@ -86,40 +102,50 @@ func TestClientEnqueueAt(t *testing.T) {
 	for _, tc := range tests {
 		h.FlushDB(t, r) // clean up db before each test case.
 
-		err := client.EnqueueAt(tc.processAt, tc.task, tc.opts...)
+		opts := append(tc.opts, ProcessAt(tc.processAt))
+		gotRes, err := client.Enqueue(tc.task, opts...)
 		if err != nil {
 			t.Error(err)
 			continue
 		}
+		cmpOptions := []cmp.Option{
+			cmpopts.IgnoreFields(Result{}, "ID"),
+			cmpopts.EquateApproxTime(500 * time.Millisecond),
+		}
+		if diff := cmp.Diff(tc.wantRes, gotRes, cmpOptions...); diff != "" {
+			t.Errorf("%s;\nEnqueue(task, ProcessAt(%v)) returned %v, want %v; (-want,+got)\n%s",
+				tc.desc, tc.processAt, gotRes, tc.wantRes, diff)
+		}
 
-		for qname, want := range tc.wantEnqueued {
-			gotEnqueued := h.GetEnqueuedMessages(t, r, qname)
-			if diff := cmp.Diff(want, gotEnqueued, h.IgnoreIDOpt); diff != "" {
+		for qname, want := range tc.wantPending {
+			gotPending := h.GetPendingMessages(t, r, qname)
+			if diff := cmp.Diff(want, gotPending, h.IgnoreIDOpt, cmpopts.EquateEmpty()); diff != "" {
 				t.Errorf("%s;\nmismatch found in %q; (-want,+got)\n%s", tc.desc, base.QueueKey(qname), diff)
 			}
 		}
-
-		gotScheduled := h.GetScheduledEntries(t, r)
-		if diff := cmp.Diff(tc.wantScheduled, gotScheduled, h.IgnoreIDOpt); diff != "" {
-			t.Errorf("%s;\nmismatch found in %q; (-want,+got)\n%s", tc.desc, base.ScheduledQueue, diff)
+		for qname, want := range tc.wantScheduled {
+			gotScheduled := h.GetScheduledEntries(t, r, qname)
+			if diff := cmp.Diff(want, gotScheduled, h.IgnoreIDOpt, cmpopts.EquateEmpty()); diff != "" {
+				t.Errorf("%s;\nmismatch found in %q; (-want,+got)\n%s", tc.desc, base.ScheduledKey(qname), diff)
+			}
 		}
 	}
 }
 
 func TestClientEnqueue(t *testing.T) {
 	r := setup(t)
-	client := NewClient(RedisClientOpt{
-		Addr: redisAddr,
-		DB:   redisDB,
-	})
+	client := NewClient(getRedisConnOpt(t))
+	defer client.Close()
 
 	task := NewTask("send_email", map[string]interface{}{"to": "customer@gmail.com", "from": "merchant@example.com"})
+	now := time.Now()
 
 	tests := []struct {
-		desc         string
-		task         *Task
-		opts         []Option
-		wantEnqueued map[string][]*base.TaskMessage
+		desc        string
+		task        *Task
+		opts        []Option
+		wantRes     *Result
+		wantPending map[string][]*base.TaskMessage
 	}{
 		{
 			desc: "Process task immediately with a custom retry count",
@@ -127,15 +153,22 @@ func TestClientEnqueue(t *testing.T) {
 			opts: []Option{
 				MaxRetry(3),
 			},
-			wantEnqueued: map[string][]*base.TaskMessage{
+			wantRes: &Result{
+				ProcessAt: now,
+				Queue:     "default",
+				Retry:     3,
+				Timeout:   defaultTimeout,
+				Deadline:  noDeadline,
+			},
+			wantPending: map[string][]*base.TaskMessage{
 				"default": {
 					{
 						Type:     task.Type,
 						Payload:  task.Payload.data,
 						Retry:    3,
 						Queue:    "default",
-						Timeout:  noTimeout,
-						Deadline: noDeadline,
+						Timeout:  int64(defaultTimeout.Seconds()),
+						Deadline: noDeadline.Unix(),
 					},
 				},
 			},
@@ -146,15 +179,22 @@ func TestClientEnqueue(t *testing.T) {
 			opts: []Option{
 				MaxRetry(-2),
 			},
-			wantEnqueued: map[string][]*base.TaskMessage{
+			wantRes: &Result{
+				ProcessAt: now,
+				Queue:     "default",
+				Retry:     0,
+				Timeout:   defaultTimeout,
+				Deadline:  noDeadline,
+			},
+			wantPending: map[string][]*base.TaskMessage{
 				"default": {
 					{
 						Type:     task.Type,
 						Payload:  task.Payload.data,
 						Retry:    0, // Retry count should be set to zero
 						Queue:    "default",
-						Timeout:  noTimeout,
-						Deadline: noDeadline,
+						Timeout:  int64(defaultTimeout.Seconds()),
+						Deadline: noDeadline.Unix(),
 					},
 				},
 			},
@@ -166,15 +206,22 @@ func TestClientEnqueue(t *testing.T) {
 				MaxRetry(2),
 				MaxRetry(10),
 			},
-			wantEnqueued: map[string][]*base.TaskMessage{
+			wantRes: &Result{
+				ProcessAt: now,
+				Queue:     "default",
+				Retry:     10,
+				Timeout:   defaultTimeout,
+				Deadline:  noDeadline,
+			},
+			wantPending: map[string][]*base.TaskMessage{
 				"default": {
 					{
 						Type:     task.Type,
 						Payload:  task.Payload.data,
 						Retry:    10, // Last option takes precedence
 						Queue:    "default",
-						Timeout:  noTimeout,
-						Deadline: noDeadline,
+						Timeout:  int64(defaultTimeout.Seconds()),
+						Deadline: noDeadline.Unix(),
 					},
 				},
 			},
@@ -185,15 +232,22 @@ func TestClientEnqueue(t *testing.T) {
 			opts: []Option{
 				Queue("custom"),
 			},
-			wantEnqueued: map[string][]*base.TaskMessage{
+			wantRes: &Result{
+				ProcessAt: now,
+				Queue:     "custom",
+				Retry:     defaultMaxRetry,
+				Timeout:   defaultTimeout,
+				Deadline:  noDeadline,
+			},
+			wantPending: map[string][]*base.TaskMessage{
 				"custom": {
 					{
 						Type:     task.Type,
 						Payload:  task.Payload.data,
 						Retry:    defaultMaxRetry,
 						Queue:    "custom",
-						Timeout:  noTimeout,
-						Deadline: noDeadline,
+						Timeout:  int64(defaultTimeout.Seconds()),
+						Deadline: noDeadline.Unix(),
 					},
 				},
 			},
@@ -204,15 +258,22 @@ func TestClientEnqueue(t *testing.T) {
 			opts: []Option{
 				Queue("HIGH"),
 			},
-			wantEnqueued: map[string][]*base.TaskMessage{
+			wantRes: &Result{
+				ProcessAt: now,
+				Queue:     "high",
+				Retry:     defaultMaxRetry,
+				Timeout:   defaultTimeout,
+				Deadline:  noDeadline,
+			},
+			wantPending: map[string][]*base.TaskMessage{
 				"high": {
 					{
 						Type:     task.Type,
 						Payload:  task.Payload.data,
 						Retry:    defaultMaxRetry,
 						Queue:    "high",
-						Timeout:  noTimeout,
-						Deadline: noDeadline,
+						Timeout:  int64(defaultTimeout.Seconds()),
+						Deadline: noDeadline.Unix(),
 					},
 				},
 			},
@@ -223,15 +284,22 @@ func TestClientEnqueue(t *testing.T) {
 			opts: []Option{
 				Timeout(20 * time.Second),
 			},
-			wantEnqueued: map[string][]*base.TaskMessage{
+			wantRes: &Result{
+				ProcessAt: now,
+				Queue:     "default",
+				Retry:     defaultMaxRetry,
+				Timeout:   20 * time.Second,
+				Deadline:  noDeadline,
+			},
+			wantPending: map[string][]*base.TaskMessage{
 				"default": {
 					{
 						Type:     task.Type,
 						Payload:  task.Payload.data,
 						Retry:    defaultMaxRetry,
 						Queue:    "default",
-						Timeout:  (20 * time.Second).String(),
-						Deadline: noDeadline,
+						Timeout:  20,
+						Deadline: noDeadline.Unix(),
 					},
 				},
 			},
@@ -242,15 +310,49 @@ func TestClientEnqueue(t *testing.T) {
 			opts: []Option{
 				Deadline(time.Date(2020, time.June, 24, 0, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC)),
 			},
-			wantEnqueued: map[string][]*base.TaskMessage{
+			wantRes: &Result{
+				ProcessAt: now,
+				Queue:     "default",
+				Retry:     defaultMaxRetry,
+				Timeout:   noTimeout,
+				Deadline:  time.Date(2020, time.June, 24, 0, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC),
+			},
+			wantPending: map[string][]*base.TaskMessage{
 				"default": {
 					{
 						Type:     task.Type,
 						Payload:  task.Payload.data,
 						Retry:    defaultMaxRetry,
 						Queue:    "default",
-						Timeout:  noTimeout,
-						Deadline: time.Date(2020, time.June, 24, 0, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC).Format(time.RFC3339),
+						Timeout:  int64(noTimeout.Seconds()),
+						Deadline: time.Date(2020, time.June, 24, 0, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC).Unix(),
+					},
+				},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			desc: "With both deadline and timeout options",
+			task: task,
+			opts: []Option{
+				Timeout(20 * time.Second),
+				Deadline(time.Date(2020, time.June, 24, 0, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC)),
+			},
+			wantRes: &Result{
+				ProcessAt: now,
+				Queue:     "default",
+				Retry:     defaultMaxRetry,
+				Timeout:   20 * time.Second,
+				Deadline:  time.Date(2020, time.June, 24, 0, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC),
+			},
+			wantPending: map[string][]*base.TaskMessage{
+				"default": {
+					{
+						Type:     task.Type,
+						Payload:  task.Payload.data,
+						Retry:    defaultMaxRetry,
+						Queue:    "default",
+						Timeout:  20,
+						Deadline: time.Date(2020, time.June, 24, 0, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC).Unix(),
 					},
 				},
 			},
@@ -260,14 +362,22 @@ func TestClientEnqueue(t *testing.T) {
 	for _, tc := range tests {
 		h.FlushDB(t, r) // clean up db before each test case.
 
-		err := client.Enqueue(tc.task, tc.opts...)
+		gotRes, err := client.Enqueue(tc.task, tc.opts...)
 		if err != nil {
 			t.Error(err)
 			continue
 		}
+		cmpOptions := []cmp.Option{
+			cmpopts.IgnoreFields(Result{}, "ID", "EnqueuedAt"),
+			cmpopts.EquateApproxTime(500 * time.Millisecond),
+		}
+		if diff := cmp.Diff(tc.wantRes, gotRes, cmpOptions...); diff != "" {
+			t.Errorf("%s;\nEnqueue(task) returned %v, want %v; (-want,+got)\n%s",
+				tc.desc, gotRes, tc.wantRes, diff)
+		}
 
-		for qname, want := range tc.wantEnqueued {
-			got := h.GetEnqueuedMessages(t, r, qname)
+		for qname, want := range tc.wantPending {
+			got := h.GetPendingMessages(t, r, qname)
 			if diff := cmp.Diff(want, got, h.IgnoreIDOpt); diff != "" {
 				t.Errorf("%s;\nmismatch found in %q; (-want,+got)\n%s", tc.desc, base.QueueKey(qname), diff)
 			}
@@ -275,40 +385,51 @@ func TestClientEnqueue(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
-func TestClientEnqueueIn(t *testing.T) {
+func TestClientEnqueueWithProcessInOption(t *testing.T) {
 	r := setup(t)
-	client := NewClient(RedisClientOpt{
-		Addr: redisAddr,
-		DB:   redisDB,
-	})
+	client := NewClient(getRedisConnOpt(t))
+	defer client.Close()
 
 	task := NewTask("send_email", map[string]interface{}{"to": "customer@gmail.com", "from": "merchant@example.com"})
+	now := time.Now()
 
 	tests := []struct {
 		desc          string
 		task          *Task
-		delay         time.Duration
-		opts          []Option
-		wantEnqueued  map[string][]*base.TaskMessage
-		wantScheduled []h.ZSetEntry
+		delay         time.Duration // value for ProcessIn option
+		opts          []Option      // other options
+		wantRes       *Result
+		wantPending   map[string][]*base.TaskMessage
+		wantScheduled map[string][]base.Z
 	}{
 		{
-			desc:         "schedule a task to be enqueued in one hour",
-			task:         task,
-			delay:        time.Hour,
-			opts:         []Option{},
-			wantEnqueued: nil, // db is flushed in setup so list does not exist hence nil
-			wantScheduled: []h.ZSetEntry{
-				{
-					Msg: &base.TaskMessage{
-						Type:     task.Type,
-						Payload:  task.Payload.data,
-						Retry:    defaultMaxRetry,
-						Queue:    "default",
-						Timeout:  noTimeout,
-						Deadline: noDeadline,
+			desc:  "schedule a task to be processed in one hour",
+			task:  task,
+			delay: 1 * time.Hour,
+			opts:  []Option{},
+			wantRes: &Result{
+				ProcessAt: now.Add(1 * time.Hour),
+				Queue:     "default",
+				Retry:     defaultMaxRetry,
+				Timeout:   defaultTimeout,
+				Deadline:  noDeadline,
+			},
+			wantPending: map[string][]*base.TaskMessage{
+				"default": {},
+			},
+			wantScheduled: map[string][]base.Z{
+				"default": {
+					{
+						Message: &base.TaskMessage{
+							Type:     task.Type,
+							Payload:  task.Payload.data,
+							Retry:    defaultMaxRetry,
+							Queue:    "default",
+							Timeout:  int64(defaultTimeout.Seconds()),
+							Deadline: noDeadline.Unix(),
+						},
+						Score: time.Now().Add(time.Hour).Unix(),
 					},
-					Score: float64(time.Now().Add(time.Hour).Unix()),
 				},
 			},
 		},
@@ -317,41 +438,91 @@ func TestClientEnqueueIn(t *testing.T) {
 			task:  task,
 			delay: 0,
 			opts:  []Option{},
-			wantEnqueued: map[string][]*base.TaskMessage{
+			wantRes: &Result{
+				ProcessAt: now,
+				Queue:     "default",
+				Retry:     defaultMaxRetry,
+				Timeout:   defaultTimeout,
+				Deadline:  noDeadline,
+			},
+			wantPending: map[string][]*base.TaskMessage{
 				"default": {
 					{
 						Type:     task.Type,
 						Payload:  task.Payload.data,
 						Retry:    defaultMaxRetry,
 						Queue:    "default",
-						Timeout:  noTimeout,
-						Deadline: noDeadline,
+						Timeout:  int64(defaultTimeout.Seconds()),
+						Deadline: noDeadline.Unix(),
 					},
 				},
 			},
-			wantScheduled: nil, // db is flushed in setup so zset does not exist hence nil
+			wantScheduled: map[string][]base.Z{
+				"default": {},
+			},
 		},
 	}
 
 	for _, tc := range tests {
 		h.FlushDB(t, r) // clean up db before each test case.
 
-		err := client.EnqueueIn(tc.delay, tc.task, tc.opts...)
+		opts := append(tc.opts, ProcessIn(tc.delay))
+		gotRes, err := client.Enqueue(tc.task, opts...)
 		if err != nil {
 			t.Error(err)
 			continue
 		}
+		cmpOptions := []cmp.Option{
+			cmpopts.IgnoreFields(Result{}, "ID", "EnqueuedAt"),
+			cmpopts.EquateApproxTime(500 * time.Millisecond),
+		}
+		if diff := cmp.Diff(tc.wantRes, gotRes, cmpOptions...); diff != "" {
+			t.Errorf("%s;\nEnqueue(task, ProcessIn(%v)) returned %v, want %v; (-want,+got)\n%s",
+				tc.desc, tc.delay, gotRes, tc.wantRes, diff)
+		}
 
-		for qname, want := range tc.wantEnqueued {
-			gotEnqueued := h.GetEnqueuedMessages(t, r, qname)
-			if diff := cmp.Diff(want, gotEnqueued, h.IgnoreIDOpt); diff != "" {
+		for qname, want := range tc.wantPending {
+			gotPending := h.GetPendingMessages(t, r, qname)
+			if diff := cmp.Diff(want, gotPending, h.IgnoreIDOpt, cmpopts.EquateEmpty()); diff != "" {
 				t.Errorf("%s;\nmismatch found in %q; (-want,+got)\n%s", tc.desc, base.QueueKey(qname), diff)
 			}
 		}
+		for qname, want := range tc.wantScheduled {
+			gotScheduled := h.GetScheduledEntries(t, r, qname)
+			if diff := cmp.Diff(want, gotScheduled, h.IgnoreIDOpt, cmpopts.EquateEmpty()); diff != "" {
+				t.Errorf("%s;\nmismatch found in %q; (-want,+got)\n%s", tc.desc, base.ScheduledKey(qname), diff)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
 
-		gotScheduled := h.GetScheduledEntries(t, r)
-		if diff := cmp.Diff(tc.wantScheduled, gotScheduled, h.IgnoreIDOpt); diff != "" {
-			t.Errorf("%s;\nmismatch found in %q; (-want,+got)\n%s", tc.desc, base.ScheduledQueue, diff)
+func TestClientEnqueueError(t *testing.T) {
+	r := setup(t)
+	client := NewClient(getRedisConnOpt(t))
+	defer client.Close()
+
+	task := NewTask("send_email", map[string]interface{}{"to": "customer@gmail.com", "from": "merchant@example.com"})
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		desc string
+		task *Task
+		opts []Option
+	}{
+		{
+			desc: "With empty queue name",
+			task: task,
+			opts: []Option{
+				Queue(""),
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tc := range tests {
+		h.FlushDB(t, r)
+
+		_, err := client.Enqueue(tc.task, tc.opts...)
+		if err == nil {
+			t.Errorf("%s; client.Enqueue(task, opts...) did not return non-nil error", tc.desc)
 		}
 	}
 }
@@ -359,11 +530,14 @@ func TestClientEnqueueIn(t *testing.T) {
 func TestClientDefaultOptions(t *testing.T) {
 	r := setup(t)
 
+	now := time.Now()
+
 	tests := []struct {
 		desc        string
 		defaultOpts []Option // options set at the client level.
 		opts        []Option // options used at enqueue time.
 		task        *Task
+		wantRes     *Result
 		queue       string // queue that the message should go into.
 		want        *base.TaskMessage
 	}{
@@ -372,14 +546,21 @@ func TestClientDefaultOptions(t *testing.T) {
 			defaultOpts: []Option{Queue("feed")},
 			opts:        []Option{},
 			task:        NewTask("feed:import", nil),
-			queue:       "feed",
+			wantRes: &Result{
+				ProcessAt: now,
+				Queue:     "feed",
+				Retry:     defaultMaxRetry,
+				Timeout:   defaultTimeout,
+				Deadline:  noDeadline,
+			},
+			queue: "feed",
 			want: &base.TaskMessage{
 				Type:     "feed:import",
 				Payload:  nil,
 				Retry:    defaultMaxRetry,
 				Queue:    "feed",
-				Timeout:  noTimeout,
-				Deadline: noDeadline,
+				Timeout:  int64(defaultTimeout.Seconds()),
+				Deadline: noDeadline.Unix(),
 			},
 		},
 		{
@@ -387,14 +568,21 @@ func TestClientDefaultOptions(t *testing.T) {
 			defaultOpts: []Option{Queue("feed"), MaxRetry(5)},
 			opts:        []Option{},
 			task:        NewTask("feed:import", nil),
-			queue:       "feed",
+			wantRes: &Result{
+				ProcessAt: now,
+				Queue:     "feed",
+				Retry:     5,
+				Timeout:   defaultTimeout,
+				Deadline:  noDeadline,
+			},
+			queue: "feed",
 			want: &base.TaskMessage{
 				Type:     "feed:import",
 				Payload:  nil,
 				Retry:    5,
 				Queue:    "feed",
-				Timeout:  noTimeout,
-				Deadline: noDeadline,
+				Timeout:  int64(defaultTimeout.Seconds()),
+				Deadline: noDeadline.Unix(),
 			},
 		},
 		{
@@ -402,112 +590,60 @@ func TestClientDefaultOptions(t *testing.T) {
 			defaultOpts: []Option{Queue("feed"), MaxRetry(5)},
 			opts:        []Option{Queue("critical")},
 			task:        NewTask("feed:import", nil),
-			queue:       "critical",
+			wantRes: &Result{
+				ProcessAt: now,
+				Queue:     "critical",
+				Retry:     5,
+				Timeout:   defaultTimeout,
+				Deadline:  noDeadline,
+			},
+			queue: "critical",
 			want: &base.TaskMessage{
 				Type:     "feed:import",
 				Payload:  nil,
 				Retry:    5,
 				Queue:    "critical",
-				Timeout:  noTimeout,
-				Deadline: noDeadline,
+				Timeout:  int64(defaultTimeout.Seconds()),
+				Deadline: noDeadline.Unix(),
 			},
 		},
 	}
 
 	for _, tc := range tests {
 		h.FlushDB(t, r)
-		c := NewClient(RedisClientOpt{Addr: redisAddr, DB: redisDB})
+		c := NewClient(getRedisConnOpt(t))
+		defer c.Close()
 		c.SetDefaultOptions(tc.task.Type, tc.defaultOpts...)
-		err := c.Enqueue(tc.task, tc.opts...)
+		gotRes, err := c.Enqueue(tc.task, tc.opts...)
 		if err != nil {
 			t.Fatal(err)
 		}
-		enqueued := h.GetEnqueuedMessages(t, r, tc.queue)
-		if len(enqueued) != 1 {
+		cmpOptions := []cmp.Option{
+			cmpopts.IgnoreFields(Result{}, "ID", "EnqueuedAt"),
+			cmpopts.EquateApproxTime(500 * time.Millisecond),
+		}
+		if diff := cmp.Diff(tc.wantRes, gotRes, cmpOptions...); diff != "" {
+			t.Errorf("%s;\nEnqueue(task, opts...) returned %v, want %v; (-want,+got)\n%s",
+				tc.desc, gotRes, tc.wantRes, diff)
+		}
+		pending := h.GetPendingMessages(t, r, tc.queue)
+		if len(pending) != 1 {
 			t.Errorf("%s;\nexpected queue %q to have one message; got %d messages in the queue.",
-				tc.desc, tc.queue, len(enqueued))
+				tc.desc, tc.queue, len(pending))
 			continue
 		}
-		got := enqueued[0]
+		got := pending[0]
 		if diff := cmp.Diff(tc.want, got, h.IgnoreIDOpt); diff != "" {
-			t.Errorf("%s;\nmismatch found in enqueued task message; (-want,+got)\n%s",
+			t.Errorf("%s;\nmismatch found in pending task message; (-want,+got)\n%s",
 				tc.desc, diff)
 		}
 	}
 }
 
-func TestUniqueKey(t *testing.T) {
-	tests := []struct {
-		desc  string
-		task  *Task
-		ttl   time.Duration
-		qname string
-		want  string
-	}{
-		{
-			"with zero TTL",
-			NewTask("email:send", map[string]interface{}{"a": 123, "b": "hello", "c": true}),
-			0,
-			"default",
-			"",
-		},
-		{
-			"with primitive types",
-			NewTask("email:send", map[string]interface{}{"a": 123, "b": "hello", "c": true}),
-			10 * time.Minute,
-			"default",
-			"email:send:a=123,b=hello,c=true:default",
-		},
-		{
-			"with unsorted keys",
-			NewTask("email:send", map[string]interface{}{"b": "hello", "c": true, "a": 123}),
-			10 * time.Minute,
-			"default",
-			"email:send:a=123,b=hello,c=true:default",
-		},
-		{
-			"with composite types",
-			NewTask("email:send",
-				map[string]interface{}{
-					"address": map[string]string{"line": "123 Main St", "city": "Boston", "state": "MA"},
-					"names":   []string{"bob", "mike", "rob"}}),
-			10 * time.Minute,
-			"default",
-			"email:send:address=map[city:Boston line:123 Main St state:MA],names=[bob mike rob]:default",
-		},
-		{
-			"with complex types",
-			NewTask("email:send",
-				map[string]interface{}{
-					"time":     time.Date(2020, time.July, 28, 0, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC),
-					"duration": time.Hour}),
-			10 * time.Minute,
-			"default",
-			"email:send:duration=1h0m0s,time=2020-07-28 00:00:00 +0000 UTC:default",
-		},
-		{
-			"with nil payload",
-			NewTask("reindex", nil),
-			10 * time.Minute,
-			"default",
-			"reindex:nil:default",
-		},
-	}
-
-	for _, tc := range tests {
-		got := uniqueKey(tc.task, tc.ttl, tc.qname)
-		if got != tc.want {
-			t.Errorf("%s: uniqueKey(%v, %v, %q) = %q, want %q", tc.desc, tc.task, tc.ttl, tc.qname, got, tc.want)
-		}
-	}
-}
-
-func TestEnqueueUnique(t *testing.T) {
+func TestClientEnqueueUnique(t *testing.T) {
 	r := setup(t)
-	c := NewClient(RedisClientOpt{
-		Addr: redisAddr,
-		DB:   redisDB,
-	})
+	c := NewClient(getRedisConnOpt(t))
+	defer c.Close()
 
 	tests := []struct {
 		task *Task
@@ -523,19 +659,19 @@ func TestEnqueueUnique(t *testing.T) {
 		h.FlushDB(t, r) // clean up db before each test case.
 
 		// Enqueue the task first. It should succeed.
-		err := c.Enqueue(tc.task, Unique(tc.ttl))
+		_, err := c.Enqueue(tc.task, Unique(tc.ttl))
 		if err != nil {
 			t.Fatal(err)
 		}
 
-		gotTTL := r.TTL(uniqueKey(tc.task, tc.ttl, base.DefaultQueueName)).Val()
+		gotTTL := r.TTL(base.UniqueKey(base.DefaultQueueName, tc.task.Type, tc.task.Payload.data)).Val()
 		if !cmp.Equal(tc.ttl.Seconds(), gotTTL.Seconds(), cmpopts.EquateApprox(0, 1)) {
 			t.Errorf("TTL = %v, want %v", gotTTL, tc.ttl)
 			continue
 		}
 
 		// Enqueue the task again. It should fail.
-		err = c.Enqueue(tc.task, Unique(tc.ttl))
+		_, err = c.Enqueue(tc.task, Unique(tc.ttl))
 		if err == nil {
 			t.Errorf("Enqueueing %+v did not return an error", tc.task)
 			continue
@@ -547,12 +683,10 @@ func TestEnqueueUnique(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
-func TestEnqueueInUnique(t *testing.T) {
+func TestClientEnqueueUniqueWithProcessInOption(t *testing.T) {
 	r := setup(t)
-	c := NewClient(RedisClientOpt{
-		Addr: redisAddr,
-		DB:   redisDB,
-	})
+	c := NewClient(getRedisConnOpt(t))
+	defer c.Close()
 
 	tests := []struct {
 		task *Task
@@ -570,12 +704,12 @@ func TestEnqueueInUnique(t *testing.T) {
 		h.FlushDB(t, r) // clean up db before each test case.
 
 		// Enqueue the task first. It should succeed.
-		err := c.EnqueueIn(tc.d, tc.task, Unique(tc.ttl))
+		_, err := c.Enqueue(tc.task, ProcessIn(tc.d), Unique(tc.ttl))
 		if err != nil {
 			t.Fatal(err)
 		}
 
-		gotTTL := r.TTL(uniqueKey(tc.task, tc.ttl, base.DefaultQueueName)).Val()
+		gotTTL := r.TTL(base.UniqueKey(base.DefaultQueueName, tc.task.Type, tc.task.Payload.data)).Val()
 		wantTTL := time.Duration(tc.ttl.Seconds()+tc.d.Seconds()) * time.Second
 		if !cmp.Equal(wantTTL.Seconds(), gotTTL.Seconds(), cmpopts.EquateApprox(0, 1)) {
 			t.Errorf("TTL = %v, want %v", gotTTL, wantTTL)
@@ -583,7 +717,7 @@ func TestEnqueueInUnique(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 
 		// Enqueue the task again. It should fail.
-		err = c.EnqueueIn(tc.d, tc.task, Unique(tc.ttl))
+		_, err = c.Enqueue(tc.task, ProcessIn(tc.d), Unique(tc.ttl))
 		if err == nil {
 			t.Errorf("Enqueueing %+v did not return an error", tc.task)
 			continue
@@ -595,12 +729,10 @@ func TestEnqueueInUnique(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
-func TestEnqueueAtUnique(t *testing.T) {
+func TestClientEnqueueUniqueWithProcessAtOption(t *testing.T) {
 	r := setup(t)
-	c := NewClient(RedisClientOpt{
-		Addr: redisAddr,
-		DB:   redisDB,
-	})
+	c := NewClient(getRedisConnOpt(t))
+	defer c.Close()
 
 	tests := []struct {
 		task *Task
@@ -618,12 +750,12 @@ func TestEnqueueAtUnique(t *testing.T) {
 		h.FlushDB(t, r) // clean up db before each test case.
 
 		// Enqueue the task first. It should succeed.
-		err := c.EnqueueAt(tc.at, tc.task, Unique(tc.ttl))
+		_, err := c.Enqueue(tc.task, ProcessAt(tc.at), Unique(tc.ttl))
 		if err != nil {
 			t.Fatal(err)
 		}
 
-		gotTTL := r.TTL(uniqueKey(tc.task, tc.ttl, base.DefaultQueueName)).Val()
+		gotTTL := r.TTL(base.UniqueKey(base.DefaultQueueName, tc.task.Type, tc.task.Payload.data)).Val()
 		wantTTL := tc.at.Add(tc.ttl).Sub(time.Now())
 		if !cmp.Equal(wantTTL.Seconds(), gotTTL.Seconds(), cmpopts.EquateApprox(0, 1)) {
 			t.Errorf("TTL = %v, want %v", gotTTL, wantTTL)
@@ -631,7 +763,7 @@ func TestEnqueueAtUnique(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 
 		// Enqueue the task again. It should fail.
-		err = c.EnqueueAt(tc.at, tc.task, Unique(tc.ttl))
+		_, err = c.Enqueue(tc.task, ProcessAt(tc.at), Unique(tc.ttl))
 		if err == nil {
 			t.Errorf("Enqueueing %+v did not return an error", tc.task)
 			continue

context.go

@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ type taskMetadata struct {
 	id         string
 	maxRetry   int
 	retryCount int
+	qname      string
 }
 
 // ctxKey type is unexported to prevent collisions with context keys defined in
@@ -27,25 +28,15 @@ type ctxKey int
 const metadataCtxKey ctxKey = 0
 
 // createContext returns a context and cancel function for a given task message.
-func createContext(msg *base.TaskMessage) (ctx context.Context, cancel context.CancelFunc) {
+func createContext(msg *base.TaskMessage, deadline time.Time) (context.Context, context.CancelFunc) {
 	metadata := taskMetadata{
 		id:         msg.ID.String(),
 		maxRetry:   msg.Retry,
 		retryCount: msg.Retried,
+		qname:      msg.Queue,
 	}
-	ctx = context.WithValue(context.Background(), metadataCtxKey, metadata)
-	timeout, err := time.ParseDuration(msg.Timeout)
-	if err == nil && timeout != 0 {
-		ctx, cancel = context.WithTimeout(ctx, timeout)
-	}
-	deadline, err := time.Parse(time.RFC3339, msg.Deadline)
-	if err == nil && !deadline.IsZero() {
-		ctx, cancel = context.WithDeadline(ctx, deadline)
-	}
-	if cancel == nil {
-		ctx, cancel = context.WithCancel(ctx)
-	}
-	return ctx, cancel
+	ctx := context.WithValue(context.Background(), metadataCtxKey, metadata)
+	return context.WithDeadline(ctx, deadline)
 }
 
 // GetTaskID extracts a task ID from a context, if any.
@@ -83,3 +74,14 @@ func GetMaxRetry(ctx context.Context) (n int, ok bool) {
 	}
 	return metadata.maxRetry, true
 }
+
+// GetQueueName extracts queue name from a context, if any.
+//
+// Return value qname indicates which queue the task was pulled from.
+func GetQueueName(ctx context.Context) (qname string, ok bool) {
+	metadata, ok := ctx.Value(metadataCtxKey).(taskMetadata)
+	if !ok {
+		return "", false
+	}
+	return metadata.qname, true
+}

context_test.go

@@ -10,51 +10,38 @@ import (
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/google/go-cmp/cmp"
-	"github.com/google/go-cmp/cmp/cmpopts"
+	"github.com/google/uuid"
 	"github.com/hibiken/asynq/internal/base"
-	"github.com/rs/xid"
 )
 
-func TestCreateContextWithTimeRestrictions(t *testing.T) {
-	var (
-		noTimeout  = time.Duration(0)
-		noDeadline = time.Time{}
-	)
-
+func TestCreateContextWithFutureDeadline(t *testing.T) {
 	tests := []struct {
-		desc         string
-		timeout      time.Duration
-		deadline     time.Time
-		wantDeadline time.Time
+		deadline time.Time
 	}{
-		{"only with timeout", 10 * time.Second, noDeadline, time.Now().Add(10 * time.Second)},
-		{"only with deadline", noTimeout, time.Now().Add(time.Hour), time.Now().Add(time.Hour)},
-		{"with timeout and deadline (timeout < deadline)", 10 * time.Second, time.Now().Add(time.Hour), time.Now().Add(10 * time.Second)},
-		{"with timeout and deadline (timeout > deadline)", 10 * time.Minute, time.Now().Add(30 * time.Second), time.Now().Add(30 * time.Second)},
+		{time.Now().Add(time.Hour)},
 	}
 
 	for _, tc := range tests {
 		msg := &base.TaskMessage{
-			Type:     "something",
-			ID:       xid.New(),
-			Timeout:  tc.timeout.String(),
-			Deadline: tc.deadline.Format(time.RFC3339),
+			Type:    "something",
+			ID:      uuid.New(),
+			Payload: nil,
 		}
 
-		ctx, cancel := createContext(msg)
+		ctx, cancel := createContext(msg, tc.deadline)
 
 		select {
 		case x := <-ctx.Done():
-			t.Errorf("%s: <-ctx.Done() == %v, want nothing (it should block)", tc.desc, x)
+			t.Errorf("<-ctx.Done() == %v, want nothing (it should block)", x)
 		default:
 		}
 
 		got, ok := ctx.Deadline()
 		if !ok {
-			t.Errorf("%s: ctx.Deadline() returned false, want deadline to be set", tc.desc)
+			t.Errorf("ctx.Deadline() returned false, want deadline to be set")
 		}
-		if !cmp.Equal(tc.wantDeadline, got, cmpopts.EquateApproxTime(time.Second)) {
-			t.Errorf("%s: ctx.Deadline() returned %v, want %v", tc.desc, got, tc.wantDeadline)
+		if !cmp.Equal(tc.deadline, got) {
+			t.Errorf("ctx.Deadline() returned %v, want %v", got, tc.deadline)
 		}
 
 		cancel()
@@ -67,33 +54,36 @@ func TestCreateContextWithTimeRestrictions(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
-func TestCreateContextWithoutTimeRestrictions(t *testing.T) {
-	msg := &base.TaskMessage{
-		Type:     "something",
-		ID:       xid.New(),
-		Timeout:  time.Duration(0).String(),        // zero value to indicate no timeout
-		Deadline: time.Time{}.Format(time.RFC3339), // zero value to indicate no deadline
+func TestCreateContextWithPastDeadline(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		deadline time.Time
+	}{
+		{time.Now().Add(-2 * time.Hour)},
 	}
 
-	ctx, cancel := createContext(msg)
+	for _, tc := range tests {
+		msg := &base.TaskMessage{
+			Type:    "something",
+			ID:      uuid.New(),
+			Payload: nil,
+		}
 
-	select {
-	case x := <-ctx.Done():
-		t.Errorf("<-ctx.Done() == %v, want nothing (it should block)", x)
-	default:
-	}
+		ctx, cancel := createContext(msg, tc.deadline)
+		defer cancel()
 
-	_, ok := ctx.Deadline()
-	if ok {
-		t.Error("ctx.Deadline() returned true, want deadline to not be set")
-	}
+		select {
+		case <-ctx.Done():
+		default:
+			t.Errorf("ctx.Done() blocked, want it to be non-blocking")
+		}
 
-	cancel()
-
-	select {
-	case <-ctx.Done():
-	default:
-		t.Error("ctx.Done() blocked, want it to be non-blocking")
+		got, ok := ctx.Deadline()
+		if !ok {
+			t.Errorf("ctx.Deadline() returned false, want deadline to be set")
+		}
+		if !cmp.Equal(tc.deadline, got) {
+			t.Errorf("ctx.Deadline() returned %v, want %v", got, tc.deadline)
+		}
 	}
 }
 
@@ -102,12 +92,14 @@ func TestGetTaskMetadataFromContext(t *testing.T) {
 		desc string
 		msg  *base.TaskMessage
 	}{
-		{"with zero retried message", &base.TaskMessage{Type: "something", ID: xid.New(), Retry: 25, Retried: 0}},
-		{"with non-zero retried message", &base.TaskMessage{Type: "something", ID: xid.New(), Retry: 10, Retried: 5}},
+		{"with zero retried message", &base.TaskMessage{Type: "something", ID: uuid.New(), Retry: 25, Retried: 0, Timeout: 1800, Queue: "default"}},
+		{"with non-zero retried message", &base.TaskMessage{Type: "something", ID: uuid.New(), Retry: 10, Retried: 5, Timeout: 1800, Queue: "default"}},
+		{"with custom queue name", &base.TaskMessage{Type: "something", ID: uuid.New(), Retry: 25, Retried: 0, Timeout: 1800, Queue: "custom"}},
 	}
 
 	for _, tc := range tests {
-		ctx, _ := createContext(tc.msg)
+		ctx, cancel := createContext(tc.msg, time.Now().Add(30*time.Minute))
+		defer cancel()
 
 		id, ok := GetTaskID(ctx)
 		if !ok {
@@ -132,6 +124,14 @@ func TestGetTaskMetadataFromContext(t *testing.T) {
 		if ok && maxRetry != tc.msg.Retry {
 			t.Errorf("%s: GetMaxRetry(ctx) returned n == %d want %d", tc.desc, maxRetry, tc.msg.Retry)
 		}
+
+		qname, ok := GetQueueName(ctx)
+		if !ok {
+			t.Errorf("%s: GetQueueName(ctx) returned ok == false", tc.desc)
+		}
+		if ok && qname != tc.msg.Queue {
+			t.Errorf("%s: GetQueueName(ctx) returned qname == %q, want %q", tc.desc, qname, tc.msg.Queue)
+		}
 	}
 }
 
@@ -153,5 +153,8 @@ func TestGetTaskMetadataFromContextError(t *testing.T) {
 		if _, ok := GetMaxRetry(tc.ctx); ok {
 			t.Errorf("%s: GetMaxRetry(ctx) returned ok == true", tc.desc)
 		}
+		if _, ok := GetQueueName(tc.ctx); ok {
+			t.Errorf("%s: GetQueueName(ctx) returned ok == true", tc.desc)
+		}
 	}
 }

doc.go

@@ -3,40 +3,42 @@
 // that can be found in the LICENSE file.
 
 /*
-Package asynq provides a framework for asynchronous task processing.
+Package asynq provides a framework for Redis based distrubted task queue.
 
-Asynq uses Redis as a message broker. To connect to redis server,
-specify the options using one of RedisConnOpt types.
+Asynq uses Redis as a message broker. To connect to redis,
+specify the connection using one of RedisConnOpt types.
 
-    redis = &asynq.RedisClientOpt{
+    redisConnOpt = asynq.RedisClientOpt{
         Addr:     "127.0.0.1:6379",
         Password: "xxxxx",
         DB:       3,
     }
 
-The Client is used to enqueue a task to be processed at the specified time.
+The Client is used to enqueue a task.
 
-Task is created with two parameters: its type and payload.
 
-    client := asynq.NewClient(redis)
+    client := asynq.NewClient(redisConnOpt)
 
+    // Task is created with two parameters: its type and payload.
     t := asynq.NewTask(
         "send_email",
         map[string]interface{}{"user_id": 42})
 
     // Enqueue the task to be processed immediately.
-    err := client.Enqueue(t)
+    res, err := client.Enqueue(t)
 
     // Schedule the task to be processed after one minute.
-    err = client.EnqueueIn(time.Minute, t)
+    res, err = client.Enqueue(t, asynq.ProcessIn(1*time.Minute))
 
-The Server is used to run the background task processing with a given
+The Server is used to run the task processing workers with a given
 handler.
-    srv := asynq.NewServer(redis, asynq.Config{
+    srv := asynq.NewServer(redisConnOpt, asynq.Config{
         Concurrency: 10,
     })
 
-    srv.Run(handler)
+    if err := srv.Run(handler); err != nil {
+        log.Fatal(err)
+    }
 
 Handler is an interface type with a method which
 takes a task and returns an error. Handler should return nil if

example_test.go

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import (
 	"log"
 	"os"
 	"os/signal"
+	"time"
 
 	"github.com/hibiken/asynq"
 	"golang.org/x/sys/unix"
@@ -78,6 +79,25 @@ func ExampleServer_Quiet() {
 	srv.Stop()
 }
 
+func ExampleScheduler() {
+	scheduler := asynq.NewScheduler(
+		asynq.RedisClientOpt{Addr: ":6379"},
+		&asynq.SchedulerOpts{Location: time.Local},
+	)
+
+	if _, err := scheduler.Register("* * * * *", asynq.NewTask("task1", nil)); err != nil {
+		log.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if _, err := scheduler.Register("@every 30s", asynq.NewTask("task2", nil)); err != nil {
+		log.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	// Run blocks and waits for os signal to terminate the program.
+	if err := scheduler.Run(); err != nil {
+		log.Fatal(err)
+	}
+}
+
 func ExampleParseRedisURI() {
 	rconn, err := asynq.ParseRedisURI("redis://localhost:6379/10")
 	if err != nil {

forwarder.go

@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+// Copyright 2020 Kentaro Hibino. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a MIT license
+// that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+package asynq
+
+import (
+	"sync"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/hibiken/asynq/internal/base"
+	"github.com/hibiken/asynq/internal/log"
+)
+
+// A forwarder is responsible for moving scheduled and retry tasks to pending state
+// so that the tasks get processed by the workers.
+type forwarder struct {
+	logger *log.Logger
+	broker base.Broker
+
+	// channel to communicate back to the long running "forwarder" goroutine.
+	done chan struct{}
+
+	// list of queue names to check and enqueue.
+	queues []string
+
+	// poll interval on average
+	avgInterval time.Duration
+}
+
+type forwarderParams struct {
+	logger   *log.Logger
+	broker   base.Broker
+	queues   []string
+	interval time.Duration
+}
+
+func newForwarder(params forwarderParams) *forwarder {
+	return &forwarder{
+		logger:      params.logger,
+		broker:      params.broker,
+		done:        make(chan struct{}),
+		queues:      params.queues,
+		avgInterval: params.interval,
+	}
+}
+
+func (f *forwarder) terminate() {
+	f.logger.Debug("Forwarder shutting down...")
+	// Signal the forwarder goroutine to stop polling.
+	f.done <- struct{}{}
+}
+
+// start starts the "forwarder" goroutine.
+func (f *forwarder) start(wg *sync.WaitGroup) {
+	wg.Add(1)
+	go func() {
+		defer wg.Done()
+		for {
+			select {
+			case <-f.done:
+				f.logger.Debug("Forwarder done")
+				return
+			case <-time.After(f.avgInterval):
+				f.exec()
+			}
+		}
+	}()
+}
+
+func (f *forwarder) exec() {
+	if err := f.broker.CheckAndEnqueue(f.queues...); err != nil {
+		f.logger.Errorf("Could not enqueue scheduled tasks: %v", err)
+	}
+}

forwarder_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+// Copyright 2020 Kentaro Hibino. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a MIT license
+// that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+package asynq
+
+import (
+	"sync"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/google/go-cmp/cmp"
+	h "github.com/hibiken/asynq/internal/asynqtest"
+	"github.com/hibiken/asynq/internal/base"
+	"github.com/hibiken/asynq/internal/rdb"
+)
+
+func TestForwarder(t *testing.T) {
+	r := setup(t)
+	defer r.Close()
+	rdbClient := rdb.NewRDB(r)
+	const pollInterval = time.Second
+	s := newForwarder(forwarderParams{
+		logger:   testLogger,
+		broker:   rdbClient,
+		queues:   []string{"default", "critical"},
+		interval: pollInterval,
+	})
+	t1 := h.NewTaskMessageWithQueue("gen_thumbnail", nil, "default")
+	t2 := h.NewTaskMessageWithQueue("send_email", nil, "critical")
+	t3 := h.NewTaskMessageWithQueue("reindex", nil, "default")
+	t4 := h.NewTaskMessageWithQueue("sync", nil, "critical")
+	now := time.Now()
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		initScheduled map[string][]base.Z            // scheduled queue initial state
+		initRetry     map[string][]base.Z            // retry queue initial state
+		initPending   map[string][]*base.TaskMessage // default queue initial state
+		wait          time.Duration                  // wait duration before checking for final state
+		wantScheduled map[string][]*base.TaskMessage // schedule queue final state
+		wantRetry     map[string][]*base.TaskMessage // retry queue final state
+		wantPending   map[string][]*base.TaskMessage // default queue final state
+	}{
+		{
+			initScheduled: map[string][]base.Z{
+				"default":  {{Message: t1, Score: now.Add(time.Hour).Unix()}},
+				"critical": {{Message: t2, Score: now.Add(-2 * time.Second).Unix()}},
+			},
+			initRetry: map[string][]base.Z{
+				"default":  {{Message: t3, Score: time.Now().Add(-500 * time.Millisecond).Unix()}},
+				"critical": {},
+			},
+			initPending: map[string][]*base.TaskMessage{
+				"default":  {},
+				"critical": {t4},
+			},
+			wait: pollInterval * 2,
+			wantScheduled: map[string][]*base.TaskMessage{
+				"default":  {t1},
+				"critical": {},
+			},
+			wantRetry: map[string][]*base.TaskMessage{
+				"default":  {},
+				"critical": {},
+			},
+			wantPending: map[string][]*base.TaskMessage{
+				"default":  {t3},
+				"critical": {t2, t4},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			initScheduled: map[string][]base.Z{
+				"default": {
+					{Message: t1, Score: now.Unix()},
+					{Message: t3, Score: now.Add(-500 * time.Millisecond).Unix()},
+				},
+				"critical": {
+					{Message: t2, Score: now.Add(-2 * time.Second).Unix()},
+				},
+			},
+			initRetry: map[string][]base.Z{
+				"default":  {},
+				"critical": {},
+			},
+			initPending: map[string][]*base.TaskMessage{
+				"default":  {},
+				"critical": {t4},
+			},
+			wait: pollInterval * 2,
+			wantScheduled: map[string][]*base.TaskMessage{
+				"default":  {},
+				"critical": {},
+			},
+			wantRetry: map[string][]*base.TaskMessage{
+				"default":  {},
+				"critical": {},
+			},
+			wantPending: map[string][]*base.TaskMessage{
+				"default":  {t1, t3},
+				"critical": {t2, t4},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tc := range tests {
+		h.FlushDB(t, r)                                  // clean up db before each test case.
+		h.SeedAllScheduledQueues(t, r, tc.initScheduled) // initialize scheduled queue
+		h.SeedAllRetryQueues(t, r, tc.initRetry)         // initialize retry queue
+		h.SeedAllPendingQueues(t, r, tc.initPending)     // initialize default queue
+
+		var wg sync.WaitGroup
+		s.start(&wg)
+		time.Sleep(tc.wait)
+		s.terminate()
+
+		for qname, want := range tc.wantScheduled {
+			gotScheduled := h.GetScheduledMessages(t, r, qname)
+			if diff := cmp.Diff(want, gotScheduled, h.SortMsgOpt); diff != "" {
+				t.Errorf("mismatch found in %q after running forwarder: (-want, +got)\n%s", base.ScheduledKey(qname), diff)
+			}
+		}
+
+		for qname, want := range tc.wantRetry {
+			gotRetry := h.GetRetryMessages(t, r, qname)
+			if diff := cmp.Diff(want, gotRetry, h.SortMsgOpt); diff != "" {
+				t.Errorf("mismatch found in %q after running forwarder: (-want, +got)\n%s", base.RetryKey(qname), diff)
+			}
+		}
+
+		for qname, want := range tc.wantPending {
+			gotPending := h.GetPendingMessages(t, r, qname)
+			if diff := cmp.Diff(want, gotPending, h.SortMsgOpt); diff != "" {
+				t.Errorf("mismatch found in %q after running forwarder: (-want, +got)\n%s", base.QueueKey(qname), diff)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}

go.mod

@@ -3,9 +3,10 @@ module github.com/hibiken/asynq
 go 1.13
 
 require (
-	github.com/go-redis/redis/v7 v7.2.0
+	github.com/go-redis/redis/v7 v7.4.0
 	github.com/google/go-cmp v0.4.0
-	github.com/rs/xid v1.2.1
+	github.com/google/uuid v1.1.1
+	github.com/robfig/cron/v3 v3.0.1
 	github.com/spf13/cast v1.3.1
 	go.uber.org/goleak v0.10.0
 	golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20191204072324-ce4227a45e2e

go.sum

@@ -2,16 +2,17 @@ github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1 h1:vj9j/u1bqnvCEfJOwUhtlOARqs3+rkHYY13jYWTU97c
 github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1/go.mod h1:J7Y8YcW2NihsgmVo/mv3lAwl/skON4iLHjSsI+c5H38=
 github.com/fsnotify/fsnotify v1.4.7 h1:IXs+QLmnXW2CcXuY+8Mzv/fWEsPGWxqefPtCP5CnV9I=
 github.com/fsnotify/fsnotify v1.4.7/go.mod h1:jwhsz4b93w/PPRr/qN1Yymfu8t87LnFCMoQvtojpjFo=
-github.com/go-redis/redis/v7 v7.0.0-beta.4 h1:p6z7Pde69EGRWvlC++y8aFcaWegyrKHzOBGo0zUACTQ=
-github.com/go-redis/redis/v7 v7.0.0-beta.4/go.mod h1:xhhSbUMTsleRPur+Vgx9sUHtyN33bdjxY+9/0n9Ig8s=
 github.com/go-redis/redis/v7 v7.2.0 h1:CrCexy/jYWZjW0AyVoHlcJUeZN19VWlbepTh1Vq6dJs=
 github.com/go-redis/redis/v7 v7.2.0/go.mod h1:JDNMw23GTyLNC4GZu9njt15ctBQVn7xjRfnwdHj/Dcg=
+github.com/go-redis/redis/v7 v7.4.0 h1:7obg6wUoj05T0EpY0o8B59S9w5yeMWql7sw2kwNW1x4=
+github.com/go-redis/redis/v7 v7.4.0/go.mod h1:JDNMw23GTyLNC4GZu9njt15ctBQVn7xjRfnwdHj/Dcg=
 github.com/golang/protobuf v1.2.0/go.mod h1:6lQm79b+lXiMfvg/cZm0SGofjICqVBUtrP5yJMmIC1U=
-github.com/golang/protobuf v1.3.1 h1:YF8+flBXS5eO826T4nzqPrxfhQThhXl0YzfuUPu4SBg=
-github.com/golang/protobuf v1.3.1/go.mod h1:6lQm79b+lXiMfvg/cZm0SGofjICqVBUtrP5yJMmIC1U=
+github.com/golang/protobuf v1.3.2 h1:6nsPYzhq5kReh6QImI3k5qWzO4PEbvbIW2cwSfR/6xs=
 github.com/golang/protobuf v1.3.2/go.mod h1:6lQm79b+lXiMfvg/cZm0SGofjICqVBUtrP5yJMmIC1U=
 github.com/google/go-cmp v0.4.0 h1:xsAVV57WRhGj6kEIi8ReJzQlHHqcBYCElAvkovg3B/4=
 github.com/google/go-cmp v0.4.0/go.mod h1:v8dTdLbMG2kIc/vJvl+f65V22dbkXbowE6jgT/gNBxE=
+github.com/google/uuid v1.1.1 h1:Gkbcsh/GbpXz7lPftLA3P6TYMwjCLYm83jiFQZF/3gY=
+github.com/google/uuid v1.1.1/go.mod h1:TIyPZe4MgqvfeYDBFedMoGGpEw/LqOeaOT+nhxU+yHo=
 github.com/hpcloud/tail v1.0.0 h1:nfCOvKYfkgYP8hkirhJocXT2+zOD8yUNjXaWfTlyFKI=
 github.com/hpcloud/tail v1.0.0/go.mod h1:ab1qPbhIpdTxEkNHXyeSf5vhxWSCs/tWer42PpOxQnU=
 github.com/kr/pretty v0.1.0 h1:L/CwN0zerZDmRFUapSPitk6f+Q3+0za1rQkzVuMiMFI=
@@ -20,16 +21,14 @@ github.com/kr/pty v1.1.1/go.mod h1:pFQYn66WHrOpPYNljwOMqo10TkYh1fy3cYio2l3bCsQ=
 github.com/kr/text v0.1.0 h1:45sCR5RtlFHMR4UwH9sdQ5TC8v0qDQCHnXt+kaKSTVE=
 github.com/kr/text v0.1.0/go.mod h1:4Jbv+DJW3UT/LiOwJeYQe1efqtUx/iVham/4vfdArNI=
 github.com/onsi/ginkgo v1.6.0/go.mod h1:lLunBs/Ym6LB5Z9jYTR76FiuTmxDTDusOGeTQH+WWjE=
-github.com/onsi/ginkgo v1.8.0 h1:VkHVNpR4iVnU8XQR6DBm8BqYjN7CRzw+xKUbVVbbW9w=
-github.com/onsi/ginkgo v1.8.0/go.mod h1:lLunBs/Ym6LB5Z9jYTR76FiuTmxDTDusOGeTQH+WWjE=
+github.com/onsi/ginkgo v1.10.1 h1:q/mM8GF/n0shIN8SaAZ0V+jnLPzen6WIVZdiwrRlMlo=
 github.com/onsi/ginkgo v1.10.1/go.mod h1:lLunBs/Ym6LB5Z9jYTR76FiuTmxDTDusOGeTQH+WWjE=
-github.com/onsi/gomega v1.5.0 h1:izbySO9zDPmjJ8rDjLvkA2zJHIo+HkYXHnf7eN7SSyo=
-github.com/onsi/gomega v1.5.0/go.mod h1:ex+gbHU/CVuBBDIJjb2X0qEXbFg53c61hWP/1CpauHY=
+github.com/onsi/gomega v1.7.0 h1:XPnZz8VVBHjVsy1vzJmRwIcSwiUO+JFfrv/xGiigmME=
 github.com/onsi/gomega v1.7.0/go.mod h1:ex+gbHU/CVuBBDIJjb2X0qEXbFg53c61hWP/1CpauHY=
 github.com/pmezard/go-difflib v1.0.0 h1:4DBwDE0NGyQoBHbLQYPwSUPoCMWR5BEzIk/f1lZbAQM=
 github.com/pmezard/go-difflib v1.0.0/go.mod h1:iKH77koFhYxTK1pcRnkKkqfTogsbg7gZNVY4sRDYZ/4=
-github.com/rs/xid v1.2.1 h1:mhH9Nq+C1fY2l1XIpgxIiUOfNpRBYH1kKcr+qfKgjRc=
-github.com/rs/xid v1.2.1/go.mod h1:+uKXf+4Djp6Md1KODXJxgGQPKngRmWyn10oCKFzNHOQ=
+github.com/robfig/cron/v3 v3.0.1 h1:WdRxkvbJztn8LMz/QEvLN5sBU+xKpSqwwUO1Pjr4qDs=
+github.com/robfig/cron/v3 v3.0.1/go.mod h1:eQICP3HwyT7UooqI/z+Ov+PtYAWygg1TEWWzGIFLtro=
 github.com/spf13/cast v1.3.1 h1:nFm6S0SMdyzrzcmThSipiEubIDy8WEXKNZ0UOgiRpng=
 github.com/spf13/cast v1.3.1/go.mod h1:Qx5cxh0v+4UWYiBimWS+eyWzqEqokIECu5etghLkUJE=
 github.com/stretchr/testify v1.2.2 h1:bSDNvY7ZPG5RlJ8otE/7V6gMiyenm9RtJ7IUVIAoJ1w=
@@ -39,10 +38,8 @@ go.uber.org/goleak v0.10.0/go.mod h1:VCZuO8V8mFPlL0F5J5GK1rtHV3DrFcQ1R8ryq7FK0aI
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20190308221718-c2843e01d9a2/go.mod h1:djNgcEr1/C05ACkg1iLfiJU5Ep61QUkGW8qpdssI0+w=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20180906233101-161cd47e91fd h1:nTDtHvHSdCn1m6ITfMRqtOd/9+7a3s8RBNOZ3eYZzJA=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20180906233101-161cd47e91fd/go.mod h1:mL1N/T3taQHkDXs73rZJwtUhF3w3ftmwwsq0BUmARs4=
-golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20190522155817-f3200d17e092 h1:4QSRKanuywn15aTZvI/mIDEgPQpswuFndXpOj3rKEco=
-golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20190522155817-f3200d17e092/go.mod h1:HSz+uSET+XFnRR8LxR5pz3Of3rY3CfYBVs4xY44aLks=
+golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20190923162816-aa69164e4478 h1:l5EDrHhldLYb3ZRHDUhXF7Om7MvYXnkV9/iQNo1lX6g=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20190923162816-aa69164e4478/go.mod h1:z5CRVTTTmAJ677TzLLGU+0bjPO0LkuOLi4/5GtJWs/s=
-golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20200202094626-16171245cfb2 h1:CCH4IOTTfewWjGOlSp+zGcjutRKlBEZQ6wTn8ozI/nI=
 golang.org/x/sync v0.0.0-20180314180146-1d60e4601c6f/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJTE5uejpjVlOe/izrB70Jof72aM=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20180909124046-d0be0721c37e h1:o3PsSEY8E4eXWkXrIP9YJALUkVZqzHJT5DOasTyn8Vs=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20180909124046-d0be0721c37e/go.mod h1:STP8DvDyc/dI5b8T5hshtkjS+E42TnysNCUPdjciGhY=
@@ -60,8 +57,7 @@ golang.org/x/tools v0.0.0-20180917221912-90fa682c2a6e/go.mod h1:n7NCudcB/nEzxVGm
 golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20191204190536-9bdfabe68543 h1:E7g+9GITq07hpfrRu66IVDexMakfv52eLZ2CXBWiKr4=
 golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20191204190536-9bdfabe68543/go.mod h1:I/5z698sn9Ka8TeJc9MKroUUfqBBauWjQqLJ2OPfmY0=
 gopkg.in/check.v1 v0.0.0-20161208181325-20d25e280405/go.mod h1:Co6ibVJAznAaIkqp8huTwlJQCZ016jof/cbN4VW5Yz0=
-gopkg.in/check.v1 v1.0.0-20180628173108-788fd7840127 h1:qIbj1fsPNlZgppZ+VLlY7N33q108Sa+fhmuc+sWQYwY=
-gopkg.in/check.v1 v1.0.0-20180628173108-788fd7840127/go.mod h1:Co6ibVJAznAaIkqp8huTwlJQCZ016jof/cbN4VW5Yz0=
+gopkg.in/check.v1 v1.0.0-20190902080502-41f04d3bba15 h1:YR8cESwS4TdDjEe65xsg0ogRM/Nc3DYOhEAlW+xobZo=
 gopkg.in/check.v1 v1.0.0-20190902080502-41f04d3bba15/go.mod h1:Co6ibVJAznAaIkqp8huTwlJQCZ016jof/cbN4VW5Yz0=
 gopkg.in/fsnotify.v1 v1.4.7 h1:xOHLXZwVvI9hhs+cLKq5+I5onOuwQLhQwiu63xxlHs4=
 gopkg.in/fsnotify.v1 v1.4.7/go.mod h1:Tz8NjZHkW78fSQdbUxIjBTcgA1z1m8ZHf0WmKUhAMys=

healthcheck.go

@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+// Copyright 2020 Kentaro Hibino. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a MIT license
+// that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+package asynq
+
+import (
+	"sync"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/hibiken/asynq/internal/base"
+	"github.com/hibiken/asynq/internal/log"
+)
+
+// healthchecker is responsible for pinging broker periodically
+// and call user provided HeathCheckFunc with the ping result.
+type healthchecker struct {
+	logger *log.Logger
+	broker base.Broker
+
+	// channel to communicate back to the long running "healthchecker" goroutine.
+	done chan struct{}
+
+	// interval between healthchecks.
+	interval time.Duration
+
+	// function to call periodically.
+	healthcheckFunc func(error)
+}
+
+type healthcheckerParams struct {
+	logger          *log.Logger
+	broker          base.Broker
+	interval        time.Duration
+	healthcheckFunc func(error)
+}
+
+func newHealthChecker(params healthcheckerParams) *healthchecker {
+	return &healthchecker{
+		logger:          params.logger,
+		broker:          params.broker,
+		done:            make(chan struct{}),
+		interval:        params.interval,
+		healthcheckFunc: params.healthcheckFunc,
+	}
+}
+
+func (hc *healthchecker) terminate() {
+	if hc.healthcheckFunc == nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	hc.logger.Debug("Healthchecker shutting down...")
+	// Signal the healthchecker goroutine to stop.
+	hc.done <- struct{}{}
+}
+
+func (hc *healthchecker) start(wg *sync.WaitGroup) {
+	if hc.healthcheckFunc == nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	wg.Add(1)
+	go func() {
+		defer wg.Done()
+		timer := time.NewTimer(hc.interval)
+		for {
+			select {
+			case <-hc.done:
+				hc.logger.Debug("Healthchecker done")
+				timer.Stop()
+				return
+			case <-timer.C:
+				err := hc.broker.Ping()
+				hc.healthcheckFunc(err)
+				timer.Reset(hc.interval)
+			}
+		}
+	}()
+}

healthcheck_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+// Copyright 2020 Kentaro Hibino. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a MIT license
+// that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+package asynq
+
+import (
+	"sync"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/hibiken/asynq/internal/rdb"
+	"github.com/hibiken/asynq/internal/testbroker"
+)
+
+func TestHealthChecker(t *testing.T) {
+	r := setup(t)
+	defer r.Close()
+	rdbClient := rdb.NewRDB(r)
+
+	var (
+		// mu guards called and e variables.
+		mu     sync.Mutex
+		called int
+		e      error
+	)
+	checkFn := func(err error) {
+		mu.Lock()
+		defer mu.Unlock()
+		called++
+		e = err
+	}
+
+	hc := newHealthChecker(healthcheckerParams{
+		logger:          testLogger,
+		broker:          rdbClient,
+		interval:        1 * time.Second,
+		healthcheckFunc: checkFn,
+	})
+
+	hc.start(&sync.WaitGroup{})
+
+	time.Sleep(2 * time.Second)
+
+	mu.Lock()
+	if called == 0 {
+		t.Errorf("Healthchecker did not call the provided HealthCheckFunc")
+	}
+	if e != nil {
+		t.Errorf("HealthCheckFunc was called with non-nil error: %v", e)
+	}
+	mu.Unlock()
+
+	hc.terminate()
+}
+
+func TestHealthCheckerWhenRedisDown(t *testing.T) {
+	// Make sure that healthchecker goroutine doesn't panic
+	// if it cannot connect to redis.
+	defer func() {
+		if r := recover(); r != nil {
+			t.Errorf("panic occurred: %v", r)
+		}
+	}()
+	r := rdb.NewRDB(setup(t))
+	defer r.Close()
+	testBroker := testbroker.NewTestBroker(r)
+	var (
+		// mu guards called and e variables.
+		mu     sync.Mutex
+		called int
+		e      error
+	)
+	checkFn := func(err error) {
+		mu.Lock()
+		defer mu.Unlock()
+		called++
+		e = err
+	}
+
+	hc := newHealthChecker(healthcheckerParams{
+		logger:          testLogger,
+		broker:          testBroker,
+		interval:        1 * time.Second,
+		healthcheckFunc: checkFn,
+	})
+
+	testBroker.Sleep()
+	hc.start(&sync.WaitGroup{})
+
+	time.Sleep(2 * time.Second)
+
+	mu.Lock()
+	if called == 0 {
+		t.Errorf("Healthchecker did not call the provided HealthCheckFunc")
+	}
+	if e == nil {
+		t.Errorf("HealthCheckFunc was called with nil; want non-nil error")
+	}
+	mu.Unlock()
+
+	hc.terminate()
+}

heartbeat.go

@@ -9,9 +9,9 @@ import (
 	"sync"
 	"time"
 
+	"github.com/google/uuid"
 	"github.com/hibiken/asynq/internal/base"
 	"github.com/hibiken/asynq/internal/log"
-	"github.com/rs/xid"
 )
 
 // heartbeater is responsible for writing process info to redis periodically to
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ func newHeartbeater(params heartbeaterParams) *heartbeater {
 
 		host:           host,
 		pid:            os.Getpid(),
-		serverID:       xid.New().String(),
+		serverID:       uuid.New().String(),
 		concurrency:    params.concurrency,
 		queues:         params.queues,
 		strictPriority: params.strictPriority,

heartbeat_test.go

@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ import (
 
 func TestHeartbeater(t *testing.T) {
 	r := setup(t)
+	defer r.Close()
 	rdbClient := rdb.NewRDB(r)
 
 	tests := []struct {
@@ -28,7 +29,7 @@ func TestHeartbeater(t *testing.T) {
 		queues      map[string]int
 		concurrency int
 	}{
-		{time.Second, "localhost", 45678, map[string]int{"default": 1}, 10},
+		{2 * time.Second, "localhost", 45678, map[string]int{"default": 1}, 10},
 	}
 
 	timeCmpOpt := cmpopts.EquateApproxTime(10 * time.Millisecond)
@@ -68,7 +69,7 @@ func TestHeartbeater(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 
 		// allow for heartbeater to write to redis
-		time.Sleep(tc.interval * 2)
+		time.Sleep(tc.interval)
 
 		ss, err := rdbClient.ListServers()
 		if err != nil {
@@ -128,6 +129,7 @@ func TestHeartbeaterWithRedisDown(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 	}()
 	r := rdb.NewRDB(setup(t))
+	defer r.Close()
 	testBroker := testbroker.NewTestBroker(r)
 	hb := newHeartbeater(heartbeaterParams{
 		logger:         testLogger,

inspector.go

@@ -0,0 +1,606 @@
+// Copyright 2020 Kentaro Hibino. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a MIT license
+// that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+package asynq
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/google/uuid"
+	"github.com/hibiken/asynq/internal/rdb"
+)
+
+// Inspector is a client interface to inspect and mutate the state of
+// queues and tasks.
+type Inspector struct {
+	rdb *rdb.RDB
+}
+
+// New returns a new instance of Inspector.
+func NewInspector(r RedisConnOpt) *Inspector {
+	return &Inspector{
+		rdb: rdb.NewRDB(createRedisClient(r)),
+	}
+}
+
+// Close closes the connection with redis.
+func (i *Inspector) Close() error {
+	return i.rdb.Close()
+}
+
+// Queues returns a list of all queue names.
+func (i *Inspector) Queues() ([]string, error) {
+	return i.rdb.AllQueues()
+}
+
+// QueueStats represents a state of queues at a certain time.
+type QueueStats struct {
+	// Name of the queue.
+	Queue string
+	// Size is the total number of tasks in the queue.
+	// The value is the sum of Pending, Active, Scheduled, Retry, and Dead.
+	Size int
+	// Number of pending tasks.
+	Pending int
+	// Number of active tasks.
+	Active int
+	// Number of scheduled tasks.
+	Scheduled int
+	// Number of retry tasks.
+	Retry int
+	// Number of dead tasks.
+	Dead int
+	// Total number of tasks being processed during the given date.
+	// The number includes both succeeded and failed tasks.
+	Processed int
+	// Total number of tasks failed to be processed during the given date.
+	Failed int
+	// Paused indicates whether the queue is paused.
+	// If true, tasks in the queue will not be processed.
+	Paused bool
+	// Time when this stats was taken.
+	Timestamp time.Time
+}
+
+// CurrentStats returns a current stats of the given queue.
+func (i *Inspector) CurrentStats(qname string) (*QueueStats, error) {
+	if err := validateQueueName(qname); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	stats, err := i.rdb.CurrentStats(qname)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return &QueueStats{
+		Queue:     stats.Queue,
+		Size:      stats.Size,
+		Pending:   stats.Pending,
+		Active:    stats.Active,
+		Scheduled: stats.Scheduled,
+		Retry:     stats.Retry,
+		Dead:      stats.Dead,
+		Processed: stats.Processed,
+		Failed:    stats.Failed,
+		Paused:    stats.Paused,
+		Timestamp: stats.Timestamp,
+	}, nil
+}
+
+// DailyStats holds aggregate data for a given day for a given queue.
+type DailyStats struct {
+	// Name of the queue.
+	Queue string
+	// Total number of tasks being processed during the given date.
+	// The number includes both succeeded and failed tasks.
+	Processed int
+	// Total number of tasks failed to be processed during the given date.
+	Failed int
+	// Date this stats was taken.
+	Date time.Time
+}
+
+// History returns a list of stats from the last n days.
+func (i *Inspector) History(qname string, n int) ([]*DailyStats, error) {
+	if err := validateQueueName(qname); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	stats, err := i.rdb.HistoricalStats(qname, n)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	var res []*DailyStats
+	for _, s := range stats {
+		res = append(res, &DailyStats{
+			Queue:     s.Queue,
+			Processed: s.Processed,
+			Failed:    s.Failed,
+			Date:      s.Time,
+		})
+	}
+	return res, nil
+}
+
+// PendingTask is a task in a queue and is ready to be processed.
+type PendingTask struct {
+	*Task
+	ID    string
+	Queue string
+}
+
+// ActiveTask is a task that's currently being processed.
+type ActiveTask struct {
+	*Task
+	ID    string
+	Queue string
+}
+
+// ScheduledTask is a task scheduled to be processed in the future.
+type ScheduledTask struct {
+	*Task
+	ID            string
+	Queue         string
+	NextProcessAt time.Time
+
+	score int64
+}
+
+// RetryTask is a task scheduled to be retried in the future.
+type RetryTask struct {
+	*Task
+	ID            string
+	Queue         string
+	NextProcessAt time.Time
+	MaxRetry      int
+	Retried       int
+	ErrorMsg      string
+	// TODO: LastFailedAt  time.Time
+
+	score int64
+}
+
+// DeadTask is a task exhausted its retries.
+// DeadTask won't be retried automatically.
+type DeadTask struct {
+	*Task
+	ID           string
+	Queue        string
+	MaxRetry     int
+	Retried      int
+	LastFailedAt time.Time
+	ErrorMsg     string
+
+	score int64
+}
+
+// Key returns a key used to delete, run, and kill the task.
+func (t *ScheduledTask) Key() string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("s:%v:%v", t.ID, t.score)
+}
+
+// Key returns a key used to delete, run, and kill the task.
+func (t *RetryTask) Key() string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("r:%v:%v", t.ID, t.score)
+}
+
+// Key returns a key used to delete, run, and kill the task.
+func (t *DeadTask) Key() string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("d:%v:%v", t.ID, t.score)
+}
+
+// parseTaskKey parses a key string and returns each part of key with proper
+// type if valid, otherwise it reports an error.
+func parseTaskKey(key string) (id uuid.UUID, score int64, state string, err error) {
+	parts := strings.Split(key, ":")
+	if len(parts) != 3 {
+		return uuid.Nil, 0, "", fmt.Errorf("invalid id")
+	}
+	id, err = uuid.Parse(parts[1])
+	if err != nil {
+		return uuid.Nil, 0, "", fmt.Errorf("invalid id")
+	}
+	score, err = strconv.ParseInt(parts[2], 10, 64)
+	if err != nil {
+		return uuid.Nil, 0, "", fmt.Errorf("invalid id")
+	}
+	state = parts[0]
+	if len(state) != 1 || !strings.Contains("srd", state) {
+		return uuid.Nil, 0, "", fmt.Errorf("invalid id")
+	}
+	return id, score, state, nil
+}
+
+// ListOption specifies behavior of list operation.
+type ListOption interface{}
+
+// Internal list option representations.
+type (
+	pageSizeOpt int
+	pageNumOpt  int
+)
+
+type listOption struct {
+	pageSize int
+	pageNum  int
+}
+
+const (
+	// Page size used by default in list operation.
+	defaultPageSize = 30
+
+	// Page number used by default in list operation.
+	defaultPageNum = 1
+)
+
+func composeListOptions(opts ...ListOption) listOption {
+	res := listOption{
+		pageSize: defaultPageSize,
+		pageNum:  defaultPageNum,
+	}
+	for _, opt := range opts {
+		switch opt := opt.(type) {
+		case pageSizeOpt:
+			res.pageSize = int(opt)
+		case pageNumOpt:
+			res.pageNum = int(opt)
+		default:
+			// ignore unexpected option
+		}
+	}
+	return res
+}
+
+// PageSize returns an option to specify the page size for list operation.
+//
+// Negative page size is treated as zero.
+func PageSize(n int) ListOption {
+	if n < 0 {
+		n = 0
+	}
+	return pageSizeOpt(n)
+}
+
+// Page returns an option to specify the page number for list operation.
+// The value 1 fetches the first page.
+//
+// Negative page number is treated as one.
+func Page(n int) ListOption {
+	if n < 0 {
+		n = 1
+	}
+	return pageNumOpt(n)
+}
+
+// ListPendingTasks retrieves pending tasks from the specified queue.
+//
+// By default, it retrieves the first 30 tasks.
+func (i *Inspector) ListPendingTasks(qname string, opts ...ListOption) ([]*PendingTask, error) {
+	if err := validateQueueName(qname); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	opt := composeListOptions(opts...)
+	pgn := rdb.Pagination{Size: opt.pageSize, Page: opt.pageNum - 1}
+	msgs, err := i.rdb.ListPending(qname, pgn)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	var tasks []*PendingTask
+	for _, m := range msgs {
+		tasks = append(tasks, &PendingTask{
+			Task:  NewTask(m.Type, m.Payload),
+			ID:    m.ID.String(),
+			Queue: m.Queue,
+		})
+	}
+	return tasks, err
+}
+
+// ListActiveTasks retrieves active tasks from the specified queue.
+//
+// By default, it retrieves the first 30 tasks.
+func (i *Inspector) ListActiveTasks(qname string, opts ...ListOption) ([]*ActiveTask, error) {
+	if err := validateQueueName(qname); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	opt := composeListOptions(opts...)
+	pgn := rdb.Pagination{Size: opt.pageSize, Page: opt.pageNum - 1}
+	msgs, err := i.rdb.ListActive(qname, pgn)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	var tasks []*ActiveTask
+	for _, m := range msgs {
+		tasks = append(tasks, &ActiveTask{
+			Task:  NewTask(m.Type, m.Payload),
+			ID:    m.ID.String(),
+			Queue: m.Queue,
+		})
+	}
+	return tasks, err
+}
+
+// ListScheduledTasks retrieves scheduled tasks from the specified queue.
+// Tasks are sorted by NextProcessAt field in ascending order.
+//
+// By default, it retrieves the first 30 tasks.
+func (i *Inspector) ListScheduledTasks(qname string, opts ...ListOption) ([]*ScheduledTask, error) {
+	if err := validateQueueName(qname); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	opt := composeListOptions(opts...)
+	pgn := rdb.Pagination{Size: opt.pageSize, Page: opt.pageNum - 1}
+	zs, err := i.rdb.ListScheduled(qname, pgn)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	var tasks []*ScheduledTask
+	for _, z := range zs {
+		processAt := time.Unix(z.Score, 0)
+		t := NewTask(z.Message.Type, z.Message.Payload)
+		tasks = append(tasks, &ScheduledTask{
+			Task:          t,
+			ID:            z.Message.ID.String(),
+			Queue:         z.Message.Queue,
+			NextProcessAt: processAt,
+			score:         z.Score,
+		})
+	}
+	return tasks, nil
+}
+
+// ListRetryTasks retrieves retry tasks from the specified queue.
+// Tasks are sorted by NextProcessAt field in ascending order.
+//
+// By default, it retrieves the first 30 tasks.
+func (i *Inspector) ListRetryTasks(qname string, opts ...ListOption) ([]*RetryTask, error) {
+	if err := validateQueueName(qname); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	opt := composeListOptions(opts...)
+	pgn := rdb.Pagination{Size: opt.pageSize, Page: opt.pageNum - 1}
+	zs, err := i.rdb.ListRetry(qname, pgn)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	var tasks []*RetryTask
+	for _, z := range zs {
+		processAt := time.Unix(z.Score, 0)
+		t := NewTask(z.Message.Type, z.Message.Payload)
+		tasks = append(tasks, &RetryTask{
+			Task:          t,
+			ID:            z.Message.ID.String(),
+			Queue:         z.Message.Queue,
+			NextProcessAt: processAt,
+			MaxRetry:      z.Message.Retry,
+			Retried:       z.Message.Retried,
+			// TODO: LastFailedAt: z.Message.LastFailedAt
+			ErrorMsg: z.Message.ErrorMsg,
+			score:    z.Score,
+		})
+	}
+	return tasks, nil
+}
+
+// ListDeadTasks retrieves dead tasks from the specified queue.
+// Tasks are sorted by LastFailedAt field in descending order.
+//
+// By default, it retrieves the first 30 tasks.
+func (i *Inspector) ListDeadTasks(qname string, opts ...ListOption) ([]*DeadTask, error) {
+	if err := validateQueueName(qname); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	opt := composeListOptions(opts...)
+	pgn := rdb.Pagination{Size: opt.pageSize, Page: opt.pageNum - 1}
+	zs, err := i.rdb.ListDead(qname, pgn)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	var tasks []*DeadTask
+	for _, z := range zs {
+		failedAt := time.Unix(z.Score, 0)
+		t := NewTask(z.Message.Type, z.Message.Payload)
+		tasks = append(tasks, &DeadTask{
+			Task:         t,
+			ID:           z.Message.ID.String(),
+			Queue:        z.Message.Queue,
+			MaxRetry:     z.Message.Retry,
+			Retried:      z.Message.Retried,
+			LastFailedAt: failedAt,
+			ErrorMsg:     z.Message.ErrorMsg,
+			score:        z.Score,
+		})
+	}
+	return tasks, nil
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+// DeleteAllScheduledTasks deletes all scheduled tasks from the specified queue,
+// and reports the number tasks deleted.
+func (i *Inspector) DeleteAllScheduledTasks(qname string) (int, error) {
+	if err := validateQueueName(qname); err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	n, err := i.rdb.DeleteAllScheduledTasks(qname)
+	return int(n), err
+}
+
+// DeleteAllRetryTasks deletes all retry tasks from the specified queue,
+// and reports the number tasks deleted.
+func (i *Inspector) DeleteAllRetryTasks(qname string) (int, error) {
+	if err := validateQueueName(qname); err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	n, err := i.rdb.DeleteAllRetryTasks(qname)
+	return int(n), err
+}
+
+// DeleteAllDeadTasks deletes all dead tasks from the specified queue,
+// and reports the number tasks deleted.
+func (i *Inspector) DeleteAllDeadTasks(qname string) (int, error) {
+	if err := validateQueueName(qname); err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	n, err := i.rdb.DeleteAllDeadTasks(qname)
+	return int(n), err
+}
+
+// DeleteTaskByKey deletes a task with the given key from the given queue.
+func (i *Inspector) DeleteTaskByKey(qname, key string) error {
+	if err := validateQueueName(qname); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	id, score, state, err := parseTaskKey(key)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	switch state {
+	case "s":
+		return i.rdb.DeleteScheduledTask(qname, id, score)
+	case "r":
+		return i.rdb.DeleteRetryTask(qname, id, score)
+	case "d":
+		return i.rdb.DeleteDeadTask(qname, id, score)
+	default:
+		return fmt.Errorf("invalid key")
+	}
+}
+
+// RunAllScheduledTasks transition all scheduled tasks to pending state within the given queue,
+// and reports the number of tasks transitioned.
+func (i *Inspector) RunAllScheduledTasks(qname string) (int, error) {
+	if err := validateQueueName(qname); err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	n, err := i.rdb.RunAllScheduledTasks(qname)
+	return int(n), err
+}
+
+// RunAllRetryTasks transition all retry tasks to pending state within the given queue,
+// and reports the number of tasks transitioned.
+func (i *Inspector) RunAllRetryTasks(qname string) (int, error) {
+	if err := validateQueueName(qname); err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	n, err := i.rdb.RunAllRetryTasks(qname)
+	return int(n), err
+}
+
+// RunAllDeadTasks transition all dead tasks to pending state within the given queue,
+// and reports the number of tasks transitioned.
+func (i *Inspector) RunAllDeadTasks(qname string) (int, error) {
+	if err := validateQueueName(qname); err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	n, err := i.rdb.RunAllDeadTasks(qname)
+	return int(n), err
+}
+
+// RunTaskByKey transition a task to pending state given task key and queue name.
+func (i *Inspector) RunTaskByKey(qname, key string) error {
+	if err := validateQueueName(qname); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	id, score, state, err := parseTaskKey(key)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	switch state {
+	case "s":
+		return i.rdb.RunScheduledTask(qname, id, score)
+	case "r":
+		return i.rdb.RunRetryTask(qname, id, score)
+	case "d":
+		return i.rdb.RunDeadTask(qname, id, score)
+	default:
+		return fmt.Errorf("invalid key")
+	}
+}
+
+// KillAllScheduledTasks kills all scheduled tasks within the given queue,
+// and reports the number of tasks killed.
+func (i *Inspector) KillAllScheduledTasks(qname string) (int, error) {
+	if err := validateQueueName(qname); err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	n, err := i.rdb.KillAllScheduledTasks(qname)
+	return int(n), err
+}
+
+// KillAllRetryTasks kills all retry tasks within the given queue,
+// and reports the number of tasks killed.
+func (i *Inspector) KillAllRetryTasks(qname string) (int, error) {
+	if err := validateQueueName(qname); err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	n, err := i.rdb.KillAllRetryTasks(qname)
+	return int(n), err
+}
+
+// KillTaskByKey kills a task with the given key in the given queue.
+func (i *Inspector) KillTaskByKey(qname, key string) error {
+	if err := validateQueueName(qname); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	id, score, state, err := parseTaskKey(key)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	switch state {
+	case "s":
+		return i.rdb.KillScheduledTask(qname, id, score)
+	case "r":
+		return i.rdb.KillRetryTask(qname, id, score)
+	case "d":
+		return fmt.Errorf("task already dead")
+	default:
+		return fmt.Errorf("invalid key")
+	}
+}
+
+// PauseQueue pauses task processing on the specified queue.
+// If the queue is already paused, it will return a non-nil error.
+func (i *Inspector) PauseQueue(qname string) error {
+	if err := validateQueueName(qname); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return i.rdb.Pause(qname)
+}
+
+// UnpauseQueue resumes task processing on the specified queue.
+// If the queue is not paused, it will return a non-nil error.
+func (i *Inspector) UnpauseQueue(qname string) error {
+	if err := validateQueueName(qname); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return i.rdb.Unpause(qname)
+}
+
+// ClusterKeySlot returns an integer identifying the hash slot the given queue hashes to.
+func (i *Inspector) ClusterKeySlot(qname string) (int64, error) {
+	return i.rdb.ClusterKeySlot(qname)
+}
+
+// ClusterNode describes a node in redis cluster.
+type ClusterNode struct {
+	// Node ID in the cluster.
+	ID string
+
+	// Address of the node.
+	Addr string
+}
+
+// ClusterNode returns a list of nodes the given queue belongs to.
+func (i *Inspector) ClusterNodes(qname string) ([]ClusterNode, error) {
+	nodes, err := i.rdb.ClusterNodes(qname)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	var res []ClusterNode
+	for _, node := range nodes {
+		res = append(res, ClusterNode{ID: node.ID, Addr: node.Addr})
+	}
+	return res, nil
+}

internal/asynqtest/asynqtest.go

@@ -7,20 +7,23 @@ package asynqtest
 
 import (
 	"encoding/json"
+	"math"
 	"sort"
 	"testing"
 
 	"github.com/go-redis/redis/v7"
 	"github.com/google/go-cmp/cmp"
 	"github.com/google/go-cmp/cmp/cmpopts"
+	"github.com/google/uuid"
 	"github.com/hibiken/asynq/internal/base"
-	"github.com/rs/xid"
 )
 
-// ZSetEntry is an entry in redis sorted set.
-type ZSetEntry struct {
-	Msg   *base.TaskMessage
-	Score float64
+// EquateInt64Approx returns a Comparer option that treats int64 values
+// to be equal if they are within the given margin.
+func EquateInt64Approx(margin int64) cmp.Option {
+	return cmp.Comparer(func(a, b int64) bool {
+		return math.Abs(float64(a-b)) <= float64(margin)
+	})
 }
 
 // SortMsgOpt is a cmp.Option to sort base.TaskMessage for comparing slice of task messages.
@@ -33,10 +36,10 @@ var SortMsgOpt = cmp.Transformer("SortTaskMessages", func(in []*base.TaskMessage
 })
 
 // SortZSetEntryOpt is an cmp.Option to sort ZSetEntry for comparing slice of zset entries.
-var SortZSetEntryOpt = cmp.Transformer("SortZSetEntries", func(in []ZSetEntry) []ZSetEntry {
-	out := append([]ZSetEntry(nil), in...) // Copy input to avoid mutating it
+var SortZSetEntryOpt = cmp.Transformer("SortZSetEntries", func(in []base.Z) []base.Z {
+	out := append([]base.Z(nil), in...) // Copy input to avoid mutating it
 	sort.Slice(out, func(i, j int) bool {
-		return out[i].Msg.ID.String() < out[j].Msg.ID.String()
+		return out[i].Message.ID.String() < out[j].Message.ID.String()
 	})
 	return out
 })
@@ -62,6 +65,24 @@ var SortWorkerInfoOpt = cmp.Transformer("SortWorkerInfo", func(in []*base.Worker
 	return out
 })
 
+// SortSchedulerEntryOpt is a cmp.Option to sort base.SchedulerEntry for comparing slice of entries.
+var SortSchedulerEntryOpt = cmp.Transformer("SortSchedulerEntry", func(in []*base.SchedulerEntry) []*base.SchedulerEntry {
+	out := append([]*base.SchedulerEntry(nil), in...) // Copy input to avoid mutating it
+	sort.Slice(out, func(i, j int) bool {
+		return out[i].Spec < out[j].Spec
+	})
+	return out
+})
+
+// SortSchedulerEnqueueEventOpt is a cmp.Option to sort base.SchedulerEnqueueEvent for comparing slice of events.
+var SortSchedulerEnqueueEventOpt = cmp.Transformer("SortSchedulerEnqueueEvent", func(in []*base.SchedulerEnqueueEvent) []*base.SchedulerEnqueueEvent {
+	out := append([]*base.SchedulerEnqueueEvent(nil), in...)
+	sort.Slice(out, func(i, j int) bool {
+		return out[i].EnqueuedAt.Unix() < out[j].EnqueuedAt.Unix()
+	})
+	return out
+})
+
 // SortStringSliceOpt is a cmp.Option to sort string slice.
 var SortStringSliceOpt = cmp.Transformer("SortStringSlice", func(in []string) []string {
 	out := append([]string(nil), in...)
@@ -74,27 +95,37 @@ var IgnoreIDOpt = cmpopts.IgnoreFields(base.TaskMessage{}, "ID")
 
 // NewTaskMessage returns a new instance of TaskMessage given a task type and payload.
 func NewTaskMessage(taskType string, payload map[string]interface{}) *base.TaskMessage {
-	return &base.TaskMessage{
-		ID:      xid.New(),
-		Type:    taskType,
-		Queue:   base.DefaultQueueName,
-		Retry:   25,
-		Payload: payload,
-	}
+	return NewTaskMessageWithQueue(taskType, payload, base.DefaultQueueName)
 }
 
 // NewTaskMessageWithQueue returns a new instance of TaskMessage given a
 // task type, payload and queue name.
 func NewTaskMessageWithQueue(taskType string, payload map[string]interface{}, qname string) *base.TaskMessage {
 	return &base.TaskMessage{
-		ID:      xid.New(),
-		Type:    taskType,
-		Queue:   qname,
-		Retry:   25,
-		Payload: payload,
+		ID:       uuid.New(),
+		Type:     taskType,
+		Queue:    qname,
+		Retry:    25,
+		Payload:  payload,
+		Timeout:  1800, // default timeout of 30 mins
+		Deadline: 0,    // no deadline
 	}
 }
 
+// TaskMessageAfterRetry returns an updated copy of t after retry.
+// It increments retry count and sets the error message.
+func TaskMessageAfterRetry(t base.TaskMessage, errMsg string) *base.TaskMessage {
+	t.Retried = t.Retried + 1
+	t.ErrorMsg = errMsg
+	return &t
+}
+
+// TaskMessageWithError returns an updated copy of t with the given error message.
+func TaskMessageWithError(t base.TaskMessage, errMsg string) *base.TaskMessage {
+	t.ErrorMsg = errMsg
+	return &t
+}
+
 // MustMarshal marshals given task message and returns a json string.
 // Calling test will fail if marshaling errors out.
 func MustMarshal(tb testing.TB, msg *base.TaskMessage) string {
@@ -141,51 +172,113 @@ func MustUnmarshalSlice(tb testing.TB, data []string) []*base.TaskMessage {
 }
 
 // FlushDB deletes all the keys of the currently selected DB.
-func FlushDB(tb testing.TB, r *redis.Client) {
+func FlushDB(tb testing.TB, r redis.UniversalClient) {
 	tb.Helper()
-	if err := r.FlushDB().Err(); err != nil {
-		tb.Fatal(err)
+	switch r := r.(type) {
+	case *redis.Client:
+		if err := r.FlushDB().Err(); err != nil {
+			tb.Fatal(err)
+		}
+	case *redis.ClusterClient:
+		err := r.ForEachMaster(func(c *redis.Client) error {
+			if err := c.FlushAll().Err(); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			return nil
+		})
+		if err != nil {
+			tb.Fatal(err)
+		}
 	}
 }
 
-// SeedEnqueuedQueue initializes the specified queue with the given messages.
-//
-// If queue name option is not passed, it defaults to the default queue.
-func SeedEnqueuedQueue(tb testing.TB, r *redis.Client, msgs []*base.TaskMessage, queueOpt ...string) {
+// SeedPendingQueue initializes the specified queue with the given messages.
+func SeedPendingQueue(tb testing.TB, r redis.UniversalClient, msgs []*base.TaskMessage, qname string) {
 	tb.Helper()
-	queue := base.DefaultQueue
-	if len(queueOpt) > 0 {
-		queue = base.QueueKey(queueOpt[0])
-	}
-	r.SAdd(base.AllQueues, queue)
-	seedRedisList(tb, r, queue, msgs)
+	r.SAdd(base.AllQueues, qname)
+	seedRedisList(tb, r, base.QueueKey(qname), msgs)
 }
 
-// SeedInProgressQueue initializes the in-progress queue with the given messages.
-func SeedInProgressQueue(tb testing.TB, r *redis.Client, msgs []*base.TaskMessage) {
+// SeedActiveQueue initializes the active queue with the given messages.
+func SeedActiveQueue(tb testing.TB, r redis.UniversalClient, msgs []*base.TaskMessage, qname string) {
 	tb.Helper()
-	seedRedisList(tb, r, base.InProgressQueue, msgs)
+	r.SAdd(base.AllQueues, qname)
+	seedRedisList(tb, r, base.ActiveKey(qname), msgs)
 }
 
 // SeedScheduledQueue initializes the scheduled queue with the given messages.
-func SeedScheduledQueue(tb testing.TB, r *redis.Client, entries []ZSetEntry) {
+func SeedScheduledQueue(tb testing.TB, r redis.UniversalClient, entries []base.Z, qname string) {
 	tb.Helper()
-	seedRedisZSet(tb, r, base.ScheduledQueue, entries)
+	r.SAdd(base.AllQueues, qname)
+	seedRedisZSet(tb, r, base.ScheduledKey(qname), entries)
 }
 
 // SeedRetryQueue initializes the retry queue with the given messages.
-func SeedRetryQueue(tb testing.TB, r *redis.Client, entries []ZSetEntry) {
+func SeedRetryQueue(tb testing.TB, r redis.UniversalClient, entries []base.Z, qname string) {
 	tb.Helper()
-	seedRedisZSet(tb, r, base.RetryQueue, entries)
+	r.SAdd(base.AllQueues, qname)
+	seedRedisZSet(tb, r, base.RetryKey(qname), entries)
 }
 
 // SeedDeadQueue initializes the dead queue with the given messages.
-func SeedDeadQueue(tb testing.TB, r *redis.Client, entries []ZSetEntry) {
+func SeedDeadQueue(tb testing.TB, r redis.UniversalClient, entries []base.Z, qname string) {
 	tb.Helper()
-	seedRedisZSet(tb, r, base.DeadQueue, entries)
+	r.SAdd(base.AllQueues, qname)
+	seedRedisZSet(tb, r, base.DeadKey(qname), entries)
 }
 
-func seedRedisList(tb testing.TB, c *redis.Client, key string, msgs []*base.TaskMessage) {
+// SeedDeadlines initializes the deadlines set with the given entries.
+func SeedDeadlines(tb testing.TB, r redis.UniversalClient, entries []base.Z, qname string) {
+	tb.Helper()
+	r.SAdd(base.AllQueues, qname)
+	seedRedisZSet(tb, r, base.DeadlinesKey(qname), entries)
+}
+
+// SeedAllPendingQueues initializes all of the specified queues with the given messages.
+//
+// pending maps a queue name to a list of messages.
+func SeedAllPendingQueues(tb testing.TB, r redis.UniversalClient, pending map[string][]*base.TaskMessage) {
+	for q, msgs := range pending {
+		SeedPendingQueue(tb, r, msgs, q)
+	}
+}
+
+// SeedAllActiveQueues initializes all of the specified active queues with the given messages.
+func SeedAllActiveQueues(tb testing.TB, r redis.UniversalClient, active map[string][]*base.TaskMessage) {
+	for q, msgs := range active {
+		SeedActiveQueue(tb, r, msgs, q)
+	}
+}
+
+// SeedAllScheduledQueues initializes all of the specified scheduled queues with the given entries.
+func SeedAllScheduledQueues(tb testing.TB, r redis.UniversalClient, scheduled map[string][]base.Z) {
+	for q, entries := range scheduled {
+		SeedScheduledQueue(tb, r, entries, q)
+	}
+}
+
+// SeedAllRetryQueues initializes all of the specified retry queues with the given entries.
+func SeedAllRetryQueues(tb testing.TB, r redis.UniversalClient, retry map[string][]base.Z) {
+	for q, entries := range retry {
+		SeedRetryQueue(tb, r, entries, q)
+	}
+}
+
+// SeedAllDeadQueues initializes all of the specified dead queues with the given entries.
+func SeedAllDeadQueues(tb testing.TB, r redis.UniversalClient, dead map[string][]base.Z) {
+	for q, entries := range dead {
+		SeedDeadQueue(tb, r, entries, q)
+	}
+}
+
+// SeedAllDeadlines initializes all of the deadlines with the given entries.
+func SeedAllDeadlines(tb testing.TB, r redis.UniversalClient, deadlines map[string][]base.Z) {
+	for q, entries := range deadlines {
+		SeedDeadlines(tb, r, entries, q)
+	}
+}
+
+func seedRedisList(tb testing.TB, c redis.UniversalClient, key string, msgs []*base.TaskMessage) {
 	data := MustMarshalSlice(tb, msgs)
 	for _, s := range data {
 		if err := c.LPush(key, s).Err(); err != nil {
@@ -194,86 +287,86 @@ func seedRedisList(tb testing.TB, c *redis.Client, key string, msgs []*base.Task
 	}
 }
 
-func seedRedisZSet(tb testing.TB, c *redis.Client, key string, items []ZSetEntry) {
+func seedRedisZSet(tb testing.TB, c redis.UniversalClient, key string, items []base.Z) {
 	for _, item := range items {
-		z := &redis.Z{Member: MustMarshal(tb, item.Msg), Score: float64(item.Score)}
+		z := &redis.Z{Member: MustMarshal(tb, item.Message), Score: float64(item.Score)}
 		if err := c.ZAdd(key, z).Err(); err != nil {
 			tb.Fatal(err)
 		}
 	}
 }
 
-// GetEnqueuedMessages returns all task messages in the specified queue.
-//
-// If queue name option is not passed, it defaults to the default queue.
-func GetEnqueuedMessages(tb testing.TB, r *redis.Client, queueOpt ...string) []*base.TaskMessage {
+// GetPendingMessages returns all pending messages in the given queue.
+func GetPendingMessages(tb testing.TB, r redis.UniversalClient, qname string) []*base.TaskMessage {
 	tb.Helper()
-	queue := base.DefaultQueue
-	if len(queueOpt) > 0 {
-		queue = base.QueueKey(queueOpt[0])
-	}
-	return getListMessages(tb, r, queue)
+	return getListMessages(tb, r, base.QueueKey(qname))
 }
 
-// GetInProgressMessages returns all task messages in the in-progress queue.
-func GetInProgressMessages(tb testing.TB, r *redis.Client) []*base.TaskMessage {
+// GetActiveMessages returns all active messages in the given queue.
+func GetActiveMessages(tb testing.TB, r redis.UniversalClient, qname string) []*base.TaskMessage {
 	tb.Helper()
-	return getListMessages(tb, r, base.InProgressQueue)
+	return getListMessages(tb, r, base.ActiveKey(qname))
 }
 
-// GetScheduledMessages returns all task messages in the scheduled queue.
-func GetScheduledMessages(tb testing.TB, r *redis.Client) []*base.TaskMessage {
+// GetScheduledMessages returns all scheduled task messages in the given queue.
+func GetScheduledMessages(tb testing.TB, r redis.UniversalClient, qname string) []*base.TaskMessage {
 	tb.Helper()
-	return getZSetMessages(tb, r, base.ScheduledQueue)
+	return getZSetMessages(tb, r, base.ScheduledKey(qname))
 }
 
-// GetRetryMessages returns all task messages in the retry queue.
-func GetRetryMessages(tb testing.TB, r *redis.Client) []*base.TaskMessage {
+// GetRetryMessages returns all retry messages in the given queue.
+func GetRetryMessages(tb testing.TB, r redis.UniversalClient, qname string) []*base.TaskMessage {
 	tb.Helper()
-	return getZSetMessages(tb, r, base.RetryQueue)
+	return getZSetMessages(tb, r, base.RetryKey(qname))
 }
 
-// GetDeadMessages returns all task messages in the dead queue.
-func GetDeadMessages(tb testing.TB, r *redis.Client) []*base.TaskMessage {
+// GetDeadMessages returns all dead messages in the given queue.
+func GetDeadMessages(tb testing.TB, r redis.UniversalClient, qname string) []*base.TaskMessage {
 	tb.Helper()
-	return getZSetMessages(tb, r, base.DeadQueue)
+	return getZSetMessages(tb, r, base.DeadKey(qname))
 }
 
-// GetScheduledEntries returns all task messages and its score in the scheduled queue.
-func GetScheduledEntries(tb testing.TB, r *redis.Client) []ZSetEntry {
+// GetScheduledEntries returns all scheduled messages and its score in the given queue.
+func GetScheduledEntries(tb testing.TB, r redis.UniversalClient, qname string) []base.Z {
 	tb.Helper()
-	return getZSetEntries(tb, r, base.ScheduledQueue)
+	return getZSetEntries(tb, r, base.ScheduledKey(qname))
 }
 
-// GetRetryEntries returns all task messages and its score in the retry queue.
-func GetRetryEntries(tb testing.TB, r *redis.Client) []ZSetEntry {
+// GetRetryEntries returns all retry messages and its score in the given queue.
+func GetRetryEntries(tb testing.TB, r redis.UniversalClient, qname string) []base.Z {
 	tb.Helper()
-	return getZSetEntries(tb, r, base.RetryQueue)
+	return getZSetEntries(tb, r, base.RetryKey(qname))
 }
 
-// GetDeadEntries returns all task messages and its score in the dead queue.
-func GetDeadEntries(tb testing.TB, r *redis.Client) []ZSetEntry {
+// GetDeadEntries returns all dead messages and its score in the given queue.
+func GetDeadEntries(tb testing.TB, r redis.UniversalClient, qname string) []base.Z {
 	tb.Helper()
-	return getZSetEntries(tb, r, base.DeadQueue)
+	return getZSetEntries(tb, r, base.DeadKey(qname))
 }
 
-func getListMessages(tb testing.TB, r *redis.Client, list string) []*base.TaskMessage {
+// GetDeadlinesEntries returns all task messages and its score in the deadlines set for the given queue.
+func GetDeadlinesEntries(tb testing.TB, r redis.UniversalClient, qname string) []base.Z {
+	tb.Helper()
+	return getZSetEntries(tb, r, base.DeadlinesKey(qname))
+}
+
+func getListMessages(tb testing.TB, r redis.UniversalClient, list string) []*base.TaskMessage {
 	data := r.LRange(list, 0, -1).Val()
 	return MustUnmarshalSlice(tb, data)
 }
 
-func getZSetMessages(tb testing.TB, r *redis.Client, zset string) []*base.TaskMessage {
+func getZSetMessages(tb testing.TB, r redis.UniversalClient, zset string) []*base.TaskMessage {
 	data := r.ZRange(zset, 0, -1).Val()
 	return MustUnmarshalSlice(tb, data)
 }
 
-func getZSetEntries(tb testing.TB, r *redis.Client, zset string) []ZSetEntry {
+func getZSetEntries(tb testing.TB, r redis.UniversalClient, zset string) []base.Z {
 	data := r.ZRangeWithScores(zset, 0, -1).Val()
-	var entries []ZSetEntry
+	var entries []base.Z
 	for _, z := range data {
-		entries = append(entries, ZSetEntry{
-			Msg:   MustUnmarshal(tb, z.Member.(string)),
-			Score: z.Score,
+		entries = append(entries, base.Z{
+			Message: MustUnmarshal(tb, z.Member.(string)),
+			Score:   int64(z.Score),
 		})
 	}
 	return entries

internal/base/base.go

@@ -9,59 +9,125 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"encoding/json"
 	"fmt"
+	"sort"
 	"strings"
 	"sync"
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/go-redis/redis/v7"
-	"github.com/rs/xid"
+	"github.com/google/uuid"
 )
 
+// Version of asynq library and CLI.
+const Version = "0.13.0"
+
 // DefaultQueueName is the queue name used if none are specified by user.
 const DefaultQueueName = "default"
 
-// Redis keys
+// DefaultQueue is the redis key for the default queue.
+var DefaultQueue = QueueKey(DefaultQueueName)
+
+// Global Redis keys.
 const (
-	AllServers      = "asynq:servers"                // ZSET
-	serversPrefix   = "asynq:servers:"               // STRING - asynq:ps:<host>:<pid>:<serverid>
-	AllWorkers      = "asynq:workers"                // ZSET
-	workersPrefix   = "asynq:workers:"               // HASH   - asynq:workers:<host:<pid>:<serverid>
-	processedPrefix = "asynq:processed:"             // STRING - asynq:processed:<yyyy-mm-dd>
-	failurePrefix   = "asynq:failure:"               // STRING - asynq:failure:<yyyy-mm-dd>
-	QueuePrefix     = "asynq:queues:"                // LIST   - asynq:queues:<qname>
-	AllQueues       = "asynq:queues"                 // SET
-	DefaultQueue    = QueuePrefix + DefaultQueueName // LIST
-	ScheduledQueue  = "asynq:scheduled"              // ZSET
-	RetryQueue      = "asynq:retry"                  // ZSET
-	DeadQueue       = "asynq:dead"                   // ZSET
-	InProgressQueue = "asynq:in_progress"            // LIST
-	PausedQueues    = "asynq:paused"                 // SET
-	CancelChannel   = "asynq:cancel"                 // PubSub channel
+	AllServers    = "asynq:servers"    // ZSET
+	AllWorkers    = "asynq:workers"    // ZSET
+	AllSchedulers = "asynq:schedulers" // ZSET
+	AllQueues     = "asynq:queues"     // SET
+	CancelChannel = "asynq:cancel"     // PubSub channel
 )
 
 // QueueKey returns a redis key for the given queue name.
 func QueueKey(qname string) string {
-	return QueuePrefix + strings.ToLower(qname)
+	return fmt.Sprintf("asynq:{%s}", qname)
 }
 
-// ProcessedKey returns a redis key for processed count for the given day.
-func ProcessedKey(t time.Time) string {
-	return processedPrefix + t.UTC().Format("2006-01-02")
+// ActiveKey returns a redis key for the active tasks.
+func ActiveKey(qname string) string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("asynq:{%s}:active", qname)
 }
 
-// FailureKey returns a redis key for failure count for the given day.
-func FailureKey(t time.Time) string {
-	return failurePrefix + t.UTC().Format("2006-01-02")
+// ScheduledKey returns a redis key for the scheduled tasks.
+func ScheduledKey(qname string) string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("asynq:{%s}:scheduled", qname)
+}
+
+// RetryKey returns a redis key for the retry tasks.
+func RetryKey(qname string) string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("asynq:{%s}:retry", qname)
+}
+
+// DeadKey returns a redis key for the dead tasks.
+func DeadKey(qname string) string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("asynq:{%s}:dead", qname)
+}
+
+// DeadlinesKey returns a redis key for the deadlines.
+func DeadlinesKey(qname string) string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("asynq:{%s}:deadlines", qname)
+}
+
+// PausedKey returns a redis key to indicate that the given queue is paused.
+func PausedKey(qname string) string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("asynq:{%s}:paused", qname)
+}
+
+// ProcessedKey returns a redis key for processed count for the given day for the queue.
+func ProcessedKey(qname string, t time.Time) string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("asynq:{%s}:processed:%s", qname, t.UTC().Format("2006-01-02"))
+}
+
+// FailedKey returns a redis key for failure count for the given day for the queue.
+func FailedKey(qname string, t time.Time) string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("asynq:{%s}:failed:%s", qname, t.UTC().Format("2006-01-02"))
 }
 
 // ServerInfoKey returns a redis key for process info.
-func ServerInfoKey(hostname string, pid int, sid string) string {
-	return fmt.Sprintf("%s%s:%d:%s", serversPrefix, hostname, pid, sid)
+func ServerInfoKey(hostname string, pid int, serverID string) string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("asynq:servers:{%s:%d:%s}", hostname, pid, serverID)
 }
 
 // WorkersKey returns a redis key for the workers given hostname, pid, and server ID.
-func WorkersKey(hostname string, pid int, sid string) string {
-	return fmt.Sprintf("%s%s:%d:%s", workersPrefix, hostname, pid, sid)
+func WorkersKey(hostname string, pid int, serverID string) string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("asynq:workers:{%s:%d:%s}", hostname, pid, serverID)
+}
+
+// SchedulerEntriesKey returns a redis key for the scheduler entries given scheduler ID.
+func SchedulerEntriesKey(schedulerID string) string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("asynq:schedulers:{%s}", schedulerID)
+}
+
+// SchedulerHistoryKey returns a redis key for the scheduler's history for the given entry.
+func SchedulerHistoryKey(entryID string) string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("asynq:scheduler_history:%s", entryID)
+}
+
+// UniqueKey returns a redis key with the given type, payload, and queue name.
+func UniqueKey(qname, tasktype string, payload map[string]interface{}) string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("asynq:{%s}:unique:%s:%s", qname, tasktype, serializePayload(payload))
+}
+
+func serializePayload(payload map[string]interface{}) string {
+	if payload == nil {
+		return "nil"
+	}
+	type entry struct {
+		k string
+		v interface{}
+	}
+	var es []entry
+	for k, v := range payload {
+		es = append(es, entry{k, v})
+	}
+	// sort entries by key
+	sort.Slice(es, func(i, j int) bool { return es[i].k < es[j].k })
+	var b strings.Builder
+	for _, e := range es {
+		if b.Len() > 0 {
+			b.WriteString(",")
+		}
+		b.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("%s=%v", e.k, e.v))
+	}
+	return b.String()
 }
 
 // TaskMessage is the internal representation of a task with additional metadata fields.
@@ -74,7 +140,7 @@ type TaskMessage struct {
 	Payload map[string]interface{}
 
 	// ID is a unique identifier for each task.
-	ID xid.ID
+	ID uuid.UUID
 
 	// Queue is a name this message should be enqueued to.
 	Queue string
@@ -88,18 +154,20 @@ type TaskMessage struct {
 	// ErrorMsg holds the error message from the last failure.
 	ErrorMsg string
 
-	// Timeout specifies how long a task may run.
-	// The string value should be compatible with time.Duration.ParseDuration.
+	// Timeout specifies timeout in seconds.
+	// If task processing doesn't complete within the timeout, the task will be retried
+	// if retry count is remaining. Otherwise it will be moved to the dead queue.
 	//
-	// Zero means no limit.
-	Timeout string
+	// Use zero to indicate no timeout.
+	Timeout int64
 
-	// Deadline specifies the deadline for the task.
-	// Task won't be processed if it exceeded its deadline.
-	// The string shoulbe be in RFC3339 format.
+	// Deadline specifies the deadline for the task in Unix time,
+	// the number of seconds elapsed since January 1, 1970 UTC.
+	// If task processing doesn't complete before the deadline, the task will be retried
+	// if retry count is remaining. Otherwise it will be moved to the dead queue.
 	//
-	// time.Time's zero value means no deadline.
-	Deadline string
+	// Use zero to indicate no deadline.
+	Deadline int64
 
 	// UniqueKey holds the redis key used for uniqueness lock for this task.
 	//
@@ -127,6 +195,12 @@ func DecodeMessage(s string) (*TaskMessage, error) {
 	return &msg, nil
 }
 
+// Z represents sorted set member.
+type Z struct {
+	Message *TaskMessage
+	Score   int64
+}
+
 // ServerStatus represents status of a server.
 // ServerStatus methods are concurrency safe.
 type ServerStatus struct {
@@ -145,10 +219,10 @@ const (
 	// StatusIdle indicates the server is in idle state.
 	StatusIdle ServerStatusValue = iota
 
-	// StatusRunning indicates the servier is up and processing tasks.
+	// StatusRunning indicates the server is up and active.
 	StatusRunning
 
-	// StatusQuiet indicates the server is up but not processing new tasks.
+	// StatusQuiet indicates the server is up but not active.
 	StatusQuiet
 
 	// StatusStopped indicates the server server has been stopped.
@@ -210,7 +284,41 @@ type WorkerInfo struct {
 	Started time.Time
 }
 
-// Cancelations is a collection that holds cancel functions for all in-progress tasks.
+// SchedulerEntry holds information about a periodic task registered with a scheduler.
+type SchedulerEntry struct {
+	// Identifier of this entry.
+	ID string
+
+	// Spec describes the schedule of this entry.
+	Spec string
+
+	// Type is the task type of the periodic task.
+	Type string
+
+	// Payload is the payload of the periodic task.
+	Payload map[string]interface{}
+
+	// Opts is the options for the periodic task.
+	Opts []string
+
+	// Next shows the next time the task will be enqueued.
+	Next time.Time
+
+	// Prev shows the last  time the task was enqueued.
+	// Zero time if task was never enqueued.
+	Prev time.Time
+}
+
+// SchedulerEnqueueEvent holds information about an enqueue event by a scheduler.
+type SchedulerEnqueueEvent struct {
+	// ID of the task that was enqueued.
+	TaskID string
+
+	// Time the task was enqueued.
+	EnqueuedAt time.Time
+}
+
+// Cancelations is a collection that holds cancel functions for all active tasks.
 //
 // Cancelations are safe for concurrent use by multipel goroutines.
 type Cancelations struct {
@@ -247,31 +355,22 @@ func (c *Cancelations) Get(id string) (fn context.CancelFunc, ok bool) {
 	return fn, ok
 }
 
-// GetAll returns all cancel funcs.
-func (c *Cancelations) GetAll() []context.CancelFunc {
-	c.mu.Lock()
-	defer c.mu.Unlock()
-	var res []context.CancelFunc
-	for _, fn := range c.cancelFuncs {
-		res = append(res, fn)
-	}
-	return res
-}
-
 // Broker is a message broker that supports operations to manage task queues.
 //
 // See rdb.RDB as a reference implementation.
 type Broker interface {
+	Ping() error
 	Enqueue(msg *TaskMessage) error
 	EnqueueUnique(msg *TaskMessage, ttl time.Duration) error
-	Dequeue(qnames ...string) (*TaskMessage, error)
+	Dequeue(qnames ...string) (*TaskMessage, time.Time, error)
 	Done(msg *TaskMessage) error
 	Requeue(msg *TaskMessage) error
 	Schedule(msg *TaskMessage, processAt time.Time) error
 	ScheduleUnique(msg *TaskMessage, processAt time.Time, ttl time.Duration) error
 	Retry(msg *TaskMessage, processAt time.Time, errMsg string) error
 	Kill(msg *TaskMessage, errMsg string) error
-	CheckAndEnqueue() error
+	CheckAndEnqueue(qnames ...string) error
+	ListDeadlineExceeded(deadline time.Time, qnames ...string) ([]*TaskMessage, error)
 	WriteServerState(info *ServerInfo, workers []*WorkerInfo, ttl time.Duration) error
 	ClearServerState(host string, pid int, serverID string) error
 	CancelationPubSub() (*redis.PubSub, error) // TODO: Need to decouple from redis to support other brokers

internal/base/base_test.go

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ import (
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/google/go-cmp/cmp"
-	"github.com/rs/xid"
+	"github.com/google/uuid"
 )
 
 func TestQueueKey(t *testing.T) {
@@ -20,7 +20,8 @@ func TestQueueKey(t *testing.T) {
 		qname string
 		want  string
 	}{
-		{"custom", "asynq:queues:custom"},
+		{"default", "asynq:{default}"},
+		{"custom", "asynq:{custom}"},
 	}
 
 	for _, tc := range tests {
@@ -31,36 +32,140 @@ func TestQueueKey(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
-func TestProcessedKey(t *testing.T) {
+func TestActiveKey(t *testing.T) {
 	tests := []struct {
-		input time.Time
+		qname string
 		want  string
 	}{
-		{time.Date(2019, 11, 14, 10, 30, 1, 1, time.UTC), "asynq:processed:2019-11-14"},
-		{time.Date(2020, 12, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, time.UTC), "asynq:processed:2020-12-01"},
-		{time.Date(2020, 1, 6, 15, 02, 1, 1, time.UTC), "asynq:processed:2020-01-06"},
+		{"default", "asynq:{default}:active"},
+		{"custom", "asynq:{custom}:active"},
 	}
 
 	for _, tc := range tests {
-		got := ProcessedKey(tc.input)
+		got := ActiveKey(tc.qname)
+		if got != tc.want {
+			t.Errorf("ActiveKey(%q) = %q, want %q", tc.qname, got, tc.want)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestDeadlinesKey(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		qname string
+		want  string
+	}{
+		{"default", "asynq:{default}:deadlines"},
+		{"custom", "asynq:{custom}:deadlines"},
+	}
+
+	for _, tc := range tests {
+		got := DeadlinesKey(tc.qname)
+		if got != tc.want {
+			t.Errorf("DeadlinesKey(%q) = %q, want %q", tc.qname, got, tc.want)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestScheduledKey(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		qname string
+		want  string
+	}{
+		{"default", "asynq:{default}:scheduled"},
+		{"custom", "asynq:{custom}:scheduled"},
+	}
+
+	for _, tc := range tests {
+		got := ScheduledKey(tc.qname)
+		if got != tc.want {
+			t.Errorf("ScheduledKey(%q) = %q, want %q", tc.qname, got, tc.want)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRetryKey(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		qname string
+		want  string
+	}{
+		{"default", "asynq:{default}:retry"},
+		{"custom", "asynq:{custom}:retry"},
+	}
+
+	for _, tc := range tests {
+		got := RetryKey(tc.qname)
+		if got != tc.want {
+			t.Errorf("RetryKey(%q) = %q, want %q", tc.qname, got, tc.want)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestDeadKey(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		qname string
+		want  string
+	}{
+		{"default", "asynq:{default}:dead"},
+		{"custom", "asynq:{custom}:dead"},
+	}
+
+	for _, tc := range tests {
+		got := DeadKey(tc.qname)
+		if got != tc.want {
+			t.Errorf("DeadKey(%q) = %q, want %q", tc.qname, got, tc.want)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestPausedKey(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		qname string
+		want  string
+	}{
+		{"default", "asynq:{default}:paused"},
+		{"custom", "asynq:{custom}:paused"},
+	}
+
+	for _, tc := range tests {
+		got := PausedKey(tc.qname)
+		if got != tc.want {
+			t.Errorf("PausedKey(%q) = %q, want %q", tc.qname, got, tc.want)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestProcessedKey(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		qname string
+		input time.Time
+		want  string
+	}{
+		{"default", time.Date(2019, 11, 14, 10, 30, 1, 1, time.UTC), "asynq:{default}:processed:2019-11-14"},
+		{"critical", time.Date(2020, 12, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, time.UTC), "asynq:{critical}:processed:2020-12-01"},
+		{"default", time.Date(2020, 1, 6, 15, 02, 1, 1, time.UTC), "asynq:{default}:processed:2020-01-06"},
+	}
+
+	for _, tc := range tests {
+		got := ProcessedKey(tc.qname, tc.input)
 		if got != tc.want {
 			t.Errorf("ProcessedKey(%v) = %q, want %q", tc.input, got, tc.want)
 		}
 	}
 }
 
-func TestFailureKey(t *testing.T) {
+func TestFailedKey(t *testing.T) {
 	tests := []struct {
+		qname string
 		input time.Time
 		want  string
 	}{
-		{time.Date(2019, 11, 14, 10, 30, 1, 1, time.UTC), "asynq:failure:2019-11-14"},
-		{time.Date(2020, 12, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, time.UTC), "asynq:failure:2020-12-01"},
-		{time.Date(2020, 1, 6, 15, 02, 1, 1, time.UTC), "asynq:failure:2020-01-06"},
+		{"default", time.Date(2019, 11, 14, 10, 30, 1, 1, time.UTC), "asynq:{default}:failed:2019-11-14"},
+		{"custom", time.Date(2020, 12, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, time.UTC), "asynq:{custom}:failed:2020-12-01"},
+		{"low", time.Date(2020, 1, 6, 15, 02, 1, 1, time.UTC), "asynq:{low}:failed:2020-01-06"},
 	}
 
 	for _, tc := range tests {
-		got := FailureKey(tc.input)
+		got := FailedKey(tc.qname, tc.input)
 		if got != tc.want {
 			t.Errorf("FailureKey(%v) = %q, want %q", tc.input, got, tc.want)
 		}
@@ -74,8 +179,8 @@ func TestServerInfoKey(t *testing.T) {
 		sid      string
 		want     string
 	}{
-		{"localhost", 9876, "server123", "asynq:servers:localhost:9876:server123"},
-		{"127.0.0.1", 1234, "server987", "asynq:servers:127.0.0.1:1234:server987"},
+		{"localhost", 9876, "server123", "asynq:servers:{localhost:9876:server123}"},
+		{"127.0.0.1", 1234, "server987", "asynq:servers:{127.0.0.1:1234:server987}"},
 	}
 
 	for _, tc := range tests {
@@ -94,8 +199,8 @@ func TestWorkersKey(t *testing.T) {
 		sid      string
 		want     string
 	}{
-		{"localhost", 9876, "server1", "asynq:workers:localhost:9876:server1"},
-		{"127.0.0.1", 1234, "server2", "asynq:workers:127.0.0.1:1234:server2"},
+		{"localhost", 9876, "server1", "asynq:workers:{localhost:9876:server1}"},
+		{"127.0.0.1", 1234, "server2", "asynq:workers:{127.0.0.1:1234:server2}"},
 	}
 
 	for _, tc := range tests {
@@ -107,30 +212,124 @@ func TestWorkersKey(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestSchedulerEntriesKey(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		schedulerID string
+		want        string
+	}{
+		{"localhost:9876:scheduler123", "asynq:schedulers:{localhost:9876:scheduler123}"},
+		{"127.0.0.1:1234:scheduler987", "asynq:schedulers:{127.0.0.1:1234:scheduler987}"},
+	}
+
+	for _, tc := range tests {
+		got := SchedulerEntriesKey(tc.schedulerID)
+		if got != tc.want {
+			t.Errorf("SchedulerEntriesKey(%q) = %q, want %q", tc.schedulerID, got, tc.want)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSchedulerHistoryKey(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		entryID string
+		want    string
+	}{
+		{"entry876", "asynq:scheduler_history:entry876"},
+		{"entry345", "asynq:scheduler_history:entry345"},
+	}
+
+	for _, tc := range tests {
+		got := SchedulerHistoryKey(tc.entryID)
+		if got != tc.want {
+			t.Errorf("SchedulerHistoryKey(%q) = %q, want %q",
+				tc.entryID, got, tc.want)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestUniqueKey(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		desc     string
+		qname    string
+		tasktype string
+		payload  map[string]interface{}
+		want     string
+	}{
+		{
+			"with primitive types",
+			"default",
+			"email:send",
+			map[string]interface{}{"a": 123, "b": "hello", "c": true},
+			"asynq:{default}:unique:email:send:a=123,b=hello,c=true",
+		},
+		{
+			"with unsorted keys",
+			"default",
+			"email:send",
+			map[string]interface{}{"b": "hello", "c": true, "a": 123},
+			"asynq:{default}:unique:email:send:a=123,b=hello,c=true",
+		},
+		{
+			"with composite types",
+			"default",
+			"email:send",
+			map[string]interface{}{
+				"address": map[string]string{"line": "123 Main St", "city": "Boston", "state": "MA"},
+				"names":   []string{"bob", "mike", "rob"}},
+			"asynq:{default}:unique:email:send:address=map[city:Boston line:123 Main St state:MA],names=[bob mike rob]",
+		},
+		{
+			"with complex types",
+			"default",
+			"email:send",
+			map[string]interface{}{
+				"time":     time.Date(2020, time.July, 28, 0, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC),
+				"duration": time.Hour},
+			"asynq:{default}:unique:email:send:duration=1h0m0s,time=2020-07-28 00:00:00 +0000 UTC",
+		},
+		{
+			"with nil payload",
+			"default",
+			"reindex",
+			nil,
+			"asynq:{default}:unique:reindex:nil",
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tc := range tests {
+		got := UniqueKey(tc.qname, tc.tasktype, tc.payload)
+		if got != tc.want {
+			t.Errorf("%s: UniqueKey(%q, %q, %v) = %q, want %q", tc.desc, tc.qname, tc.tasktype, tc.payload, got, tc.want)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
 func TestMessageEncoding(t *testing.T) {
-	id := xid.New()
+	id := uuid.New()
 	tests := []struct {
 		in  *TaskMessage
 		out *TaskMessage
 	}{
 		{
 			in: &TaskMessage{
-				Type:    "task1",
-				Payload: map[string]interface{}{"a": 1, "b": "hello!", "c": true},
-				ID:      id,
-				Queue:   "default",
-				Retry:   10,
-				Retried: 0,
-				Timeout: "0",
+				Type:     "task1",
+				Payload:  map[string]interface{}{"a": 1, "b": "hello!", "c": true},
+				ID:       id,
+				Queue:    "default",
+				Retry:    10,
+				Retried:  0,
+				Timeout:  1800,
+				Deadline: 1692311100,
 			},
 			out: &TaskMessage{
-				Type:    "task1",
-				Payload: map[string]interface{}{"a": json.Number("1"), "b": "hello!", "c": true},
-				ID:      id,
-				Queue:   "default",
-				Retry:   10,
-				Retried: 0,
-				Timeout: "0",
+				Type:     "task1",
+				Payload:  map[string]interface{}{"a": json.Number("1"), "b": "hello!", "c": true},
+				ID:       id,
+				Queue:    "default",
+				Retry:    10,
+				Retried:  0,
+				Timeout:  1800,
+				Deadline: 1692311100,
 			},
 		},
 	}
@@ -220,9 +419,4 @@ func TestCancelationsConcurrentAccess(t *testing.T) {
 	if ok {
 		t.Errorf("(*Cancelations).Get(%q) = _, true, want <nil>, false", key2)
 	}
-
-	funcs := c.GetAll()
-	if len(funcs) != 2 {
-		t.Errorf("(*Cancelations).GetAll() returns %d functions, want 2", len(funcs))
-	}
 }

internal/rdb/benchmark_test.go

@@ -1,41 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2020 Kentaro Hibino. All rights reserved.
-// Use of this source code is governed by a MIT license
-// that can be found in the LICENSE file.
-
-package rdb
-
-import (
-	"testing"
-
-	"github.com/go-redis/redis/v7"
-	h "github.com/hibiken/asynq/internal/asynqtest"
-	"github.com/hibiken/asynq/internal/base"
-)
-
-func BenchmarkDone(b *testing.B) {
-	r := redis.NewClient(&redis.Options{
-		Addr: "localhost:6379",
-		DB:   8,
-	})
-	h.FlushDB(b, r)
-
-	// populate in-progress queue with messages
-	var inProgress []*base.TaskMessage
-	for i := 0; i < 40; i++ {
-		inProgress = append(inProgress,
-			h.NewTaskMessage("send_email", map[string]interface{}{"subject": "hello", "recipient_id": 123}))
-	}
-	h.SeedInProgressQueue(b, r, inProgress)
-
-	rdb := NewRDB(r)
-
-	b.ResetTimer()
-	for n := 0; n < b.N; n++ {
-		b.StopTimer()
-		msg := h.NewTaskMessage("reindex", map[string]interface{}{"config": "path/to/config/file"})
-		r.LPush(base.InProgressQueue, h.MustMarshal(b, msg))
-		b.StartTimer()
-
-		rdb.Done(msg)
-	}
-}

internal/rdb/rdb.go

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import (
 	"encoding/json"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
+	"strconv"
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/go-redis/redis/v7"
@@ -31,11 +32,11 @@ const statsTTL = 90 * 24 * time.Hour // 90 days
 
 // RDB is a client interface to query and mutate task queues.
 type RDB struct {
-	client *redis.Client
+	client redis.UniversalClient
 }
 
 // NewRDB returns a new instance of RDB.
-func NewRDB(client *redis.Client) *RDB {
+func NewRDB(client redis.UniversalClient) *RDB {
 	return &RDB{client}
 }
 
@@ -44,13 +45,10 @@ func (r *RDB) Close() error {
 	return r.client.Close()
 }
 
-// KEYS[1] -> asynq:queues:<qname>
-// KEYS[2] -> asynq:queues
-// ARGV[1] -> task message data
-var enqueueCmd = redis.NewScript(`
-redis.call("LPUSH", KEYS[1], ARGV[1])
-redis.call("SADD", KEYS[2], KEYS[1])
-return 1`)
+// Ping checks the connection with redis server.
+func (r *RDB) Ping() error {
+	return r.client.Ping().Err()
+}
 
 // Enqueue inserts the given task to the tail of the queue.
 func (r *RDB) Enqueue(msg *base.TaskMessage) error {
@@ -58,13 +56,15 @@ func (r *RDB) Enqueue(msg *base.TaskMessage) error {
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
+	if err := r.client.SAdd(base.AllQueues, msg.Queue).Err(); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
 	key := base.QueueKey(msg.Queue)
-	return enqueueCmd.Run(r.client, []string{key, base.AllQueues}, encoded).Err()
+	return r.client.LPush(key, encoded).Err()
 }
 
-// KEYS[1] -> unique key in the form <type>:<payload>:<qname>
-// KEYS[2] -> asynq:queues:<qname>
-// KEYS[2] -> asynq:queues
+// KEYS[1] -> unique key
+// KEYS[2] -> asynq:{<qname>}
 // ARGV[1] -> task ID
 // ARGV[2] -> uniqueness lock TTL
 // ARGV[3] -> task message data
@@ -74,7 +74,6 @@ if not ok then
   return 0
 end
 redis.call("LPUSH", KEYS[2], ARGV[3])
-redis.call("SADD", KEYS[3], KEYS[2])
 return 1
 `)
 
@@ -85,9 +84,11 @@ func (r *RDB) EnqueueUnique(msg *base.TaskMessage, ttl time.Duration) error {
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	key := base.QueueKey(msg.Queue)
+	if err := r.client.SAdd(base.AllQueues, msg.Queue).Err(); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
 	res, err := enqueueUniqueCmd.Run(r.client,
-		[]string{msg.UniqueKey, key, base.AllQueues},
+		[]string{msg.UniqueKey, base.QueueKey(msg.Queue)},
 		msg.ID.String(), int(ttl.Seconds()), encoded).Result()
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
@@ -102,73 +103,130 @@ func (r *RDB) EnqueueUnique(msg *base.TaskMessage, ttl time.Duration) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
-// Dequeue queries given queues in order and pops a task message if there is one and returns it.
+// Dequeue queries given queues in order and pops a task message
+// off a queue if one exists and returns the message and deadline.
 // Dequeue skips a queue if the queue is paused.
 // If all queues are empty, ErrNoProcessableTask error is returned.
-func (r *RDB) Dequeue(qnames ...string) (*base.TaskMessage, error) {
-	var qkeys []interface{}
-	for _, q := range qnames {
-		qkeys = append(qkeys, base.QueueKey(q))
-	}
-	data, err := r.dequeue(qkeys...)
-	if err == redis.Nil {
-		return nil, ErrNoProcessableTask
-	}
+func (r *RDB) Dequeue(qnames ...string) (msg *base.TaskMessage, deadline time.Time, err error) {
+	data, d, err := r.dequeue(qnames...)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
+		return nil, time.Time{}, err
 	}
-	return base.DecodeMessage(data)
+	if msg, err = base.DecodeMessage(data); err != nil {
+		return nil, time.Time{}, err
+	}
+	return msg, time.Unix(d, 0), nil
 }
 
-// KEYS[1] -> asynq:in_progress
-// KEYS[2] -> asynq:paused
-// ARGV    -> List of queues to query in order
+// KEYS[1] -> asynq:{<qname>}
+// KEYS[2] -> asynq:{<qname>}:paused
+// KEYS[3] -> asynq:{<qname>}:active
+// KEYS[4] -> asynq:{<qname>}:deadlines
+// ARGV[1]  -> current time in Unix time
 //
 // dequeueCmd checks whether a queue is paused first, before
 // calling RPOPLPUSH to pop a task from the queue.
+// It computes the task deadline by inspecting Timout and Deadline fields,
+// and inserts the task with deadlines set.
 var dequeueCmd = redis.NewScript(`
-for _, qkey in ipairs(ARGV) do
-	if redis.call("SISMEMBER", KEYS[2], qkey) == 0 then
-		local res = redis.call("RPOPLPUSH", qkey, KEYS[1])
-		if res then
-			return res
+if redis.call("EXISTS", KEYS[2]) == 0 then
+	local msg = redis.call("RPOPLPUSH", KEYS[1], KEYS[3])
+	if msg then
+		local decoded = cjson.decode(msg)
+		local timeout = decoded["Timeout"]
+		local deadline = decoded["Deadline"]
+		local score
+		if timeout ~= 0 and deadline ~= 0 then
+			score = math.min(ARGV[1]+timeout, deadline)
+		elseif timeout ~= 0 then
+			score = ARGV[1] + timeout
+		elseif deadline ~= 0 then
+			score = deadline
+		else
+			return redis.error_reply("asynq internal error: both timeout and deadline are not set")
 		end
+		redis.call("ZADD", KEYS[4], score, msg)
+		return {msg, score}
 	end
 end
 return nil`)
 
-func (r *RDB) dequeue(qkeys ...interface{}) (data string, err error) {
-	res, err := dequeueCmd.Run(r.client,
-		[]string{base.InProgressQueue, base.PausedQueues}, qkeys...).Result()
-	if err != nil {
-		return "", err
+func (r *RDB) dequeue(qnames ...string) (msgjson string, deadline int64, err error) {
+	for _, qname := range qnames {
+		keys := []string{
+			base.QueueKey(qname),
+			base.PausedKey(qname),
+			base.ActiveKey(qname),
+			base.DeadlinesKey(qname),
+		}
+		res, err := dequeueCmd.Run(r.client, keys, time.Now().Unix()).Result()
+		if err == redis.Nil {
+			continue
+		} else if err != nil {
+			return "", 0, err
+		}
+		data, err := cast.ToSliceE(res)
+		if err != nil {
+			return "", 0, err
+		}
+		if len(data) != 2 {
+			return "", 0, fmt.Errorf("asynq: internal error: dequeue command returned %d values", len(data))
+		}
+		if msgjson, err = cast.ToStringE(data[0]); err != nil {
+			return "", 0, err
+		}
+		if deadline, err = cast.ToInt64E(data[1]); err != nil {
+			return "", 0, err
+		}
+		return msgjson, deadline, nil
 	}
-	return cast.ToStringE(res)
+	return "", 0, ErrNoProcessableTask
 }
 
-// KEYS[1] -> asynq:in_progress
-// KEYS[2] -> asynq:processed:<yyyy-mm-dd>
-// KEYS[3] -> unique key in the format <type>:<payload>:<qname>
+// KEYS[1] -> asynq:{<qname>}:active
+// KEYS[2] -> asynq:{<qname>}:deadlines
+// KEYS[3] -> asynq:{<qname>}:processed:<yyyy-mm-dd>
 // ARGV[1] -> base.TaskMessage value
 // ARGV[2] -> stats expiration timestamp
-// ARGV[3] -> task ID
-// Note: LREM count ZERO means "remove all elements equal to val"
 var doneCmd = redis.NewScript(`
-local x = redis.call("LREM", KEYS[1], 0, ARGV[1]) 
-if x == 0 then
+if redis.call("LREM", KEYS[1], 0, ARGV[1]) == 0 then
   return redis.error_reply("NOT FOUND")
 end
-local n = redis.call("INCR", KEYS[2])
-if tonumber(n) == 1 then
-	redis.call("EXPIREAT", KEYS[2], ARGV[2])
+if redis.call("ZREM", KEYS[2], ARGV[1]) == 0 then
+  return redis.error_reply("NOT FOUND")
 end
-if string.len(KEYS[3]) > 0 and redis.call("GET", KEYS[3]) == ARGV[3] then
-  redis.call("DEL", KEYS[3])
+local n = redis.call("INCR", KEYS[3])
+if tonumber(n) == 1 then
+	redis.call("EXPIREAT", KEYS[3], ARGV[2])
 end
 return redis.status_reply("OK")
 `)
 
-// Done removes the task from in-progress queue to mark the task as done.
+// KEYS[1] -> asynq:{<qname>}:active
+// KEYS[2] -> asynq:{<qname>}:deadlines
+// KEYS[3] -> asynq:{<qname>}:processed:<yyyy-mm-dd>
+// KEYS[4] -> unique key
+// ARGV[1] -> base.TaskMessage value
+// ARGV[2] -> stats expiration timestamp
+// ARGV[3] -> task ID
+var doneUniqueCmd = redis.NewScript(`
+if redis.call("LREM", KEYS[1], 0, ARGV[1]) == 0 then
+  return redis.error_reply("NOT FOUND")
+end
+if redis.call("ZREM", KEYS[2], ARGV[1]) == 0 then
+  return redis.error_reply("NOT FOUND")
+end
+local n = redis.call("INCR", KEYS[3])
+if tonumber(n) == 1 then
+	redis.call("EXPIREAT", KEYS[3], ARGV[2])
+end
+if redis.call("GET", KEYS[4]) == ARGV[3] then
+  redis.call("DEL", KEYS[4])
+end
+return redis.status_reply("OK")
+`)
+
+// Done removes the task from active queue to mark the task as done.
 // It removes a uniqueness lock acquired by the task, if any.
 func (r *RDB) Done(msg *base.TaskMessage) error {
 	encoded, err := base.EncodeMessage(msg)
@@ -176,72 +234,72 @@ func (r *RDB) Done(msg *base.TaskMessage) error {
 		return err
 	}
 	now := time.Now()
-	processedKey := base.ProcessedKey(now)
 	expireAt := now.Add(statsTTL)
-	return doneCmd.Run(r.client,
-		[]string{base.InProgressQueue, processedKey, msg.UniqueKey},
-		encoded, expireAt.Unix(), msg.ID.String()).Err()
+	keys := []string{
+		base.ActiveKey(msg.Queue),
+		base.DeadlinesKey(msg.Queue),
+		base.ProcessedKey(msg.Queue, now),
+	}
+	args := []interface{}{encoded, expireAt.Unix()}
+	if len(msg.UniqueKey) > 0 {
+		keys = append(keys, msg.UniqueKey)
+		args = append(args, msg.ID.String())
+		return doneUniqueCmd.Run(r.client, keys, args...).Err()
+	}
+	return doneCmd.Run(r.client, keys, args...).Err()
 }
 
-// KEYS[1] -> asynq:in_progress
-// KEYS[2] -> asynq:queues:<qname>
+// KEYS[1] -> asynq:{<qname>}:active
+// KEYS[2] -> asynq:{<qname>}:deadlines
+// KEYS[3] -> asynq:{<qname>}
 // ARGV[1] -> base.TaskMessage value
 // Note: Use RPUSH to push to the head of the queue.
 var requeueCmd = redis.NewScript(`
-redis.call("LREM", KEYS[1], 0, ARGV[1])
-redis.call("RPUSH", KEYS[2], ARGV[1])
+if redis.call("LREM", KEYS[1], 0, ARGV[1]) == 0 then
+  return redis.error_reply("NOT FOUND")
+end
+if redis.call("ZREM", KEYS[2], ARGV[1]) == 0 then
+  return redis.error_reply("NOT FOUND")
+end
+redis.call("RPUSH", KEYS[3], ARGV[1])
 return redis.status_reply("OK")`)
 
-// Requeue moves the task from in-progress queue to the specified queue.
+// Requeue moves the task from active queue to the specified queue.
 func (r *RDB) Requeue(msg *base.TaskMessage) error {
 	encoded, err := base.EncodeMessage(msg)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	return requeueCmd.Run(r.client,
-		[]string{base.InProgressQueue, base.QueueKey(msg.Queue)},
+		[]string{base.ActiveKey(msg.Queue), base.DeadlinesKey(msg.Queue), base.QueueKey(msg.Queue)},
 		encoded).Err()
 }
 
-// KEYS[1] -> asynq:scheduled
-// KEYS[2] -> asynq:queues
-// ARGV[1] -> score (process_at timestamp)
-// ARGV[2] -> task message
-// ARGV[3] -> queue key
-var scheduleCmd = redis.NewScript(`
-redis.call("ZADD", KEYS[1], ARGV[1], ARGV[2])
-redis.call("SADD", KEYS[2], ARGV[3])
-return 1
-`)
-
 // Schedule adds the task to the backlog queue to be processed in the future.
 func (r *RDB) Schedule(msg *base.TaskMessage, processAt time.Time) error {
 	encoded, err := base.EncodeMessage(msg)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	qkey := base.QueueKey(msg.Queue)
+	if err := r.client.SAdd(base.AllQueues, msg.Queue).Err(); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
 	score := float64(processAt.Unix())
-	return scheduleCmd.Run(r.client,
-		[]string{base.ScheduledQueue, base.AllQueues},
-		score, encoded, qkey).Err()
+	return r.client.ZAdd(base.ScheduledKey(msg.Queue), &redis.Z{Score: score, Member: encoded}).Err()
 }
 
-// KEYS[1] -> unique key in the format <type>:<payload>:<qname>
-// KEYS[2] -> asynq:scheduled
-// KEYS[3] -> asynq:queues
+// KEYS[1] -> unique key
+// KEYS[2] -> asynq:{<qname>}:scheduled
 // ARGV[1] -> task ID
 // ARGV[2] -> uniqueness lock TTL
 // ARGV[3] -> score (process_at timestamp)
 // ARGV[4] -> task message
-// ARGV[5] -> queue key
 var scheduleUniqueCmd = redis.NewScript(`
 local ok = redis.call("SET", KEYS[1], ARGV[1], "NX", "EX", ARGV[2])
 if not ok then
   return 0
 end
 redis.call("ZADD", KEYS[2], ARGV[3], ARGV[4])
-redis.call("SADD", KEYS[3], ARGV[5])
 return 1
 `)
 
@@ -252,11 +310,13 @@ func (r *RDB) ScheduleUnique(msg *base.TaskMessage, processAt time.Time, ttl tim
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	qkey := base.QueueKey(msg.Queue)
+	if err := r.client.SAdd(base.AllQueues, msg.Queue).Err(); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
 	score := float64(processAt.Unix())
 	res, err := scheduleUniqueCmd.Run(r.client,
-		[]string{msg.UniqueKey, base.ScheduledQueue, base.AllQueues},
-		msg.ID.String(), int(ttl.Seconds()), score, encoded, qkey).Result()
+		[]string{msg.UniqueKey, base.ScheduledKey(msg.Queue)},
+		msg.ID.String(), int(ttl.Seconds()), score, encoded).Result()
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -270,31 +330,34 @@ func (r *RDB) ScheduleUnique(msg *base.TaskMessage, processAt time.Time, ttl tim
 	return nil
 }
 
-// KEYS[1] -> asynq:in_progress
-// KEYS[2] -> asynq:retry
-// KEYS[3] -> asynq:processed:<yyyy-mm-dd>
-// KEYS[4] -> asynq:failure:<yyyy-mm-dd>
-// ARGV[1] -> base.TaskMessage value to remove from base.InProgressQueue queue
+// KEYS[1] -> asynq:{<qname>}:active
+// KEYS[2] -> asynq:{<qname>}:deadlines
+// KEYS[3] -> asynq:{<qname>}:retry
+// KEYS[4] -> asynq:{<qname>}:processed:<yyyy-mm-dd>
+// KEYS[5] -> asynq:{<qname>}:failed:<yyyy-mm-dd>
+// ARGV[1] -> base.TaskMessage value to remove from base.ActiveQueue queue
 // ARGV[2] -> base.TaskMessage value to add to Retry queue
 // ARGV[3] -> retry_at UNIX timestamp
 // ARGV[4] -> stats expiration timestamp
 var retryCmd = redis.NewScript(`
-local x = redis.call("LREM", KEYS[1], 0, ARGV[1])
-if x == 0 then
+if redis.call("LREM", KEYS[1], 0, ARGV[1]) == 0 then
   return redis.error_reply("NOT FOUND")
 end
-redis.call("ZADD", KEYS[2], ARGV[3], ARGV[2])
-local n = redis.call("INCR", KEYS[3])
-if tonumber(n) == 1 then
-	redis.call("EXPIREAT", KEYS[3], ARGV[4])
+if redis.call("ZREM", KEYS[2], ARGV[1]) == 0 then
+  return redis.error_reply("NOT FOUND")
 end
-local m = redis.call("INCR", KEYS[4])
-if tonumber(m) == 1 then
+redis.call("ZADD", KEYS[3], ARGV[3], ARGV[2])
+local n = redis.call("INCR", KEYS[4])
+if tonumber(n) == 1 then
 	redis.call("EXPIREAT", KEYS[4], ARGV[4])
 end
+local m = redis.call("INCR", KEYS[5])
+if tonumber(m) == 1 then
+	redis.call("EXPIREAT", KEYS[5], ARGV[4])
+end
 return redis.status_reply("OK")`)
 
-// Retry moves the task from in-progress to retry queue, incrementing retry count
+// Retry moves the task from active to retry queue, incrementing retry count
 // and assigning error message to the task message.
 func (r *RDB) Retry(msg *base.TaskMessage, processAt time.Time, errMsg string) error {
 	msgToRemove, err := base.EncodeMessage(msg)
@@ -309,11 +372,11 @@ func (r *RDB) Retry(msg *base.TaskMessage, processAt time.Time, errMsg string) e
 		return err
 	}
 	now := time.Now()
-	processedKey := base.ProcessedKey(now)
-	failureKey := base.FailureKey(now)
+	processedKey := base.ProcessedKey(msg.Queue, now)
+	failedKey := base.FailedKey(msg.Queue, now)
 	expireAt := now.Add(statsTTL)
 	return retryCmd.Run(r.client,
-		[]string{base.InProgressQueue, base.RetryQueue, processedKey, failureKey},
+		[]string{base.ActiveKey(msg.Queue), base.DeadlinesKey(msg.Queue), base.RetryKey(msg.Queue), processedKey, failedKey},
 		msgToRemove, msgToAdd, processAt.Unix(), expireAt.Unix()).Err()
 }
 
@@ -322,35 +385,38 @@ const (
 	deadExpirationInDays = 90
 )
 
-// KEYS[1] -> asynq:in_progress
-// KEYS[2] -> asynq:dead
-// KEYS[3] -> asynq:processed:<yyyy-mm-dd>
-// KEYS[4] -> asynq.failure:<yyyy-mm-dd>
-// ARGV[1] -> base.TaskMessage value to remove from base.InProgressQueue queue
+// KEYS[1] -> asynq:{<qname>}:active
+// KEYS[2] -> asynq:{<qname>}:deadlines
+// KEYS[3] -> asynq:{<qname>}:dead
+// KEYS[4] -> asynq:{<qname>}:processed:<yyyy-mm-dd>
+// KEYS[5] -> asynq:{<qname>}:failed:<yyyy-mm-dd>
+// ARGV[1] -> base.TaskMessage value to remove from base.ActiveQueue queue
 // ARGV[2] -> base.TaskMessage value to add to Dead queue
 // ARGV[3] -> died_at UNIX timestamp
 // ARGV[4] -> cutoff timestamp (e.g., 90 days ago)
 // ARGV[5] -> max number of tasks in dead queue (e.g., 100)
 // ARGV[6] -> stats expiration timestamp
 var killCmd = redis.NewScript(`
-local x = redis.call("LREM", KEYS[1], 0, ARGV[1])
-if x == 0 then
+if redis.call("LREM", KEYS[1], 0, ARGV[1]) == 0 then
   return redis.error_reply("NOT FOUND")
 end
-redis.call("ZADD", KEYS[2], ARGV[3], ARGV[2])
-redis.call("ZREMRANGEBYSCORE", KEYS[2], "-inf", ARGV[4])
-redis.call("ZREMRANGEBYRANK", KEYS[2], 0, -ARGV[5])
-local n = redis.call("INCR", KEYS[3])
-if tonumber(n) == 1 then
-	redis.call("EXPIREAT", KEYS[3], ARGV[6])
+if redis.call("ZREM", KEYS[2], ARGV[1]) == 0 then
+  return redis.error_reply("NOT FOUND")
 end
-local m = redis.call("INCR", KEYS[4])
-if tonumber(m) == 1 then
+redis.call("ZADD", KEYS[3], ARGV[3], ARGV[2])
+redis.call("ZREMRANGEBYSCORE", KEYS[3], "-inf", ARGV[4])
+redis.call("ZREMRANGEBYRANK", KEYS[3], 0, -ARGV[5])
+local n = redis.call("INCR", KEYS[4])
+if tonumber(n) == 1 then
 	redis.call("EXPIREAT", KEYS[4], ARGV[6])
 end
+local m = redis.call("INCR", KEYS[5])
+if tonumber(m) == 1 then
+	redis.call("EXPIREAT", KEYS[5], ARGV[6])
+end
 return redis.status_reply("OK")`)
 
-// Kill sends the task to "dead" queue from in-progress queue, assigning
+// Kill sends the task to "dead" queue from active queue, assigning
 // the error message to the task.
 // It also trims the set by timestamp and set size.
 func (r *RDB) Kill(msg *base.TaskMessage, errMsg string) error {
@@ -366,75 +432,101 @@ func (r *RDB) Kill(msg *base.TaskMessage, errMsg string) error {
 	}
 	now := time.Now()
 	limit := now.AddDate(0, 0, -deadExpirationInDays).Unix() // 90 days ago
-	processedKey := base.ProcessedKey(now)
-	failureKey := base.FailureKey(now)
+	processedKey := base.ProcessedKey(msg.Queue, now)
+	failedKey := base.FailedKey(msg.Queue, now)
 	expireAt := now.Add(statsTTL)
 	return killCmd.Run(r.client,
-		[]string{base.InProgressQueue, base.DeadQueue, processedKey, failureKey},
+		[]string{base.ActiveKey(msg.Queue), base.DeadlinesKey(msg.Queue), base.DeadKey(msg.Queue), processedKey, failedKey},
 		msgToRemove, msgToAdd, now.Unix(), limit, maxDeadTasks, expireAt.Unix()).Err()
 }
 
-// CheckAndEnqueue checks for all scheduled/retry tasks and enqueues any tasks that
-// are ready to be processed.
-func (r *RDB) CheckAndEnqueue() (err error) {
-	delayed := []string{base.ScheduledQueue, base.RetryQueue}
-	for _, zset := range delayed {
-		n := 1
-		for n != 0 {
-			n, err = r.forward(zset)
-			if err != nil {
-				return err
-			}
+// CheckAndEnqueue checks for scheduled/retry tasks for the given queues
+//and enqueues any tasks that  are ready to be processed.
+func (r *RDB) CheckAndEnqueue(qnames ...string) error {
+	for _, qname := range qnames {
+		if err := r.forwardAll(base.ScheduledKey(qname), base.QueueKey(qname)); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		if err := r.forwardAll(base.RetryKey(qname), base.QueueKey(qname)); err != nil {
+			return err
 		}
 	}
 	return nil
 }
 
-// KEYS[1] -> source queue (e.g. scheduled or retry queue)
+// KEYS[1] -> source queue (e.g. asynq:{<qname>:scheduled or asynq:{<qname>}:retry})
+// KEYS[2] -> destination queue (e.g. asynq:{<qname>})
 // ARGV[1] -> current unix time
-// ARGV[2] -> queue prefix
 // Note: Script moves tasks up to 100 at a time to keep the runtime of script short.
 var forwardCmd = redis.NewScript(`
 local msgs = redis.call("ZRANGEBYSCORE", KEYS[1], "-inf", ARGV[1], "LIMIT", 0, 100)
 for _, msg in ipairs(msgs) do
-	local decoded = cjson.decode(msg)
-	local qkey = ARGV[2] .. decoded["Queue"]
-	redis.call("LPUSH", qkey, msg)
+	redis.call("LPUSH", KEYS[2], msg)
 	redis.call("ZREM", KEYS[1], msg)
 end
 return table.getn(msgs)`)
 
 // forward moves tasks with a score less than the current unix time
-// from the src zset. It returns the number of tasks moved.
-func (r *RDB) forward(src string) (int, error) {
+// from the src zset to the dst list. It returns the number of tasks moved.
+func (r *RDB) forward(src, dst string) (int, error) {
 	now := float64(time.Now().Unix())
-	res, err := forwardCmd.Run(r.client,
-		[]string{src}, now, base.QueuePrefix).Result()
+	res, err := forwardCmd.Run(r.client, []string{src, dst}, now).Result()
 	if err != nil {
 		return 0, err
 	}
 	return cast.ToInt(res), nil
 }
 
-// KEYS[1]  -> asynq:servers:<host:pid:sid>
-// KEYS[2]  -> asynq:servers
-// KEYS[3]  -> asynq:workers<host:pid:sid>
-// KEYS[4]  -> asynq:workers
-// ARGV[1]  -> expiration time
-// ARGV[2]  -> TTL in seconds
-// ARGV[3]  -> server info
-// ARGV[4:] -> alternate key-value pair of (worker id, worker data)
+// forwardAll moves tasks with a score less than the current unix time from the src zset,
+// until there's no more tasks.
+func (r *RDB) forwardAll(src, dst string) (err error) {
+	n := 1
+	for n != 0 {
+		n, err = r.forward(src, dst)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// ListDeadlineExceeded returns a list of task messages that have exceeded the deadline from the given queues.
+func (r *RDB) ListDeadlineExceeded(deadline time.Time, qnames ...string) ([]*base.TaskMessage, error) {
+	var msgs []*base.TaskMessage
+	opt := &redis.ZRangeBy{
+		Min: "-inf",
+		Max: strconv.FormatInt(deadline.Unix(), 10),
+	}
+	for _, qname := range qnames {
+		res, err := r.client.ZRangeByScore(base.DeadlinesKey(qname), opt).Result()
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		for _, s := range res {
+			msg, err := base.DecodeMessage(s)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+			msgs = append(msgs, msg)
+		}
+	}
+	return msgs, nil
+}
+
+// KEYS[1]  -> asynq:servers:{<host:pid:sid>}
+// KEYS[2]  -> asynq:workers:{<host:pid:sid>}
+// ARGV[1]  -> TTL in seconds
+// ARGV[2]  -> server info
+// ARGV[3:] -> alternate key-value pair of (worker id, worker data)
 // Note: Add key to ZSET with expiration time as score.
 // ref: https://github.com/antirez/redis/issues/135#issuecomment-2361996
 var writeServerStateCmd = redis.NewScript(`
-redis.call("SETEX", KEYS[1], ARGV[2], ARGV[3])
-redis.call("ZADD", KEYS[2], ARGV[1], KEYS[1])
-redis.call("DEL", KEYS[3])
-for i = 4, table.getn(ARGV)-1, 2 do
-	redis.call("HSET", KEYS[3], ARGV[i], ARGV[i+1])
+redis.call("SETEX", KEYS[1], ARGV[1], ARGV[2])
+redis.call("DEL", KEYS[2])
+for i = 3, table.getn(ARGV)-1, 2 do
+	redis.call("HSET", KEYS[2], ARGV[i], ARGV[i+1])
 end
-redis.call("EXPIRE", KEYS[3], ARGV[2])
-redis.call("ZADD", KEYS[4], ARGV[1], KEYS[3])
+redis.call("EXPIRE", KEYS[2], ARGV[1])
 return redis.status_reply("OK")`)
 
 // WriteServerState writes server state data to redis with expiration set to the value ttl.
@@ -444,7 +536,7 @@ func (r *RDB) WriteServerState(info *base.ServerInfo, workers []*base.WorkerInfo
 		return err
 	}
 	exp := time.Now().Add(ttl).UTC()
-	args := []interface{}{float64(exp.Unix()), ttl.Seconds(), bytes} // args to the lua script
+	args := []interface{}{ttl.Seconds(), bytes} // args to the lua script
 	for _, w := range workers {
 		bytes, err := json.Marshal(w)
 		if err != nil {
@@ -454,28 +546,72 @@ func (r *RDB) WriteServerState(info *base.ServerInfo, workers []*base.WorkerInfo
 	}
 	skey := base.ServerInfoKey(info.Host, info.PID, info.ServerID)
 	wkey := base.WorkersKey(info.Host, info.PID, info.ServerID)
-	return writeServerStateCmd.Run(r.client,
-		[]string{skey, base.AllServers, wkey, base.AllWorkers},
-		args...).Err()
+	if err := r.client.ZAdd(base.AllServers, &redis.Z{Score: float64(exp.Unix()), Member: skey}).Err(); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if err := r.client.ZAdd(base.AllWorkers, &redis.Z{Score: float64(exp.Unix()), Member: wkey}).Err(); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return writeServerStateCmd.Run(r.client, []string{skey, wkey}, args...).Err()
 }
 
-// KEYS[1] -> asynq:servers
-// KEYS[2] -> asynq:servers:<host:pid:sid>
-// KEYS[3] -> asynq:workers
-// KEYS[4] -> asynq:workers<host:pid:sid>
-var clearProcessInfoCmd = redis.NewScript(`
-redis.call("ZREM", KEYS[1], KEYS[2])
+// KEYS[1] -> asynq:servers:{<host:pid:sid>}
+// KEYS[2] -> asynq:workers:{<host:pid:sid>}
+var clearServerStateCmd = redis.NewScript(`
+redis.call("DEL", KEYS[1])
 redis.call("DEL", KEYS[2])
-redis.call("ZREM", KEYS[3], KEYS[4])
-redis.call("DEL", KEYS[4])
 return redis.status_reply("OK")`)
 
 // ClearServerState deletes server state data from redis.
 func (r *RDB) ClearServerState(host string, pid int, serverID string) error {
 	skey := base.ServerInfoKey(host, pid, serverID)
 	wkey := base.WorkersKey(host, pid, serverID)
-	return clearProcessInfoCmd.Run(r.client,
-		[]string{base.AllServers, skey, base.AllWorkers, wkey}).Err()
+	if err := r.client.ZRem(base.AllServers, skey).Err(); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if err := r.client.ZRem(base.AllWorkers, wkey).Err(); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return clearServerStateCmd.Run(r.client, []string{skey, wkey}).Err()
+}
+
+// KEYS[1]  -> asynq:schedulers:{<schedulerID>}
+// ARGV[1]  -> TTL in seconds
+// ARGV[2:] -> schedler entries
+var writeSchedulerEntriesCmd = redis.NewScript(`
+redis.call("DEL", KEYS[1])
+for i = 2, #ARGV do
+	redis.call("LPUSH", KEYS[1], ARGV[i])
+end
+redis.call("EXPIRE", KEYS[1], ARGV[1])
+return redis.status_reply("OK")`)
+
+// WriteSchedulerEntries writes scheduler entries data to redis with expiration set to the value ttl.
+func (r *RDB) WriteSchedulerEntries(schedulerID string, entries []*base.SchedulerEntry, ttl time.Duration) error {
+	args := []interface{}{ttl.Seconds()}
+	for _, e := range entries {
+		bytes, err := json.Marshal(e)
+		if err != nil {
+			continue // skip bad data
+		}
+		args = append(args, bytes)
+	}
+	exp := time.Now().Add(ttl).UTC()
+	key := base.SchedulerEntriesKey(schedulerID)
+	err := r.client.ZAdd(base.AllSchedulers, &redis.Z{Score: float64(exp.Unix()), Member: key}).Err()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return writeSchedulerEntriesCmd.Run(r.client, []string{key}, args...).Err()
+}
+
+// ClearSchedulerEntries deletes scheduler entries data from redis.
+func (r *RDB) ClearSchedulerEntries(scheduelrID string) error {
+	key := base.SchedulerEntriesKey(scheduelrID)
+	if err := r.client.ZRem(base.AllSchedulers, key).Err(); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return r.client.Del(key).Err()
 }
 
 // CancelationPubSub returns a pubsub for cancelation messages.
@@ -493,3 +629,26 @@ func (r *RDB) CancelationPubSub() (*redis.PubSub, error) {
 func (r *RDB) PublishCancelation(id string) error {
 	return r.client.Publish(base.CancelChannel, id).Err()
 }
+
+// KEYS[1] -> asynq:scheduler_history:<entryID>
+// ARGV[1] -> enqueued_at timestamp
+// ARGV[2] -> serialized SchedulerEnqueueEvent data
+// ARGV[3] -> max number of events to be persisted
+var recordSchedulerEnqueueEventCmd = redis.NewScript(`
+redis.call("ZADD", KEYS[1], ARGV[1], ARGV[2])
+redis.call("ZREMRANGEBYSCORE", KEYS[1], "-inf", ARGV[3])
+return redis.status_reply("OK")`)
+
+// Maximum number of enqueue events to store per entry.
+const maxEvents = 10000
+
+// RecordSchedulerEnqueueEvent records the time when the given task was enqueued.
+func (r *RDB) RecordSchedulerEnqueueEvent(entryID string, event *base.SchedulerEnqueueEvent) error {
+	key := base.SchedulerHistoryKey(entryID)
+	data, err := json.Marshal(event)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return recordSchedulerEnqueueEventCmd.Run(
+		r.client, []string{key}, event.EnqueuedAt.Unix(), data, maxEvents).Err()
+}

internal/testbroker/testbroker.go

@@ -26,6 +26,9 @@ type TestBroker struct {
 	real base.Broker
 }
 
+// Make sure TestBroker implements Broker interface at compile time.
+var _ base.Broker = (*TestBroker)(nil)
+
 func NewTestBroker(b base.Broker) *TestBroker {
 	return &TestBroker{real: b}
 }
@@ -60,11 +63,11 @@ func (tb *TestBroker) EnqueueUnique(msg *base.TaskMessage, ttl time.Duration) er
 	return tb.real.EnqueueUnique(msg, ttl)
 }
 
-func (tb *TestBroker) Dequeue(qnames ...string) (*base.TaskMessage, error) {
+func (tb *TestBroker) Dequeue(qnames ...string) (*base.TaskMessage, time.Time, error) {
 	tb.mu.Lock()
 	defer tb.mu.Unlock()
 	if tb.sleeping {
-		return nil, errRedisDown
+		return nil, time.Time{}, errRedisDown
 	}
 	return tb.real.Dequeue(qnames...)
 }
@@ -123,13 +126,22 @@ func (tb *TestBroker) Kill(msg *base.TaskMessage, errMsg string) error {
 	return tb.real.Kill(msg, errMsg)
 }
 
-func (tb *TestBroker) CheckAndEnqueue() error {
+func (tb *TestBroker) CheckAndEnqueue(qnames ...string) error {
 	tb.mu.Lock()
 	defer tb.mu.Unlock()
 	if tb.sleeping {
 		return errRedisDown
 	}
-	return tb.real.CheckAndEnqueue()
+	return tb.real.CheckAndEnqueue(qnames...)
+}
+
+func (tb *TestBroker) ListDeadlineExceeded(deadline time.Time, qnames ...string) ([]*base.TaskMessage, error) {
+	tb.mu.Lock()
+	defer tb.mu.Unlock()
+	if tb.sleeping {
+		return nil, errRedisDown
+	}
+	return tb.real.ListDeadlineExceeded(deadline, qnames...)
 }
 
 func (tb *TestBroker) WriteServerState(info *base.ServerInfo, workers []*base.WorkerInfo, ttl time.Duration) error {
@@ -168,6 +180,15 @@ func (tb *TestBroker) PublishCancelation(id string) error {
 	return tb.real.PublishCancelation(id)
 }
 
+func (tb *TestBroker) Ping() error {
+	tb.mu.Lock()
+	defer tb.mu.Unlock()
+	if tb.sleeping {
+		return errRedisDown
+	}
+	return tb.real.Ping()
+}
+
 func (tb *TestBroker) Close() error {
 	tb.mu.Lock()
 	defer tb.mu.Unlock()

payload.go

@@ -44,6 +44,16 @@ func toInt(v interface{}) (int, error) {
 	}
 }
 
+// String returns a string representation of payload data.
+func (p Payload) String() string {
+	return fmt.Sprint(p.data)
+}
+
+// MarshalJSON returns the JSON encoding of payload data.
+func (p Payload) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
+	return json.Marshal(p.data)
+}
+
 // GetString returns a string value if a string type is associated with
 // the key, otherwise reports an error.
 func (p Payload) GetString(key string) (string, error) {

payload_test.go

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ package asynq
 
 import (
 	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 
@@ -645,3 +646,30 @@ func TestPayloadHas(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Errorf("Payload.Has(%q) = true, want false", "name")
 	}
 }
+
+func TestPayloadDebuggingStrings(t *testing.T) {
+	data := map[string]interface{}{
+		"foo": 123,
+		"bar": "hello",
+		"baz": false,
+	}
+	payload := Payload{data: data}
+
+	if payload.String() != fmt.Sprint(data) {
+		t.Errorf("Payload.String() = %q, want %q",
+			payload.String(), fmt.Sprint(data))
+	}
+
+	got, err := payload.MarshalJSON()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	want, err := json.Marshal(data)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if diff := cmp.Diff(got, want); diff != "" {
+		t.Errorf("Payload.MarhsalJSON() = %s, want %s; (-want,+got)\n%s",
+			got, want, diff)
+	}
+}

processor.go

@@ -50,13 +50,13 @@ type processor struct {
 	done chan struct{}
 	once sync.Once
 
-	// abort channel is closed when the shutdown of the "processor" goroutine starts.
-	abort chan struct{}
-
-	// quit channel communicates to the in-flight worker goroutines to stop.
+	// quit channel is closed when the shutdown of the "processor" goroutine starts.
 	quit chan struct{}
 
-	// cancelations is a set of cancel functions for all in-progress tasks.
+	// abort channel communicates to the in-flight worker goroutines to stop.
+	abort chan struct{}
+
+	// cancelations is a set of cancel functions for all active tasks.
 	cancelations *base.Cancelations
 
 	starting chan<- *base.TaskMessage
@@ -88,22 +88,23 @@ func newProcessor(params processorParams) *processor {
 		orderedQueues = sortByPriority(queues)
 	}
 	return &processor{
-		logger:         params.logger,
-		broker:         params.broker,
-		queueConfig:    queues,
-		orderedQueues:  orderedQueues,
-		retryDelayFunc: params.retryDelayFunc,
-		syncRequestCh:  params.syncCh,
-		cancelations:   params.cancelations,
-		errLogLimiter:  rate.NewLimiter(rate.Every(3*time.Second), 1),
-		sema:           make(chan struct{}, params.concurrency),
-		done:           make(chan struct{}),
-		abort:          make(chan struct{}),
-		quit:           make(chan struct{}),
-		errHandler:     params.errHandler,
-		handler:        HandlerFunc(func(ctx context.Context, t *Task) error { return fmt.Errorf("handler not set") }),
-		starting:       params.starting,
-		finished:       params.finished,
+		logger:          params.logger,
+		broker:          params.broker,
+		queueConfig:     queues,
+		orderedQueues:   orderedQueues,
+		retryDelayFunc:  params.retryDelayFunc,
+		syncRequestCh:   params.syncCh,
+		cancelations:    params.cancelations,
+		errLogLimiter:   rate.NewLimiter(rate.Every(3*time.Second), 1),
+		sema:            make(chan struct{}, params.concurrency),
+		done:            make(chan struct{}),
+		quit:            make(chan struct{}),
+		abort:           make(chan struct{}),
+		errHandler:      params.errHandler,
+		handler:         HandlerFunc(func(ctx context.Context, t *Task) error { return fmt.Errorf("handler not set") }),
+		shutdownTimeout: params.shutdownTimeout,
+		starting:        params.starting,
+		finished:        params.finished,
 	}
 }
 
@@ -113,7 +114,7 @@ func (p *processor) stop() {
 	p.once.Do(func() {
 		p.logger.Debug("Processor shutting down...")
 		// Unblock if processor is waiting for sema token.
-		close(p.abort)
+		close(p.quit)
 		// Signal the processor goroutine to stop processing tasks
 		// from the queue.
 		p.done <- struct{}{}
@@ -124,14 +125,9 @@ func (p *processor) stop() {
 func (p *processor) terminate() {
 	p.stop()
 
-	time.AfterFunc(p.shutdownTimeout, func() { close(p.quit) })
+	time.AfterFunc(p.shutdownTimeout, func() { close(p.abort) })
+
 	p.logger.Info("Waiting for all workers to finish...")
-
-	// send cancellation signal to all in-progress task handlers
-	for _, cancel := range p.cancelations.GetAll() {
-		cancel()
-	}
-
 	// block until all workers have released the token
 	for i := 0; i < cap(p.sema); i++ {
 		p.sema <- struct{}{}
@@ -158,30 +154,30 @@ func (p *processor) start(wg *sync.WaitGroup) {
 // exec pulls a task out of the queue and starts a worker goroutine to
 // process the task.
 func (p *processor) exec() {
-	qnames := p.queues()
-	msg, err := p.broker.Dequeue(qnames...)
-	switch {
-	case err == rdb.ErrNoProcessableTask:
-		p.logger.Debug("All queues are empty")
-		// Queues are empty, this is a normal behavior.
-		// Sleep to avoid slamming redis and let scheduler move tasks into queues.
-		// Note: We are not using blocking pop operation and polling queues instead.
-		// This adds significant load to redis.
-		time.Sleep(time.Second)
-		return
-	case err != nil:
-		if p.errLogLimiter.Allow() {
-			p.logger.Errorf("Dequeue error: %v", err)
-		}
-		return
-	}
-
 	select {
-	case <-p.abort:
-		// shutdown is starting, return immediately after requeuing the message.
-		p.requeue(msg)
+	case <-p.quit:
 		return
 	case p.sema <- struct{}{}: // acquire token
+		qnames := p.queues()
+		msg, deadline, err := p.broker.Dequeue(qnames...)
+		switch {
+		case err == rdb.ErrNoProcessableTask:
+			p.logger.Debug("All queues are empty")
+			// Queues are empty, this is a normal behavior.
+			// Sleep to avoid slamming redis and let scheduler move tasks into queues.
+			// Note: We are not using blocking pop operation and polling queues instead.
+			// This adds significant load to redis.
+			time.Sleep(time.Second)
+			<-p.sema // release token
+			return
+		case err != nil:
+			if p.errLogLimiter.Allow() {
+				p.logger.Errorf("Dequeue error: %v", err)
+			}
+			<-p.sema // release token
+			return
+		}
+
 		p.starting <- msg
 		go func() {
 			defer func() {
@@ -189,40 +185,46 @@ func (p *processor) exec() {
 				<-p.sema // release token
 			}()
 
-			ctx, cancel := createContext(msg)
+			ctx, cancel := createContext(msg, deadline)
 			p.cancelations.Add(msg.ID.String(), cancel)
 			defer func() {
 				cancel()
 				p.cancelations.Delete(msg.ID.String())
 			}()
 
+			// check context before starting a worker goroutine.
+			select {
+			case <-ctx.Done():
+				// already canceled (e.g. deadline exceeded).
+				p.retryOrKill(ctx, msg, ctx.Err())
+				return
+			default:
+			}
+
 			resCh := make(chan error, 1)
-			task := NewTask(msg.Type, msg.Payload)
-			go func() { resCh <- perform(ctx, task, p.handler) }()
+			go func() {
+				resCh <- perform(ctx, NewTask(msg.Type, msg.Payload), p.handler)
+			}()
 
 			select {
-			case <-p.quit:
+			case <-p.abort:
 				// time is up, push the message back to queue and quit this worker goroutine.
 				p.logger.Warnf("Quitting worker. task id=%s", msg.ID)
 				p.requeue(msg)
 				return
+			case <-ctx.Done():
+				p.retryOrKill(ctx, msg, ctx.Err())
+				return
 			case resErr := <-resCh:
 				// Note: One of three things should happen.
-				// 1) Done  -> Removes the message from InProgress
-				// 2) Retry -> Removes the message from InProgress & Adds the message to Retry
-				// 3) Kill  -> Removes the message from InProgress & Adds the message to Dead
+				// 1) Done  -> Removes the message from Active
+				// 2) Retry -> Removes the message from Active & Adds the message to Retry
+				// 3) Kill  -> Removes the message from Active & Adds the message to Dead
 				if resErr != nil {
-					if p.errHandler != nil {
-						p.errHandler.HandleError(task, resErr, msg.Retried, msg.Retry)
-					}
-					if msg.Retried >= msg.Retry {
-						p.kill(msg, resErr)
-					} else {
-						p.retry(msg, resErr)
-					}
+					p.retryOrKill(ctx, msg, resErr)
 					return
 				}
-				p.markAsDone(msg)
+				p.markAsDone(ctx, msg)
 			}
 		}()
 	}
@@ -237,47 +239,73 @@ func (p *processor) requeue(msg *base.TaskMessage) {
 	}
 }
 
-func (p *processor) markAsDone(msg *base.TaskMessage) {
+func (p *processor) markAsDone(ctx context.Context, msg *base.TaskMessage) {
 	err := p.broker.Done(msg)
 	if err != nil {
-		errMsg := fmt.Sprintf("Could not remove task id=%s type=%q from %q err: %+v", msg.ID, msg.Type, base.InProgressQueue, err)
+		errMsg := fmt.Sprintf("Could not remove task id=%s type=%q from %q err: %+v", msg.ID, msg.Type, base.ActiveKey(msg.Queue), err)
+		deadline, ok := ctx.Deadline()
+		if !ok {
+			panic("asynq: internal error: missing deadline in context")
+		}
 		p.logger.Warnf("%s; Will retry syncing", errMsg)
 		p.syncRequestCh <- &syncRequest{
 			fn: func() error {
 				return p.broker.Done(msg)
 			},
-			errMsg: errMsg,
+			errMsg:   errMsg,
+			deadline: deadline,
 		}
 	}
 }
 
-func (p *processor) retry(msg *base.TaskMessage, e error) {
+func (p *processor) retryOrKill(ctx context.Context, msg *base.TaskMessage, err error) {
+	if p.errHandler != nil {
+		p.errHandler.HandleError(ctx, NewTask(msg.Type, msg.Payload), err)
+	}
+	if msg.Retried >= msg.Retry {
+		p.logger.Warnf("Retry exhausted for task id=%s", msg.ID)
+		p.kill(ctx, msg, err)
+	} else {
+		p.retry(ctx, msg, err)
+	}
+}
+
+func (p *processor) retry(ctx context.Context, msg *base.TaskMessage, e error) {
 	d := p.retryDelayFunc(msg.Retried, e, NewTask(msg.Type, msg.Payload))
 	retryAt := time.Now().Add(d)
 	err := p.broker.Retry(msg, retryAt, e.Error())
 	if err != nil {
-		errMsg := fmt.Sprintf("Could not move task id=%s from %q to %q", msg.ID, base.InProgressQueue, base.RetryQueue)
+		errMsg := fmt.Sprintf("Could not move task id=%s from %q to %q", msg.ID, base.ActiveKey(msg.Queue), base.RetryKey(msg.Queue))
+		deadline, ok := ctx.Deadline()
+		if !ok {
+			panic("asynq: internal error: missing deadline in context")
+		}
 		p.logger.Warnf("%s; Will retry syncing", errMsg)
 		p.syncRequestCh <- &syncRequest{
 			fn: func() error {
 				return p.broker.Retry(msg, retryAt, e.Error())
 			},
-			errMsg: errMsg,
+			errMsg:   errMsg,
+			deadline: deadline,
 		}
 	}
 }
 
-func (p *processor) kill(msg *base.TaskMessage, e error) {
-	p.logger.Warnf("Retry exhausted for task id=%s", msg.ID)
+func (p *processor) kill(ctx context.Context, msg *base.TaskMessage, e error) {
 	err := p.broker.Kill(msg, e.Error())
 	if err != nil {
-		errMsg := fmt.Sprintf("Could not move task id=%s from %q to %q", msg.ID, base.InProgressQueue, base.DeadQueue)
+		errMsg := fmt.Sprintf("Could not move task id=%s from %q to %q", msg.ID, base.ActiveKey(msg.Queue), base.DeadKey(msg.Queue))
+		deadline, ok := ctx.Deadline()
+		if !ok {
+			panic("asynq: internal error: missing deadline in context")
+		}
 		p.logger.Warnf("%s; Will retry syncing", errMsg)
 		p.syncRequestCh <- &syncRequest{
 			fn: func() error {
 				return p.broker.Kill(msg, e.Error())
 			},
-			errMsg: errMsg,
+			errMsg:   errMsg,
+			deadline: deadline,
 		}
 	}
 }

processor_test.go

@@ -42,14 +42,14 @@ func fakeSyncer(syncCh <-chan *syncRequest, done <-chan struct{}) {
 	}
 }
 
-func TestProcessorSuccess(t *testing.T) {
+func TestProcessorSuccessWithSingleQueue(t *testing.T) {
 	r := setup(t)
 	rdbClient := rdb.NewRDB(r)
 
-	m1 := h.NewTaskMessage("send_email", nil)
-	m2 := h.NewTaskMessage("gen_thumbnail", nil)
-	m3 := h.NewTaskMessage("reindex", nil)
-	m4 := h.NewTaskMessage("sync", nil)
+	m1 := h.NewTaskMessage("task1", nil)
+	m2 := h.NewTaskMessage("task2", nil)
+	m3 := h.NewTaskMessage("task3", nil)
+	m4 := h.NewTaskMessage("task4", nil)
 
 	t1 := NewTask(m1.Type, m1.Payload)
 	t2 := NewTask(m2.Type, m2.Payload)
@@ -57,25 +57,25 @@ func TestProcessorSuccess(t *testing.T) {
 	t4 := NewTask(m4.Type, m4.Payload)
 
 	tests := []struct {
-		enqueued      []*base.TaskMessage // initial default queue state
+		pending       []*base.TaskMessage // initial default queue state
 		incoming      []*base.TaskMessage // tasks to be enqueued during run
 		wantProcessed []*Task             // tasks to be processed at the end
 	}{
 		{
-			enqueued:      []*base.TaskMessage{m1},
+			pending:       []*base.TaskMessage{m1},
 			incoming:      []*base.TaskMessage{m2, m3, m4},
 			wantProcessed: []*Task{t1, t2, t3, t4},
 		},
 		{
-			enqueued:      []*base.TaskMessage{},
+			pending:       []*base.TaskMessage{},
 			incoming:      []*base.TaskMessage{m1},
 			wantProcessed: []*Task{t1},
 		},
 	}
 
 	for _, tc := range tests {
-		h.FlushDB(t, r)                        // clean up db before each test case.
-		h.SeedEnqueuedQueue(t, r, tc.enqueued) // initialize default queue.
+		h.FlushDB(t, r)                                             // clean up db before each test case.
+		h.SeedPendingQueue(t, r, tc.pending, base.DefaultQueueName) // initialize default queue.
 
 		// instantiate a new processor
 		var mu sync.Mutex
@@ -117,9 +117,101 @@ func TestProcessorSuccess(t *testing.T) {
 				t.Fatal(err)
 			}
 		}
-		time.Sleep(2 * time.Second) // wait for two second to allow all enqueued tasks to be processed.
-		if l := r.LLen(base.InProgressQueue).Val(); l != 0 {
-			t.Errorf("%q has %d tasks, want 0", base.InProgressQueue, l)
+		time.Sleep(2 * time.Second) // wait for two second to allow all pending tasks to be processed.
+		if l := r.LLen(base.ActiveKey(base.DefaultQueueName)).Val(); l != 0 {
+			t.Errorf("%q has %d tasks, want 0", base.ActiveKey(base.DefaultQueueName), l)
+		}
+		p.terminate()
+
+		mu.Lock()
+		if diff := cmp.Diff(tc.wantProcessed, processed, sortTaskOpt, cmp.AllowUnexported(Payload{})); diff != "" {
+			t.Errorf("mismatch found in processed tasks; (-want, +got)\n%s", diff)
+		}
+		mu.Unlock()
+	}
+}
+
+func TestProcessorSuccessWithMultipleQueues(t *testing.T) {
+	var (
+		r         = setup(t)
+		rdbClient = rdb.NewRDB(r)
+
+		m1 = h.NewTaskMessage("task1", nil)
+		m2 = h.NewTaskMessage("task2", nil)
+		m3 = h.NewTaskMessageWithQueue("task3", nil, "high")
+		m4 = h.NewTaskMessageWithQueue("task4", nil, "low")
+
+		t1 = NewTask(m1.Type, m1.Payload)
+		t2 = NewTask(m2.Type, m2.Payload)
+		t3 = NewTask(m3.Type, m3.Payload)
+		t4 = NewTask(m4.Type, m4.Payload)
+	)
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		pending       map[string][]*base.TaskMessage
+		queues        []string // list of queues to consume the tasks from
+		wantProcessed []*Task  // tasks to be processed at the end
+	}{
+		{
+			pending: map[string][]*base.TaskMessage{
+				"default": {m1, m2},
+				"high":    {m3},
+				"low":     {m4},
+			},
+			queues:        []string{"default", "high", "low"},
+			wantProcessed: []*Task{t1, t2, t3, t4},
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tc := range tests {
+		// Set up test case.
+		h.FlushDB(t, r)
+		h.SeedAllPendingQueues(t, r, tc.pending)
+
+		// Instantiate a new processor.
+		var mu sync.Mutex
+		var processed []*Task
+		handler := func(ctx context.Context, task *Task) error {
+			mu.Lock()
+			defer mu.Unlock()
+			processed = append(processed, task)
+			return nil
+		}
+		starting := make(chan *base.TaskMessage)
+		finished := make(chan *base.TaskMessage)
+		syncCh := make(chan *syncRequest)
+		done := make(chan struct{})
+		defer func() { close(done) }()
+		go fakeHeartbeater(starting, finished, done)
+		go fakeSyncer(syncCh, done)
+		p := newProcessor(processorParams{
+			logger:         testLogger,
+			broker:         rdbClient,
+			retryDelayFunc: defaultDelayFunc,
+			syncCh:         syncCh,
+			cancelations:   base.NewCancelations(),
+			concurrency:    10,
+			queues: map[string]int{
+				"default": 2,
+				"high":    3,
+				"low":     1,
+			},
+			strictPriority:  false,
+			errHandler:      nil,
+			shutdownTimeout: defaultShutdownTimeout,
+			starting:        starting,
+			finished:        finished,
+		})
+		p.handler = HandlerFunc(handler)
+
+		p.start(&sync.WaitGroup{})
+		// Wait for two second to allow all pending tasks to be processed.
+		time.Sleep(2 * time.Second)
+		// Make sure no messages are stuck in active list.
+		for _, qname := range tc.queues {
+			if l := r.LLen(base.ActiveKey(qname)).Val(); l != 0 {
+				t.Errorf("%q has %d tasks, want 0", base.ActiveKey(qname), l)
+			}
 		}
 		p.terminate()
 
@@ -140,18 +232,18 @@ func TestProcessTasksWithLargeNumberInPayload(t *testing.T) {
 	t1 := NewTask(m1.Type, m1.Payload)
 
 	tests := []struct {
-		enqueued      []*base.TaskMessage // initial default queue state
+		pending       []*base.TaskMessage // initial default queue state
 		wantProcessed []*Task             // tasks to be processed at the end
 	}{
 		{
-			enqueued:      []*base.TaskMessage{m1},
+			pending:       []*base.TaskMessage{m1},
 			wantProcessed: []*Task{t1},
 		},
 	}
 
 	for _, tc := range tests {
-		h.FlushDB(t, r)                        // clean up db before each test case.
-		h.SeedEnqueuedQueue(t, r, tc.enqueued) // initialize default queue.
+		h.FlushDB(t, r)                                             // clean up db before each test case.
+		h.SeedPendingQueue(t, r, tc.pending, base.DefaultQueueName) // initialize default queue.
 
 		var mu sync.Mutex
 		var processed []*Task
@@ -190,9 +282,9 @@ func TestProcessTasksWithLargeNumberInPayload(t *testing.T) {
 		p.handler = HandlerFunc(handler)
 
 		p.start(&sync.WaitGroup{})
-		time.Sleep(2 * time.Second) // wait for two second to allow all enqueued tasks to be processed.
-		if l := r.LLen(base.InProgressQueue).Val(); l != 0 {
-			t.Errorf("%q has %d tasks, want 0", base.InProgressQueue, l)
+		time.Sleep(2 * time.Second) // wait for two second to allow all pending tasks to be processed.
+		if l := r.LLen(base.ActiveKey(base.DefaultQueueName)).Val(); l != 0 {
+			t.Errorf("%q has %d tasks, want 0", base.ActiveKey(base.DefaultQueueName), l)
 		}
 		p.terminate()
 
@@ -215,52 +307,39 @@ func TestProcessorRetry(t *testing.T) {
 	m4 := h.NewTaskMessage("sync", nil)
 
 	errMsg := "something went wrong"
-	// r* is m* after retry
-	r1 := *m1
-	r1.ErrorMsg = errMsg
-	r2 := *m2
-	r2.ErrorMsg = errMsg
-	r2.Retried = m2.Retried + 1
-	r3 := *m3
-	r3.ErrorMsg = errMsg
-	r3.Retried = m3.Retried + 1
-	r4 := *m4
-	r4.ErrorMsg = errMsg
-	r4.Retried = m4.Retried + 1
-
 	now := time.Now()
 
 	tests := []struct {
-		enqueued     []*base.TaskMessage // initial default queue state
+		pending      []*base.TaskMessage // initial default queue state
 		incoming     []*base.TaskMessage // tasks to be enqueued during run
 		delay        time.Duration       // retry delay duration
 		handler      Handler             // task handler
 		wait         time.Duration       // wait duration between starting and stopping processor for this test case
-		wantRetry    []h.ZSetEntry       // tasks in retry queue at the end
+		wantRetry    []base.Z            // tasks in retry queue at the end
 		wantDead     []*base.TaskMessage // tasks in dead queue at the end
 		wantErrCount int                 // number of times error handler should be called
 	}{
 		{
-			enqueued: []*base.TaskMessage{m1, m2},
+			pending:  []*base.TaskMessage{m1, m2},
 			incoming: []*base.TaskMessage{m3, m4},
 			delay:    time.Minute,
 			handler: HandlerFunc(func(ctx context.Context, task *Task) error {
 				return fmt.Errorf(errMsg)
 			}),
 			wait: 2 * time.Second,
-			wantRetry: []h.ZSetEntry{
-				{Msg: &r2, Score: float64(now.Add(time.Minute).Unix())},
-				{Msg: &r3, Score: float64(now.Add(time.Minute).Unix())},
-				{Msg: &r4, Score: float64(now.Add(time.Minute).Unix())},
+			wantRetry: []base.Z{
+				{Message: h.TaskMessageAfterRetry(*m2, errMsg), Score: now.Add(time.Minute).Unix()},
+				{Message: h.TaskMessageAfterRetry(*m3, errMsg), Score: now.Add(time.Minute).Unix()},
+				{Message: h.TaskMessageAfterRetry(*m4, errMsg), Score: now.Add(time.Minute).Unix()},
 			},
-			wantDead:     []*base.TaskMessage{&r1},
+			wantDead:     []*base.TaskMessage{h.TaskMessageWithError(*m1, errMsg)},
 			wantErrCount: 4,
 		},
 	}
 
 	for _, tc := range tests {
-		h.FlushDB(t, r)                        // clean up db before each test case.
-		h.SeedEnqueuedQueue(t, r, tc.enqueued) // initialize default queue.
+		h.FlushDB(t, r)                                             // clean up db before each test case.
+		h.SeedPendingQueue(t, r, tc.pending, base.DefaultQueueName) // initialize default queue.
 
 		// instantiate a new processor
 		delayFunc := func(n int, e error, t *Task) time.Duration {
@@ -270,7 +349,7 @@ func TestProcessorRetry(t *testing.T) {
 			mu sync.Mutex // guards n
 			n  int        // number of times error handler is called
 		)
-		errHandler := func(t *Task, err error, retried, maxRetry int) {
+		errHandler := func(ctx context.Context, t *Task, err error) {
 			mu.Lock()
 			defer mu.Unlock()
 			n++
@@ -307,19 +386,19 @@ func TestProcessorRetry(t *testing.T) {
 		time.Sleep(tc.wait) // FIXME: This makes test flaky.
 		p.terminate()
 
-		cmpOpt := cmpopts.EquateApprox(0, float64(time.Second)) // allow up to a second difference in zset score
-		gotRetry := h.GetRetryEntries(t, r)
+		cmpOpt := h.EquateInt64Approx(1) // allow up to a second difference in zset score
+		gotRetry := h.GetRetryEntries(t, r, base.DefaultQueueName)
 		if diff := cmp.Diff(tc.wantRetry, gotRetry, h.SortZSetEntryOpt, cmpOpt); diff != "" {
-			t.Errorf("mismatch found in %q after running processor; (-want, +got)\n%s", base.RetryQueue, diff)
+			t.Errorf("mismatch found in %q after running processor; (-want, +got)\n%s", base.RetryKey(base.DefaultQueueName), diff)
 		}
 
-		gotDead := h.GetDeadMessages(t, r)
+		gotDead := h.GetDeadMessages(t, r, base.DefaultQueueName)
 		if diff := cmp.Diff(tc.wantDead, gotDead, h.SortMsgOpt); diff != "" {
-			t.Errorf("mismatch found in %q after running processor; (-want, +got)\n%s", base.DeadQueue, diff)
+			t.Errorf("mismatch found in %q after running processor; (-want, +got)\n%s", base.DeadKey(base.DefaultQueueName), diff)
 		}
 
-		if l := r.LLen(base.InProgressQueue).Val(); l != 0 {
-			t.Errorf("%q has %d tasks, want 0", base.InProgressQueue, l)
+		if l := r.LLen(base.ActiveKey(base.DefaultQueueName)).Val(); l != 0 {
+			t.Errorf("%q has %d tasks, want 0", base.ActiveKey(base.DefaultQueueName), l)
 		}
 
 		if n != tc.wantErrCount {
@@ -384,36 +463,42 @@ func TestProcessorQueues(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestProcessorWithStrictPriority(t *testing.T) {
-	r := setup(t)
-	rdbClient := rdb.NewRDB(r)
+	var (
+		r = setup(t)
 
-	m1 := h.NewTaskMessage("send_email", nil)
-	m2 := h.NewTaskMessage("send_email", nil)
-	m3 := h.NewTaskMessage("send_email", nil)
-	m4 := h.NewTaskMessage("gen_thumbnail", nil)
-	m5 := h.NewTaskMessage("gen_thumbnail", nil)
-	m6 := h.NewTaskMessage("sync", nil)
-	m7 := h.NewTaskMessage("sync", nil)
+		rdbClient = rdb.NewRDB(r)
 
-	t1 := NewTask(m1.Type, m1.Payload)
-	t2 := NewTask(m2.Type, m2.Payload)
-	t3 := NewTask(m3.Type, m3.Payload)
-	t4 := NewTask(m4.Type, m4.Payload)
-	t5 := NewTask(m5.Type, m5.Payload)
-	t6 := NewTask(m6.Type, m6.Payload)
-	t7 := NewTask(m7.Type, m7.Payload)
+		m1 = h.NewTaskMessageWithQueue("task1", nil, "critical")
+		m2 = h.NewTaskMessageWithQueue("task2", nil, "critical")
+		m3 = h.NewTaskMessageWithQueue("task3", nil, "critical")
+		m4 = h.NewTaskMessageWithQueue("task4", nil, base.DefaultQueueName)
+		m5 = h.NewTaskMessageWithQueue("task5", nil, base.DefaultQueueName)
+		m6 = h.NewTaskMessageWithQueue("task6", nil, "low")
+		m7 = h.NewTaskMessageWithQueue("task7", nil, "low")
+
+		t1 = NewTask(m1.Type, m1.Payload)
+		t2 = NewTask(m2.Type, m2.Payload)
+		t3 = NewTask(m3.Type, m3.Payload)
+		t4 = NewTask(m4.Type, m4.Payload)
+		t5 = NewTask(m5.Type, m5.Payload)
+		t6 = NewTask(m6.Type, m6.Payload)
+		t7 = NewTask(m7.Type, m7.Payload)
+	)
+	defer r.Close()
 
 	tests := []struct {
-		enqueued      map[string][]*base.TaskMessage // initial queues state
+		pending       map[string][]*base.TaskMessage // initial queues state
+		queues        []string                       // list of queues to consume tasks from
 		wait          time.Duration                  // wait duration between starting and stopping processor for this test case
 		wantProcessed []*Task                        // tasks to be processed at the end
 	}{
 		{
-			enqueued: map[string][]*base.TaskMessage{
+			pending: map[string][]*base.TaskMessage{
 				base.DefaultQueueName: {m4, m5},
 				"critical":            {m1, m2, m3},
 				"low":                 {m6, m7},
 			},
+			queues:        []string{base.DefaultQueueName, "critical", "low"},
 			wait:          time.Second,
 			wantProcessed: []*Task{t1, t2, t3, t4, t5, t6, t7},
 		},
@@ -421,8 +506,8 @@ func TestProcessorWithStrictPriority(t *testing.T) {
 
 	for _, tc := range tests {
 		h.FlushDB(t, r) // clean up db before each test case.
-		for qname, msgs := range tc.enqueued {
-			h.SeedEnqueuedQueue(t, r, msgs, qname)
+		for qname, msgs := range tc.pending {
+			h.SeedPendingQueue(t, r, msgs, qname)
 		}
 
 		// instantiate a new processor
@@ -435,20 +520,22 @@ func TestProcessorWithStrictPriority(t *testing.T) {
 			return nil
 		}
 		queueCfg := map[string]int{
-			"critical":            3,
 			base.DefaultQueueName: 2,
+			"critical":            3,
 			"low":                 1,
 		}
 		starting := make(chan *base.TaskMessage)
 		finished := make(chan *base.TaskMessage)
+		syncCh := make(chan *syncRequest)
 		done := make(chan struct{})
 		defer func() { close(done) }()
 		go fakeHeartbeater(starting, finished, done)
+		go fakeSyncer(syncCh, done)
 		p := newProcessor(processorParams{
 			logger:          testLogger,
 			broker:          rdbClient,
 			retryDelayFunc:  defaultDelayFunc,
-			syncCh:          nil,
+			syncCh:          syncCh,
 			cancelations:    base.NewCancelations(),
 			concurrency:     1, // Set concurrency to 1 to make sure tasks are processed one at a time.
 			queues:          queueCfg,
@@ -462,15 +549,18 @@ func TestProcessorWithStrictPriority(t *testing.T) {
 
 		p.start(&sync.WaitGroup{})
 		time.Sleep(tc.wait)
+		// Make sure no tasks are stuck in active list.
+		for _, qname := range tc.queues {
+			if l := r.LLen(base.ActiveKey(qname)).Val(); l != 0 {
+				t.Errorf("%q has %d tasks, want 0", base.ActiveKey(qname), l)
+			}
+		}
 		p.terminate()
 
 		if diff := cmp.Diff(tc.wantProcessed, processed, cmp.AllowUnexported(Payload{})); diff != "" {
 			t.Errorf("mismatch found in processed tasks; (-want, +got)\n%s", diff)
 		}
 
-		if l := r.LLen(base.InProgressQueue).Val(); l != 0 {
-			t.Errorf("%q has %d tasks, want 0", base.InProgressQueue, l)
-		}
 	}
 }
 

recoverer.go

@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+// Copyright 2020 Kentaro Hibino. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a MIT license
+// that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+package asynq
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"sync"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/hibiken/asynq/internal/base"
+	"github.com/hibiken/asynq/internal/log"
+)
+
+type recoverer struct {
+	logger         *log.Logger
+	broker         base.Broker
+	retryDelayFunc retryDelayFunc
+
+	// channel to communicate back to the long running "recoverer" goroutine.
+	done chan struct{}
+
+	// list of queues to check for deadline.
+	queues []string
+
+	// poll interval.
+	interval time.Duration
+}
+
+type recovererParams struct {
+	logger         *log.Logger
+	broker         base.Broker
+	queues         []string
+	interval       time.Duration
+	retryDelayFunc retryDelayFunc
+}
+
+func newRecoverer(params recovererParams) *recoverer {
+	return &recoverer{
+		logger:         params.logger,
+		broker:         params.broker,
+		done:           make(chan struct{}),
+		queues:         params.queues,
+		interval:       params.interval,
+		retryDelayFunc: params.retryDelayFunc,
+	}
+}
+
+func (r *recoverer) terminate() {
+	r.logger.Debug("Recoverer shutting down...")
+	// Signal the recoverer goroutine to stop polling.
+	r.done <- struct{}{}
+}
+
+func (r *recoverer) start(wg *sync.WaitGroup) {
+	wg.Add(1)
+	go func() {
+		defer wg.Done()
+		timer := time.NewTimer(r.interval)
+		for {
+			select {
+			case <-r.done:
+				r.logger.Debug("Recoverer done")
+				timer.Stop()
+				return
+			case <-timer.C:
+				// Get all tasks which have expired 30 seconds ago or earlier.
+				deadline := time.Now().Add(-30 * time.Second)
+				msgs, err := r.broker.ListDeadlineExceeded(deadline, r.queues...)
+				if err != nil {
+					r.logger.Warn("recoverer: could not list deadline exceeded tasks")
+					continue
+				}
+				const errMsg = "deadline exceeded" // TODO: better error message
+				for _, msg := range msgs {
+					if msg.Retried >= msg.Retry {
+						r.kill(msg, errMsg)
+					} else {
+						r.retry(msg, errMsg)
+					}
+				}
+
+			}
+		}
+	}()
+}
+
+func (r *recoverer) retry(msg *base.TaskMessage, errMsg string) {
+	delay := r.retryDelayFunc(msg.Retried, fmt.Errorf(errMsg), NewTask(msg.Type, msg.Payload))
+	retryAt := time.Now().Add(delay)
+	if err := r.broker.Retry(msg, retryAt, errMsg); err != nil {
+		r.logger.Warnf("recoverer: could not retry deadline exceeded task: %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func (r *recoverer) kill(msg *base.TaskMessage, errMsg string) {
+	if err := r.broker.Kill(msg, errMsg); err != nil {
+		r.logger.Warnf("recoverer: could not move task to dead queue: %v", err)
+	}
+}

recoverer_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,269 @@
+// Copyright 2020 Kentaro Hibino. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a MIT license
+// that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+package asynq
+
+import (
+	"sync"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/google/go-cmp/cmp"
+	h "github.com/hibiken/asynq/internal/asynqtest"
+	"github.com/hibiken/asynq/internal/base"
+	"github.com/hibiken/asynq/internal/rdb"
+)
+
+func TestRecoverer(t *testing.T) {
+	r := setup(t)
+	defer r.Close()
+	rdbClient := rdb.NewRDB(r)
+
+	t1 := h.NewTaskMessageWithQueue("task1", nil, "default")
+	t2 := h.NewTaskMessageWithQueue("task2", nil, "default")
+	t3 := h.NewTaskMessageWithQueue("task3", nil, "critical")
+	t4 := h.NewTaskMessageWithQueue("task4", nil, "default")
+	t4.Retried = t4.Retry // t4 has reached its max retry count
+
+	now := time.Now()
+	oneHourFromNow := now.Add(1 * time.Hour)
+	fiveMinutesFromNow := now.Add(5 * time.Minute)
+	fiveMinutesAgo := now.Add(-5 * time.Minute)
+	oneHourAgo := now.Add(-1 * time.Hour)
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		desc          string
+		inProgress    map[string][]*base.TaskMessage
+		deadlines     map[string][]base.Z
+		retry         map[string][]base.Z
+		dead          map[string][]base.Z
+		wantActive    map[string][]*base.TaskMessage
+		wantDeadlines map[string][]base.Z
+		wantRetry     map[string][]*base.TaskMessage
+		wantDead      map[string][]*base.TaskMessage
+	}{
+		{
+			desc: "with one active task",
+			inProgress: map[string][]*base.TaskMessage{
+				"default": {t1},
+			},
+			deadlines: map[string][]base.Z{
+				"default": {{Message: t1, Score: fiveMinutesAgo.Unix()}},
+			},
+			retry: map[string][]base.Z{
+				"default": {},
+			},
+			dead: map[string][]base.Z{
+				"default": {},
+			},
+			wantActive: map[string][]*base.TaskMessage{
+				"default": {},
+			},
+			wantDeadlines: map[string][]base.Z{
+				"default": {},
+			},
+			wantRetry: map[string][]*base.TaskMessage{
+				"default": {h.TaskMessageAfterRetry(*t1, "deadline exceeded")},
+			},
+			wantDead: map[string][]*base.TaskMessage{
+				"default": {},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			desc: "with a task with max-retry reached",
+			inProgress: map[string][]*base.TaskMessage{
+				"default":  {t4},
+				"critical": {},
+			},
+			deadlines: map[string][]base.Z{
+				"default":  {{Message: t4, Score: fiveMinutesAgo.Unix()}},
+				"critical": {},
+			},
+			retry: map[string][]base.Z{
+				"default":  {},
+				"critical": {},
+			},
+			dead: map[string][]base.Z{
+				"default":  {},
+				"critical": {},
+			},
+			wantActive: map[string][]*base.TaskMessage{
+				"default":  {},
+				"critical": {},
+			},
+			wantDeadlines: map[string][]base.Z{
+				"default":  {},
+				"critical": {},
+			},
+			wantRetry: map[string][]*base.TaskMessage{
+				"default":  {},
+				"critical": {},
+			},
+			wantDead: map[string][]*base.TaskMessage{
+				"default":  {h.TaskMessageWithError(*t4, "deadline exceeded")},
+				"critical": {},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			desc: "with multiple active tasks, and one expired",
+			inProgress: map[string][]*base.TaskMessage{
+				"default":  {t1, t2},
+				"critical": {t3},
+			},
+			deadlines: map[string][]base.Z{
+				"default": {
+					{Message: t1, Score: oneHourAgo.Unix()},
+					{Message: t2, Score: fiveMinutesFromNow.Unix()},
+				},
+				"critical": {
+					{Message: t3, Score: oneHourFromNow.Unix()},
+				},
+			},
+			retry: map[string][]base.Z{
+				"default":  {},
+				"critical": {},
+			},
+			dead: map[string][]base.Z{
+				"default":  {},
+				"critical": {},
+			},
+			wantActive: map[string][]*base.TaskMessage{
+				"default":  {t2},
+				"critical": {t3},
+			},
+			wantDeadlines: map[string][]base.Z{
+				"default":  {{Message: t2, Score: fiveMinutesFromNow.Unix()}},
+				"critical": {{Message: t3, Score: oneHourFromNow.Unix()}},
+			},
+			wantRetry: map[string][]*base.TaskMessage{
+				"default":  {h.TaskMessageAfterRetry(*t1, "deadline exceeded")},
+				"critical": {},
+			},
+			wantDead: map[string][]*base.TaskMessage{
+				"default":  {},
+				"critical": {},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			desc: "with multiple expired active tasks",
+			inProgress: map[string][]*base.TaskMessage{
+				"default":  {t1, t2},
+				"critical": {t3},
+			},
+			deadlines: map[string][]base.Z{
+				"default": {
+					{Message: t1, Score: oneHourAgo.Unix()},
+					{Message: t2, Score: oneHourFromNow.Unix()},
+				},
+				"critical": {
+					{Message: t3, Score: fiveMinutesAgo.Unix()},
+				},
+			},
+			retry: map[string][]base.Z{
+				"default": {},
+				"cricial": {},
+			},
+			dead: map[string][]base.Z{
+				"default": {},
+				"cricial": {},
+			},
+			wantActive: map[string][]*base.TaskMessage{
+				"default":  {t2},
+				"critical": {},
+			},
+			wantDeadlines: map[string][]base.Z{
+				"default": {{Message: t2, Score: oneHourFromNow.Unix()}},
+			},
+			wantRetry: map[string][]*base.TaskMessage{
+				"default":  {h.TaskMessageAfterRetry(*t1, "deadline exceeded")},
+				"critical": {h.TaskMessageAfterRetry(*t3, "deadline exceeded")},
+			},
+			wantDead: map[string][]*base.TaskMessage{
+				"default":  {},
+				"critical": {},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			desc: "with empty active queue",
+			inProgress: map[string][]*base.TaskMessage{
+				"default":  {},
+				"critical": {},
+			},
+			deadlines: map[string][]base.Z{
+				"default":  {},
+				"critical": {},
+			},
+			retry: map[string][]base.Z{
+				"default":  {},
+				"critical": {},
+			},
+			dead: map[string][]base.Z{
+				"default":  {},
+				"critical": {},
+			},
+			wantActive: map[string][]*base.TaskMessage{
+				"default":  {},
+				"critical": {},
+			},
+			wantDeadlines: map[string][]base.Z{
+				"default":  {},
+				"critical": {},
+			},
+			wantRetry: map[string][]*base.TaskMessage{
+				"default":  {},
+				"critical": {},
+			},
+			wantDead: map[string][]*base.TaskMessage{
+				"default":  {},
+				"critical": {},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tc := range tests {
+		h.FlushDB(t, r)
+		h.SeedAllActiveQueues(t, r, tc.inProgress)
+		h.SeedAllDeadlines(t, r, tc.deadlines)
+		h.SeedAllRetryQueues(t, r, tc.retry)
+		h.SeedAllDeadQueues(t, r, tc.dead)
+
+		recoverer := newRecoverer(recovererParams{
+			logger:         testLogger,
+			broker:         rdbClient,
+			queues:         []string{"default", "critical"},
+			interval:       1 * time.Second,
+			retryDelayFunc: func(n int, err error, task *Task) time.Duration { return 30 * time.Second },
+		})
+
+		var wg sync.WaitGroup
+		recoverer.start(&wg)
+		time.Sleep(2 * time.Second)
+		recoverer.terminate()
+
+		for qname, want := range tc.wantActive {
+			gotActive := h.GetActiveMessages(t, r, qname)
+			if diff := cmp.Diff(want, gotActive, h.SortMsgOpt); diff != "" {
+				t.Errorf("%s; mismatch found in %q; (-want,+got)\n%s", tc.desc, base.ActiveKey(qname), diff)
+			}
+		}
+		for qname, want := range tc.wantDeadlines {
+			gotDeadlines := h.GetDeadlinesEntries(t, r, qname)
+			if diff := cmp.Diff(want, gotDeadlines, h.SortZSetEntryOpt); diff != "" {
+				t.Errorf("%s; mismatch found in %q; (-want,+got)\n%s", tc.desc, base.DeadlinesKey(qname), diff)
+			}
+		}
+		for qname, want := range tc.wantRetry {
+			gotRetry := h.GetRetryMessages(t, r, qname)
+			if diff := cmp.Diff(want, gotRetry, h.SortMsgOpt); diff != "" {
+				t.Errorf("%s; mismatch found in %q: (-want, +got)\n%s", tc.desc, base.RetryKey(qname), diff)
+			}
+		}
+		for qname, want := range tc.wantDead {
+			gotDead := h.GetDeadMessages(t, r, qname)
+			if diff := cmp.Diff(want, gotDead, h.SortMsgOpt); diff != "" {
+				t.Errorf("%s; mismatch found in %q: (-want, +got)\n%s", tc.desc, base.DeadKey(qname), diff)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}

scheduler.go

@@ -5,64 +5,235 @@
 package asynq
 
 import (
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
 	"sync"
 	"time"
 
+	"github.com/google/uuid"
 	"github.com/hibiken/asynq/internal/base"
 	"github.com/hibiken/asynq/internal/log"
+	"github.com/hibiken/asynq/internal/rdb"
+	"github.com/robfig/cron/v3"
 )
 
-type scheduler struct {
-	logger *log.Logger
-	broker base.Broker
-
-	// channel to communicate back to the long running "scheduler" goroutine.
-	done chan struct{}
-
-	// poll interval on average
-	avgInterval time.Duration
+// A Scheduler kicks off tasks at regular intervals based on the user defined schedule.
+type Scheduler struct {
+	id         string
+	status     *base.ServerStatus
+	logger     *log.Logger
+	client     *Client
+	rdb        *rdb.RDB
+	cron       *cron.Cron
+	location   *time.Location
+	done       chan struct{}
+	wg         sync.WaitGroup
+	errHandler func(task *Task, opts []Option, err error)
 }
 
-type schedulerParams struct {
-	logger   *log.Logger
-	broker   base.Broker
-	interval time.Duration
-}
+// NewScheduler returns a new Scheduler instance given the redis connection option.
+// The parameter opts is optional, defaults will be used if opts is set to nil
+func NewScheduler(r RedisConnOpt, opts *SchedulerOpts) *Scheduler {
+	if opts == nil {
+		opts = &SchedulerOpts{}
+	}
 
-func newScheduler(params schedulerParams) *scheduler {
-	return &scheduler{
-		logger:      params.logger,
-		broker:      params.broker,
-		done:        make(chan struct{}),
-		avgInterval: params.interval,
+	logger := log.NewLogger(opts.Logger)
+	loglevel := opts.LogLevel
+	if loglevel == level_unspecified {
+		loglevel = InfoLevel
+	}
+	logger.SetLevel(toInternalLogLevel(loglevel))
+
+	loc := opts.Location
+	if loc == nil {
+		loc = time.UTC
+	}
+
+	return &Scheduler{
+		id:         generateSchedulerID(),
+		status:     base.NewServerStatus(base.StatusIdle),
+		logger:     logger,
+		client:     NewClient(r),
+		rdb:        rdb.NewRDB(createRedisClient(r)),
+		cron:       cron.New(cron.WithLocation(loc)),
+		location:   loc,
+		done:       make(chan struct{}),
+		errHandler: opts.EnqueueErrorHandler,
 	}
 }
 
-func (s *scheduler) terminate() {
-	s.logger.Debug("Scheduler shutting down...")
-	// Signal the scheduler goroutine to stop polling.
-	s.done <- struct{}{}
+func generateSchedulerID() string {
+	host, err := os.Hostname()
+	if err != nil {
+		host = "unknown-host"
+	}
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%s:%d:%v", host, os.Getpid(), uuid.New())
 }
 
-// start starts the "scheduler" goroutine.
-func (s *scheduler) start(wg *sync.WaitGroup) {
-	wg.Add(1)
-	go func() {
-		defer wg.Done()
-		for {
-			select {
-			case <-s.done:
-				s.logger.Debug("Scheduler done")
-				return
-			case <-time.After(s.avgInterval):
-				s.exec()
-			}
+// SchedulerOpts specifies scheduler options.
+type SchedulerOpts struct {
+	// Logger specifies the logger used by the scheduler instance.
+	//
+	// If unset, the default logger is used.
+	Logger Logger
+
+	// LogLevel specifies the minimum log level to enable.
+	//
+	// If unset, InfoLevel is used by default.
+	LogLevel LogLevel
+
+	// Location specifies the time zone location.
+	//
+	// If unset, the UTC time zone (time.UTC) is used.
+	Location *time.Location
+
+	// EnqueueErrorHandler gets called when scheduler cannot enqueue a registered task
+	// due to an error.
+	EnqueueErrorHandler func(task *Task, opts []Option, err error)
+}
+
+// enqueueJob encapsulates the job of enqueing a task and recording the event.
+type enqueueJob struct {
+	id         uuid.UUID
+	cronspec   string
+	task       *Task
+	opts       []Option
+	location   *time.Location
+	logger     *log.Logger
+	client     *Client
+	rdb        *rdb.RDB
+	errHandler func(task *Task, opts []Option, err error)
+}
+
+func (j *enqueueJob) Run() {
+	res, err := j.client.Enqueue(j.task, j.opts...)
+	if err != nil {
+		j.logger.Errorf("scheduler could not enqueue a task %+v: %v", j.task, err)
+		if j.errHandler != nil {
+			j.errHandler(j.task, j.opts, err)
 		}
-	}()
-}
-
-func (s *scheduler) exec() {
-	if err := s.broker.CheckAndEnqueue(); err != nil {
-		s.logger.Errorf("Could not enqueue scheduled tasks: %v", err)
+		return
+	}
+	j.logger.Infof("scheduler enqueued a task: %+v", res)
+	event := &base.SchedulerEnqueueEvent{
+		TaskID:     res.ID,
+		EnqueuedAt: res.EnqueuedAt.In(j.location),
+	}
+	err = j.rdb.RecordSchedulerEnqueueEvent(j.id.String(), event)
+	if err != nil {
+		j.logger.Errorf("scheduler could not record enqueue event of enqueued task %+v: %v", j.task, err)
 	}
 }
+
+// Register registers a task to be enqueued on the given schedule specified by the cronspec.
+// It returns an ID of the newly registered entry.
+func (s *Scheduler) Register(cronspec string, task *Task, opts ...Option) (entryID string, err error) {
+	job := &enqueueJob{
+		id:         uuid.New(),
+		cronspec:   cronspec,
+		task:       task,
+		opts:       opts,
+		location:   s.location,
+		client:     s.client,
+		rdb:        s.rdb,
+		logger:     s.logger,
+		errHandler: s.errHandler,
+	}
+	if _, err = s.cron.AddJob(cronspec, job); err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+	return job.id.String(), nil
+}
+
+// Run starts the scheduler until an os signal to exit the program is received.
+// It returns an error if scheduler is already running or has been stopped.
+func (s *Scheduler) Run() error {
+	if err := s.Start(); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	s.waitForSignals()
+	return s.Stop()
+}
+
+// Start starts the scheduler.
+// It returns an error if the scheduler is already running or has been stopped.
+func (s *Scheduler) Start() error {
+	switch s.status.Get() {
+	case base.StatusRunning:
+		return fmt.Errorf("asynq: the scheduler is already running")
+	case base.StatusStopped:
+		return fmt.Errorf("asynq: the scheduler has already been stopped")
+	}
+	s.logger.Info("Scheduler starting")
+	s.logger.Infof("Scheduler timezone is set to %v", s.location)
+	s.cron.Start()
+	s.wg.Add(1)
+	go s.runHeartbeater()
+	s.status.Set(base.StatusRunning)
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Stop stops the scheduler.
+// It returns an error if the scheduler is not currently running.
+func (s *Scheduler) Stop() error {
+	if s.status.Get() != base.StatusRunning {
+		return fmt.Errorf("asynq: the scheduler is not running")
+	}
+	s.logger.Info("Scheduler shutting down")
+	close(s.done) // signal heartbeater to stop
+	ctx := s.cron.Stop()
+	<-ctx.Done()
+	s.wg.Wait()
+
+	s.client.Close()
+	s.rdb.Close()
+	s.status.Set(base.StatusStopped)
+	s.logger.Info("Scheduler stopped")
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (s *Scheduler) runHeartbeater() {
+	defer s.wg.Done()
+	ticker := time.NewTicker(5 * time.Second)
+	for {
+		select {
+		case <-s.done:
+			s.logger.Debugf("Scheduler heatbeater shutting down")
+			s.rdb.ClearSchedulerEntries(s.id)
+			return
+		case <-ticker.C:
+			s.beat()
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// beat writes a snapshot of entries to redis.
+func (s *Scheduler) beat() {
+	var entries []*base.SchedulerEntry
+	for _, entry := range s.cron.Entries() {
+		job := entry.Job.(*enqueueJob)
+		e := &base.SchedulerEntry{
+			ID:      job.id.String(),
+			Spec:    job.cronspec,
+			Type:    job.task.Type,
+			Payload: job.task.Payload.data,
+			Opts:    stringifyOptions(job.opts),
+			Next:    entry.Next,
+			Prev:    entry.Prev,
+		}
+		entries = append(entries, e)
+	}
+	s.logger.Debugf("Writing entries %v", entries)
+	if err := s.rdb.WriteSchedulerEntries(s.id, entries, 5*time.Second); err != nil {
+		s.logger.Warnf("Scheduler could not write heartbeat data: %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func stringifyOptions(opts []Option) []string {
+	var res []string
+	for _, opt := range opts {
+		res = append(res, opt.String())
+	}
+	return res
+}

scheduler_test.go

@@ -10,88 +10,109 @@ import (
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/google/go-cmp/cmp"
-	h "github.com/hibiken/asynq/internal/asynqtest"
+	"github.com/hibiken/asynq/internal/asynqtest"
 	"github.com/hibiken/asynq/internal/base"
-	"github.com/hibiken/asynq/internal/rdb"
 )
 
 func TestScheduler(t *testing.T) {
-	r := setup(t)
-	rdbClient := rdb.NewRDB(r)
-	const pollInterval = time.Second
-	s := newScheduler(schedulerParams{
-		logger:   testLogger,
-		broker:   rdbClient,
-		interval: pollInterval,
-	})
-	t1 := h.NewTaskMessage("gen_thumbnail", nil)
-	t2 := h.NewTaskMessage("send_email", nil)
-	t3 := h.NewTaskMessage("reindex", nil)
-	t4 := h.NewTaskMessage("sync", nil)
-	now := time.Now()
-
 	tests := []struct {
-		initScheduled []h.ZSetEntry       // scheduled queue initial state
-		initRetry     []h.ZSetEntry       // retry queue initial state
-		initQueue     []*base.TaskMessage // default queue initial state
-		wait          time.Duration       // wait duration before checking for final state
-		wantScheduled []*base.TaskMessage // schedule queue final state
-		wantRetry     []*base.TaskMessage // retry queue final state
-		wantQueue     []*base.TaskMessage // default queue final state
+		cronspec string
+		task     *Task
+		opts     []Option
+		wait     time.Duration
+		queue    string
+		want     []*base.TaskMessage
 	}{
 		{
-			initScheduled: []h.ZSetEntry{
-				{Msg: t1, Score: float64(now.Add(time.Hour).Unix())},
-				{Msg: t2, Score: float64(now.Add(-2 * time.Second).Unix())},
+			cronspec: "@every 3s",
+			task:     NewTask("task1", nil),
+			opts:     []Option{MaxRetry(10)},
+			wait:     10 * time.Second,
+			queue:    "default",
+			want: []*base.TaskMessage{
+				{
+					Type:    "task1",
+					Payload: nil,
+					Retry:   10,
+					Timeout: int64(defaultTimeout.Seconds()),
+					Queue:   "default",
+				},
+				{
+					Type:    "task1",
+					Payload: nil,
+					Retry:   10,
+					Timeout: int64(defaultTimeout.Seconds()),
+					Queue:   "default",
+				},
+				{
+					Type:    "task1",
+					Payload: nil,
+					Retry:   10,
+					Timeout: int64(defaultTimeout.Seconds()),
+					Queue:   "default",
+				},
 			},
-			initRetry: []h.ZSetEntry{
-				{Msg: t3, Score: float64(time.Now().Add(-500 * time.Millisecond).Unix())},
-			},
-			initQueue:     []*base.TaskMessage{t4},
-			wait:          pollInterval * 2,
-			wantScheduled: []*base.TaskMessage{t1},
-			wantRetry:     []*base.TaskMessage{},
-			wantQueue:     []*base.TaskMessage{t2, t3, t4},
-		},
-		{
-			initScheduled: []h.ZSetEntry{
-				{Msg: t1, Score: float64(now.Unix())},
-				{Msg: t2, Score: float64(now.Add(-2 * time.Second).Unix())},
-				{Msg: t3, Score: float64(now.Add(-500 * time.Millisecond).Unix())},
-			},
-			initRetry:     []h.ZSetEntry{},
-			initQueue:     []*base.TaskMessage{t4},
-			wait:          pollInterval * 2,
-			wantScheduled: []*base.TaskMessage{},
-			wantRetry:     []*base.TaskMessage{},
-			wantQueue:     []*base.TaskMessage{t1, t2, t3, t4},
 		},
 	}
 
+	r := setup(t)
+
 	for _, tc := range tests {
-		h.FlushDB(t, r)                              // clean up db before each test case.
-		h.SeedScheduledQueue(t, r, tc.initScheduled) // initialize scheduled queue
-		h.SeedRetryQueue(t, r, tc.initRetry)         // initialize retry queue
-		h.SeedEnqueuedQueue(t, r, tc.initQueue)      // initialize default queue
+		scheduler := NewScheduler(getRedisConnOpt(t), nil)
+		if _, err := scheduler.Register(tc.cronspec, tc.task, tc.opts...); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
 
-		var wg sync.WaitGroup
-		s.start(&wg)
+		if err := scheduler.Start(); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
 		time.Sleep(tc.wait)
-		s.terminate()
-
-		gotScheduled := h.GetScheduledMessages(t, r)
-		if diff := cmp.Diff(tc.wantScheduled, gotScheduled, h.SortMsgOpt); diff != "" {
-			t.Errorf("mismatch found in %q after running scheduler: (-want, +got)\n%s", base.ScheduledQueue, diff)
+		if err := scheduler.Stop(); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
 		}
 
-		gotRetry := h.GetRetryMessages(t, r)
-		if diff := cmp.Diff(tc.wantRetry, gotRetry, h.SortMsgOpt); diff != "" {
-			t.Errorf("mismatch found in %q after running scheduler: (-want, +got)\n%s", base.RetryQueue, diff)
-		}
-
-		gotEnqueued := h.GetEnqueuedMessages(t, r)
-		if diff := cmp.Diff(tc.wantQueue, gotEnqueued, h.SortMsgOpt); diff != "" {
-			t.Errorf("mismatch found in %q after running scheduler: (-want, +got)\n%s", base.DefaultQueue, diff)
+		got := asynqtest.GetPendingMessages(t, r, tc.queue)
+		if diff := cmp.Diff(tc.want, got, asynqtest.IgnoreIDOpt); diff != "" {
+			t.Errorf("mismatch found in queue %q: (-want,+got)\n%s", tc.queue, diff)
 		}
 	}
 }
+
+func TestSchedulerWhenRedisDown(t *testing.T) {
+	var (
+		mu      sync.Mutex
+		counter int
+	)
+	errorHandler := func(task *Task, opts []Option, err error) {
+		mu.Lock()
+		counter++
+		mu.Unlock()
+	}
+
+	// Connect to non-existent redis instance to simulate a redis server being down.
+	scheduler := NewScheduler(
+		RedisClientOpt{Addr: ":9876"},
+		&SchedulerOpts{EnqueueErrorHandler: errorHandler},
+	)
+
+	task := NewTask("test", nil)
+
+	if _, err := scheduler.Register("@every 3s", task); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	if err := scheduler.Start(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	// Scheduler should attempt to enqueue the task three times (every 3s).
+	time.Sleep(10 * time.Second)
+	if err := scheduler.Stop(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	mu.Lock()
+	if counter != 3 {
+		t.Errorf("EnqueueErrorHandler was called %d times, want 3", counter)
+	}
+	mu.Unlock()
+}

server.go

@@ -40,12 +40,14 @@ type Server struct {
 	status *base.ServerStatus
 
 	// wait group to wait for all goroutines to finish.
-	wg          sync.WaitGroup
-	scheduler   *scheduler
-	processor   *processor
-	syncer      *syncer
-	heartbeater *heartbeater
-	subscriber  *subscriber
+	wg            sync.WaitGroup
+	forwarder     *forwarder
+	processor     *processor
+	syncer        *syncer
+	heartbeater   *heartbeater
+	subscriber    *subscriber
+	recoverer     *recoverer
+	healthchecker *healthchecker
 }
 
 // Config specifies the server's background-task processing behavior.
@@ -73,11 +75,13 @@ type Config struct {
 	// Priority is treated as follows to avoid starving low priority queues.
 	//
 	// Example:
-	// Queues: map[string]int{
-	//     "critical": 6,
-	//     "default":  3,
-	//     "low":      1,
-	// }
+	//
+	//     Queues: map[string]int{
+	//         "critical": 6,
+	//         "default":  3,
+	//         "low":      1,
+	//     }
+	//
 	// With the above config and given that all queues are not empty, the tasks
 	// in "critical", "default", "low" should be processed 60%, 30%, 10% of
 	// the time respectively.
@@ -97,14 +101,17 @@ type Config struct {
 	// HandleError is invoked only if the task handler returns a non-nil error.
 	//
 	// Example:
-	// func reportError(task *asynq.Task, err error, retried, maxRetry int) {
-	// 	   if retried >= maxRetry {
-	//         err = fmt.Errorf("retry exhausted for task %s: %w", task.Type, err)
-	// 	   }
-	//     errorReportingService.Notify(err)
-	// })
 	//
-	// ErrorHandler: asynq.ErrorHandlerFunc(reportError)
+	//     func reportError(ctx context, task *asynq.Task, err error) {
+	//         retried, _ := asynq.GetRetryCount(ctx)
+	//         maxRetry, _ := asynq.GetMaxRetry(ctx)
+	//     	   if retried >= maxRetry {
+	//             err = fmt.Errorf("retry exhausted for task %s: %w", task.Type, err)
+	//     	   }
+	//         errorReportingService.Notify(err)
+	//     })
+	//
+	//     ErrorHandler: asynq.ErrorHandlerFunc(reportError)
 	ErrorHandler ErrorHandler
 
 	// Logger specifies the logger used by the server instance.
@@ -122,20 +129,29 @@ type Config struct {
 	//
 	// If unset or zero, default timeout of 8 seconds is used.
 	ShutdownTimeout time.Duration
+
+	// HealthCheckFunc is called periodically with any errors encountered during ping to the
+	// connected redis server.
+	HealthCheckFunc func(error)
+
+	// HealthCheckInterval specifies the interval between healthchecks.
+	//
+	// If unset or zero, the interval is set to 15 seconds.
+	HealthCheckInterval time.Duration
 }
 
-// An ErrorHandler handles errors returned by the task handler.
+// An ErrorHandler handles an error occured during task processing.
 type ErrorHandler interface {
-	HandleError(task *Task, err error, retried, maxRetry int)
+	HandleError(ctx context.Context, task *Task, err error)
 }
 
 // The ErrorHandlerFunc type is an adapter to allow the use of  ordinary functions as a ErrorHandler.
 // If f is a function with the appropriate signature, ErrorHandlerFunc(f) is a ErrorHandler that calls f.
-type ErrorHandlerFunc func(task *Task, err error, retried, maxRetry int)
+type ErrorHandlerFunc func(ctx context.Context, task *Task, err error)
 
-// HandleError calls fn(task, err, retried, maxRetry)
-func (fn ErrorHandlerFunc) HandleError(task *Task, err error, retried, maxRetry int) {
-	fn(task, err, retried, maxRetry)
+// HandleError calls fn(ctx, task, err)
+func (fn ErrorHandlerFunc) HandleError(ctx context.Context, task *Task, err error) {
+	fn(ctx, task, err)
 }
 
 // Logger supports logging at various log levels.
@@ -249,7 +265,11 @@ var defaultQueueConfig = map[string]int{
 	base.DefaultQueueName: 1,
 }
 
-const defaultShutdownTimeout = 8 * time.Second
+const (
+	defaultShutdownTimeout = 8 * time.Second
+
+	defaultHealthCheckInterval = 15 * time.Second
+)
 
 // NewServer returns a new Server given a redis connection option
 // and background processing configuration.
@@ -271,10 +291,18 @@ func NewServer(r RedisConnOpt, cfg Config) *Server {
 	if len(queues) == 0 {
 		queues = defaultQueueConfig
 	}
+	var qnames []string
+	for q, _ := range queues {
+		qnames = append(qnames, q)
+	}
 	shutdownTimeout := cfg.ShutdownTimeout
 	if shutdownTimeout == 0 {
 		shutdownTimeout = defaultShutdownTimeout
 	}
+	healthcheckInterval := cfg.HealthCheckInterval
+	if healthcheckInterval == 0 {
+		healthcheckInterval = defaultHealthCheckInterval
+	}
 	logger := log.NewLogger(cfg.Logger)
 	loglevel := cfg.LogLevel
 	if loglevel == level_unspecified {
@@ -305,9 +333,10 @@ func NewServer(r RedisConnOpt, cfg Config) *Server {
 		starting:       starting,
 		finished:       finished,
 	})
-	scheduler := newScheduler(schedulerParams{
+	forwarder := newForwarder(forwarderParams{
 		logger:   logger,
 		broker:   rdb,
+		queues:   qnames,
 		interval: 5 * time.Second,
 	})
 	subscriber := newSubscriber(subscriberParams{
@@ -329,15 +358,30 @@ func NewServer(r RedisConnOpt, cfg Config) *Server {
 		starting:        starting,
 		finished:        finished,
 	})
+	recoverer := newRecoverer(recovererParams{
+		logger:         logger,
+		broker:         rdb,
+		retryDelayFunc: delayFunc,
+		queues:         qnames,
+		interval:       1 * time.Minute,
+	})
+	healthchecker := newHealthChecker(healthcheckerParams{
+		logger:          logger,
+		broker:          rdb,
+		interval:        healthcheckInterval,
+		healthcheckFunc: cfg.HealthCheckFunc,
+	})
 	return &Server{
-		logger:      logger,
-		broker:      rdb,
-		status:      status,
-		scheduler:   scheduler,
-		processor:   processor,
-		syncer:      syncer,
-		heartbeater: heartbeater,
-		subscriber:  subscriber,
+		logger:        logger,
+		broker:        rdb,
+		status:        status,
+		forwarder:     forwarder,
+		processor:     processor,
+		syncer:        syncer,
+		heartbeater:   heartbeater,
+		subscriber:    subscriber,
+		recoverer:     recoverer,
+		healthchecker: healthchecker,
 	}
 }
 
@@ -405,9 +449,11 @@ func (srv *Server) Start(handler Handler) error {
 	srv.logger.Info("Starting processing")
 
 	srv.heartbeater.start(&srv.wg)
+	srv.healthchecker.start(&srv.wg)
 	srv.subscriber.start(&srv.wg)
 	srv.syncer.start(&srv.wg)
-	srv.scheduler.start(&srv.wg)
+	srv.recoverer.start(&srv.wg)
+	srv.forwarder.start(&srv.wg)
 	srv.processor.start(&srv.wg)
 	return nil
 }
@@ -428,10 +474,12 @@ func (srv *Server) Stop() {
 	// Sender goroutines should be terminated before the receiver goroutines.
 	// processor -> syncer (via syncCh)
 	// processor -> heartbeater (via starting, finished channels)
-	srv.scheduler.terminate()
+	srv.forwarder.terminate()
 	srv.processor.terminate()
+	srv.recoverer.terminate()
 	srv.syncer.terminate()
 	srv.subscriber.terminate()
+	srv.healthchecker.terminate()
 	srv.heartbeater.terminate()
 
 	srv.wg.Wait()

server_test.go

@@ -21,12 +21,10 @@ func TestServer(t *testing.T) {
 	ignoreOpt := goleak.IgnoreTopFunction("github.com/go-redis/redis/v7/internal/pool.(*ConnPool).reaper")
 	defer goleak.VerifyNoLeaks(t, ignoreOpt)
 
-	r := &RedisClientOpt{
-		Addr: "localhost:6379",
-		DB:   15,
-	}
-	c := NewClient(r)
-	srv := NewServer(r, Config{
+	redisConnOpt := getRedisConnOpt(t)
+	c := NewClient(redisConnOpt)
+	defer c.Close()
+	srv := NewServer(redisConnOpt, Config{
 		Concurrency: 10,
 		LogLevel:    testLogLevel,
 	})
@@ -41,12 +39,12 @@ func TestServer(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
 
-	err = c.Enqueue(NewTask("send_email", map[string]interface{}{"recipient_id": 123}))
+	_, err = c.Enqueue(NewTask("send_email", map[string]interface{}{"recipient_id": 123}))
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Errorf("could not enqueue a task: %v", err)
 	}
 
-	err = c.EnqueueAt(time.Now().Add(time.Hour), NewTask("send_email", map[string]interface{}{"recipient_id": 456}))
+	_, err = c.Enqueue(NewTask("send_email", map[string]interface{}{"recipient_id": 456}), ProcessIn(1*time.Hour))
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Errorf("could not enqueue a task: %v", err)
 	}
@@ -129,7 +127,7 @@ func TestServerWithRedisDown(t *testing.T) {
 	testBroker := testbroker.NewTestBroker(r)
 	srv := NewServer(RedisClientOpt{Addr: ":6379"}, Config{LogLevel: testLogLevel})
 	srv.broker = testBroker
-	srv.scheduler.broker = testBroker
+	srv.forwarder.broker = testBroker
 	srv.heartbeater.broker = testBroker
 	srv.processor.broker = testBroker
 	srv.subscriber.broker = testBroker
@@ -159,14 +157,15 @@ func TestServerWithFlakyBroker(t *testing.T) {
 	}()
 	r := rdb.NewRDB(setup(t))
 	testBroker := testbroker.NewTestBroker(r)
-	srv := NewServer(RedisClientOpt{Addr: redisAddr, DB: redisDB}, Config{LogLevel: testLogLevel})
+	redisConnOpt := getRedisConnOpt(t)
+	srv := NewServer(redisConnOpt, Config{LogLevel: testLogLevel})
 	srv.broker = testBroker
-	srv.scheduler.broker = testBroker
+	srv.forwarder.broker = testBroker
 	srv.heartbeater.broker = testBroker
 	srv.processor.broker = testBroker
 	srv.subscriber.broker = testBroker
 
-	c := NewClient(RedisClientOpt{Addr: redisAddr, DB: redisDB})
+	c := NewClient(redisConnOpt)
 
 	h := func(ctx context.Context, task *Task) error {
 		// force task retry.
@@ -183,15 +182,15 @@ func TestServerWithFlakyBroker(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
-		err := c.Enqueue(NewTask("enqueued", nil), MaxRetry(i))
+		_, err := c.Enqueue(NewTask("enqueued", nil), MaxRetry(i))
 		if err != nil {
 			t.Fatal(err)
 		}
-		err = c.Enqueue(NewTask("bad_task", nil))
+		_, err = c.Enqueue(NewTask("bad_task", nil))
 		if err != nil {
 			t.Fatal(err)
 		}
-		err = c.EnqueueIn(time.Duration(i)*time.Second, NewTask("scheduled", nil))
+		_, err = c.Enqueue(NewTask("scheduled", nil), ProcessIn(time.Duration(i)*time.Second))
 		if err != nil {
 			t.Fatal(err)
 		}

signals_unix.go

@@ -28,3 +28,10 @@ func (srv *Server) waitForSignals() {
 		break
 	}
 }
+
+func (s *Scheduler) waitForSignals() {
+	s.logger.Info("Send signal TERM or INT to stop the scheduler")
+	sigs := make(chan os.Signal, 1)
+	signal.Notify(sigs, unix.SIGTERM, unix.SIGINT)
+	<-sigs
+}

signals_windows.go

@@ -20,3 +20,10 @@ func (srv *Server) waitForSignals() {
 	signal.Notify(sigs, windows.SIGTERM, windows.SIGINT)
 	<-sigs
 }
+
+func (s *Scheduler) waitForSignals() {
+	s.logger.Info("Send signal TERM or INT to stop the scheduler")
+	sigs := make(chan os.Signal, 1)
+	signal.Notify(sigs, windows.SIGTERM, windows.SIGINT)
+	<-sigs
+}

subscriber.go

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ type subscriber struct {
 	// channel to communicate back to the long running "subscriber" goroutine.
 	done chan struct{}
 
-	// cancelations hold cancel functions for all in-progress tasks.
+	// cancelations hold cancel functions for all active tasks.
 	cancelations *base.Cancelations
 
 	// time to wait before retrying to connect to redis.

subscriber_test.go

@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ import (
 
 func TestSubscriber(t *testing.T) {
 	r := setup(t)
+	defer r.Close()
 	rdbClient := rdb.NewRDB(r)
 
 	tests := []struct {
@@ -76,6 +77,7 @@ func TestSubscriberWithRedisDown(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 	}()
 	r := rdb.NewRDB(setup(t))
+	defer r.Close()
 	testBroker := testbroker.NewTestBroker(r)
 
 	cancelations := base.NewCancelations()

syncer.go

@@ -26,8 +26,9 @@ type syncer struct {
 }
 
 type syncRequest struct {
-	fn     func() error // sync operation
-	errMsg string       // error message
+	fn       func() error // sync operation
+	errMsg   string       // error message
+	deadline time.Time    // request should be dropped if deadline has been exceeded
 }
 
 type syncerParams struct {
@@ -72,6 +73,9 @@ func (s *syncer) start(wg *sync.WaitGroup) {
 			case <-time.After(s.interval):
 				var temp []*syncRequest
 				for _, req := range requests {
+					if req.deadline.Before(time.Now()) {
+						continue // drop stale request
+					}
 					if err := req.fn(); err != nil {
 						temp = append(temp, req)
 					}

syncer_test.go

@@ -22,8 +22,9 @@ func TestSyncer(t *testing.T) {
 		h.NewTaskMessage("gen_thumbnail", nil),
 	}
 	r := setup(t)
+	defer r.Close()
 	rdbClient := rdb.NewRDB(r)
-	h.SeedInProgressQueue(t, r, inProgress)
+	h.SeedActiveQueue(t, r, inProgress, base.DefaultQueueName)
 
 	const interval = time.Second
 	syncRequestCh := make(chan *syncRequest)
@@ -42,14 +43,15 @@ func TestSyncer(t *testing.T) {
 			fn: func() error {
 				return rdbClient.Done(m)
 			},
+			deadline: time.Now().Add(5 * time.Minute),
 		}
 	}
 
 	time.Sleep(2 * interval) // ensure that syncer runs at least once
 
-	gotInProgress := h.GetInProgressMessages(t, r)
-	if l := len(gotInProgress); l != 0 {
-		t.Errorf("%q has length %d; want 0", base.InProgressQueue, l)
+	gotActive := h.GetActiveMessages(t, r, base.DefaultQueueName)
+	if l := len(gotActive); l != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("%q has length %d; want 0", base.ActiveKey(base.DefaultQueueName), l)
 	}
 }
 
@@ -85,8 +87,9 @@ func TestSyncerRetry(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	syncRequestCh <- &syncRequest{
-		fn:     requestFunc,
-		errMsg: "error",
+		fn:       requestFunc,
+		errMsg:   "error",
+		deadline: time.Now().Add(5 * time.Minute),
 	}
 
 	// allow syncer to retry
@@ -98,3 +101,41 @@ func TestSyncerRetry(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	mu.Unlock()
 }
+
+func TestSyncerDropsStaleRequests(t *testing.T) {
+	const interval = time.Second
+	syncRequestCh := make(chan *syncRequest)
+	syncer := newSyncer(syncerParams{
+		logger:     testLogger,
+		requestsCh: syncRequestCh,
+		interval:   interval,
+	})
+	var wg sync.WaitGroup
+	syncer.start(&wg)
+
+	var (
+		mu sync.Mutex
+		n  int // number of times request has been processed
+	)
+
+	for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
+		syncRequestCh <- &syncRequest{
+			fn: func() error {
+				mu.Lock()
+				n++
+				mu.Unlock()
+				return nil
+			},
+			deadline: time.Now().Add(time.Duration(-i) * time.Second), // already exceeded deadline
+		}
+	}
+
+	time.Sleep(2 * interval) // ensure that syncer runs at least once
+	syncer.terminate()
+
+	mu.Lock()
+	if n != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("requests has been processed %d times, want 0", n)
+	}
+	mu.Unlock()
+}

tools/asynq/README.md

@@ -1,20 +1,11 @@
 # Asynq CLI
 
-Asynq CLI is a command line tool to monitor the tasks managed by `asynq` package.
+Asynq CLI is a command line tool to monitor the queues and tasks managed by `asynq` package.
 
 ## Table of Contents
 
 - [Installation](#installation)
-- [Quick Start](#quick-start)
-  - [Stats](#stats)
-  - [History](#history)
-  - [Servers](#servers)
-  - [List](#list)
-  - [Enqueue](#enqueue)
-  - [Delete](#delete)
-  - [Kill](#kill)
-  - [Cancel](#cancel)
-  - [Pause](#pause)
+- [Usage](#usage)
 - [Config File](#config-file)
 
 ## Installation
@@ -25,144 +16,41 @@ In order to use the tool, compile it using the following command:
 
 This will create the asynq executable under your `$GOPATH/bin` directory.
 
-## Quickstart
+## Usage
 
-The tool has a few commands to inspect the state of tasks and queues.
+### Commands
 
-Run `asynq help` to see all the available commands.
+To view details on any command, use `asynq help <command> <subcommand>`.
+
+- `asynq stats`
+- `asynq queue [ls inspect history rm pause unpause]`
+- `asynq task [ls cancel delete kill run delete-all kill-all run-all]`
+- `asynq server [ls]`
+
+### Global flags
 
 Asynq CLI needs to connect to a redis-server to inspect the state of queues and tasks. Use flags to specify the options to connect to the redis-server used by your application.
+To connect to a redis cluster, pass `--cluster` and `--cluster_addrs` flags.
 
 By default, CLI will try to connect to a redis server running at `localhost:6379`.
 
-### Stats
+```
+      --config string          config file to set flag defaut values (default is $HOME/.asynq.yaml)
+  -n, --db int                 redis database number (default is 0)
+  -h, --help                   help for asynq
+  -p, --password string        password to use when connecting to redis server
+  -u, --uri string             redis server URI (default "127.0.0.1:6379")
 
-Stats command gives the overview of the current state of tasks and queues. You can run it in conjunction with `watch` command to repeatedly run `stats`.
-
-Example:
-
-    watch -n 3 asynq stats
-
-This will run `asynq stats` command every 3 seconds.
-
-![Gif](/docs/assets/asynq_stats.gif)
-
-### History
-
-History command shows the number of processed and failed tasks from the last x days.
-
-By default, it shows the stats from the last 10 days. Use `--days` to specify the number of days.
-
-Example:
-
-    asynq history --days=30
-
-![Gif](/docs/assets/asynq_history.gif)
-
-### Servers
-
-Servers command shows the list of running worker servers pulling tasks from the given redis instance.
-
-Example:
-
-    asynq servers
-
-### List
-
-List command shows all tasks in the specified state in a table format
-
-Example:
-
-    asynq ls retry
-    asynq ls scheduled
-    asynq ls dead
-    asynq ls enqueued:default
-    asynq ls inprogress
-
-### Enqueue
-
-There are two commands to enqueue tasks.
-
-Command `enq` takes a task ID and moves the task to **Enqueued** state. You can obtain the task ID by running `ls` command.
-
-Example:
-
-    asynq enq d:1575732274:bnogo8gt6toe23vhef0g
-
-Command `enqall` moves all tasks to **Enqueued** state from the specified state.
-
-Example:
-
-    asynq enqall retry
-
-Running the above command will move all **Retry** tasks to **Enqueued** state.
-
-### Delete
-
-There are two commands for task deletion.
-
-Command `del` takes a task ID and deletes the task. You can obtain the task ID by running `ls` command.
-
-Example:
-
-    asynq del r:1575732274:bnogo8gt6toe23vhef0g
-
-Command `delall` deletes all tasks which are in the specified state.
-
-Example:
-
-    asynq delall retry
-
-Running the above command will delete all **Retry** tasks.
-
-### Kill
-
-There are two commands to kill (i.e. move to dead state) tasks.
-
-Command `kill` takes a task ID and kills the task. You can obtain the task ID by running `ls` command.
-
-Example:
-
-    asynq kill r:1575732274:bnogo8gt6toe23vhef0g
-
-Command `killall` kills all tasks which are in the specified state.
-
-Example:
-
-    asynq killall retry
-
-Running the above command will move all **Retry** tasks to **Dead** state.
-
-### Cancel
-
-Command `cancel` takes a task ID and sends a cancelation signal to the goroutine processing the specified task.  
-You can obtain the task ID by running `ls` command.
-
-The task should be in "in-progress" state.
-Handler implementation needs to be context aware in order to actually stop processing.
-
-Example:
-
-    asynq cancel bnogo8gt6toe23vhef0g
-
-### Pause
-
-Command `pause` pauses the spcified queue. Tasks in paused queues are not processed by servers.
-To resume processing from the queue, use `unpause` command.
-To see which queues are currently paused, use `stats` command.
-
-Example:
-
-    asynq pause email
-    asynq unpause email
+      --cluster                connect to redis cluster
+      --cluster_addrs string   list of comma-separated redis server addresses
+```
 
 ## Config File
 
 You can use a config file to set default values for the flags.
-This is useful, for example when you have to connect to a remote redis server.
 
 By default, `asynq` will try to read config file located in
-`$HOME/.asynq.(yaml|json)`. You can specify the file location via `--config` flag.
+`$HOME/.asynq.(yml|json)`. You can specify the file location via `--config` flag.
 
 Config file example:
 

tools/asynq/cmd/cancel.go

@@ -1,53 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2020 Kentaro Hibino. All rights reserved.
-// Use of this source code is governed by a MIT license
-// that can be found in the LICENSE file.
-
-package cmd
-
-import (
-	"fmt"
-	"os"
-
-	"github.com/go-redis/redis/v7"
-	"github.com/hibiken/asynq/internal/rdb"
-	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
-	"github.com/spf13/viper"
-)
-
-// cancelCmd represents the cancel command
-var cancelCmd = &cobra.Command{
-	Use:   "cancel [task id]",
-	Short: "Sends a cancelation signal to the goroutine processing the specified task",
-	Long: `Cancel (asynq cancel) will send a cancelation signal to the goroutine processing 
-the specified task. 
-
-The command takes one argument which specifies the task to cancel.
-The task should be in in-progress state.
-Identifier for a task should be obtained by running "asynq ls" command.
-
-Handler implementation needs to be context aware for cancelation signal to
-actually cancel the processing.
-
-Example: asynq cancel bnogo8gt6toe23vhef0g`,
-	Args: cobra.ExactArgs(1),
-	Run:  cancel,
-}
-
-func init() {
-	rootCmd.AddCommand(cancelCmd)
-}
-
-func cancel(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
-	r := rdb.NewRDB(redis.NewClient(&redis.Options{
-		Addr:     viper.GetString("uri"),
-		DB:       viper.GetInt("db"),
-		Password: viper.GetString("password"),
-	}))
-
-	err := r.PublishCancelation(args[0])
-	if err != nil {
-		fmt.Printf("could not send cancelation signal: %v\n", err)
-		os.Exit(1)
-	}
-	fmt.Printf("Successfully sent cancelation siganl for task %s\n", args[0])
-}

tools/asynq/cmd/cron.go

@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+// Copyright 2020 Kentaro Hibino. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a MIT license
+// that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+package cmd
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"os"
+	"sort"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
+)
+
+func init() {
+	rootCmd.AddCommand(cronCmd)
+	cronCmd.AddCommand(cronListCmd)
+	cronCmd.AddCommand(cronHistoryCmd)
+}
+
+var cronCmd = &cobra.Command{
+	Use:   "cron",
+	Short: "Manage cron",
+}
+
+var cronListCmd = &cobra.Command{
+	Use:   "ls",
+	Short: "List cron entries",
+	Run:   cronList,
+}
+
+var cronHistoryCmd = &cobra.Command{
+	Use:   "history",
+	Short: "Show history of each cron tasks",
+	Args:  cobra.MinimumNArgs(1),
+	Run:   cronHistory,
+}
+
+func cronList(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
+	r := createRDB()
+
+	entries, err := r.ListSchedulerEntries()
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Println(err)
+		os.Exit(1)
+	}
+	if len(entries) == 0 {
+		fmt.Println("No scheduler entries")
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Sort entries by spec.
+	sort.Slice(entries, func(i, j int) bool {
+		x, y := entries[i], entries[j]
+		return x.Spec < y.Spec
+	})
+
+	cols := []string{"EntryID", "Spec", "Type", "Payload", "Options", "Next", "Prev"}
+	printRows := func(w io.Writer, tmpl string) {
+		for _, e := range entries {
+			fmt.Fprintf(w, tmpl, e.ID, e.Spec, e.Type, e.Payload, e.Opts,
+				nextEnqueue(e.Next), prevEnqueue(e.Prev))
+		}
+	}
+	printTable(cols, printRows)
+}
+
+// Returns a string describing when the next enqueue will happen.
+func nextEnqueue(nextEnqueueAt time.Time) string {
+	d := nextEnqueueAt.Sub(time.Now()).Round(time.Second)
+	if d < 0 {
+		return "Now"
+	}
+	return fmt.Sprintf("In %v", d)
+}
+
+// Returns a string describing when the previous enqueue was.
+func prevEnqueue(prevEnqueuedAt time.Time) string {
+	if prevEnqueuedAt.IsZero() {
+		return "N/A"
+	}
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%v ago", time.Since(prevEnqueuedAt).Round(time.Second))
+}
+
+// TODO: Paginate the result set.
+func cronHistory(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
+	r := createRDB()
+	for i, entryID := range args {
+		if i > 0 {
+			fmt.Printf("\n%s\n", separator)
+		}
+		fmt.Println()
+
+		fmt.Printf("Entry: %s\n\n", entryID)
+
+		events, err := r.ListSchedulerEnqueueEvents(entryID)
+		if err != nil {
+			fmt.Printf("error: %v\n", err)
+			continue
+		}
+		if len(events) == 0 {
+			fmt.Printf("No scheduler enqueue events found for entry: %s\n", entryID)
+			continue
+		}
+
+		// Sort entries by enqueuedAt timestamp.
+		sort.Slice(events, func(i, j int) bool {
+			x, y := events[i], events[j]
+			return x.EnqueuedAt.Unix() > y.EnqueuedAt.Unix()
+		})
+
+		cols := []string{"TaskID", "EnqueuedAt"}
+		printRows := func(w io.Writer, tmpl string) {
+			for _, e := range events {
+				fmt.Fprintf(w, tmpl, e.TaskID, e.EnqueuedAt)
+			}
+		}
+		printTable(cols, printRows)
+	}
+}

tools/asynq/cmd/del.go

@@ -1,73 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2020 Kentaro Hibino. All rights reserved.
-// Use of this source code is governed by a MIT license
-// that can be found in the LICENSE file.
-
-package cmd
-
-import (
-	"fmt"
-	"os"
-
-	"github.com/go-redis/redis/v7"
-	"github.com/hibiken/asynq/internal/rdb"
-	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
-	"github.com/spf13/viper"
-)
-
-// delCmd represents the del command
-var delCmd = &cobra.Command{
-	Use:   "del [task id]",
-	Short: "Deletes a task given an identifier",
-	Long: `Del (asynq del) will delete a task given an identifier.
-
-The command takes one argument which specifies the task to delete.
-The task should be in either scheduled, retry or dead state.
-Identifier for a task should be obtained by running "asynq ls" command.
-
-Example: asynq enq d:1575732274:bnogo8gt6toe23vhef0g`,
-	Args: cobra.ExactArgs(1),
-	Run:  del,
-}
-
-func init() {
-	rootCmd.AddCommand(delCmd)
-
-	// Here you will define your flags and configuration settings.
-
-	// Cobra supports Persistent Flags which will work for this command
-	// and all subcommands, e.g.:
-	// delCmd.PersistentFlags().String("foo", "", "A help for foo")
-
-	// Cobra supports local flags which will only run when this command
-	// is called directly, e.g.:
-	// delCmd.Flags().BoolP("toggle", "t", false, "Help message for toggle")
-}
-
-func del(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
-	id, score, qtype, err := parseQueryID(args[0])
-	if err != nil {
-		fmt.Println(err)
-		os.Exit(1)
-	}
-	r := rdb.NewRDB(redis.NewClient(&redis.Options{
-		Addr:     viper.GetString("uri"),
-		DB:       viper.GetInt("db"),
-		Password: viper.GetString("password"),
-	}))
-	switch qtype {
-	case "s":
-		err = r.DeleteScheduledTask(id, score)
-	case "r":
-		err = r.DeleteRetryTask(id, score)
-	case "d":
-		err = r.DeleteDeadTask(id, score)
-	default:
-		fmt.Println("invalid argument")
-		os.Exit(1)
-	}
-	if err != nil {
-		fmt.Println(err)
-		os.Exit(1)
-	}
-	fmt.Printf("Successfully deleted %v\n", args[0])
-}

tools/asynq/cmd/delall.go

@@ -1,71 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2020 Kentaro Hibino. All rights reserved.
-// Use of this source code is governed by a MIT license
-// that can be found in the LICENSE file.
-
-package cmd
-
-import (
-	"fmt"
-	"os"
-
-	"github.com/go-redis/redis/v7"
-	"github.com/hibiken/asynq/internal/rdb"
-	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
-	"github.com/spf13/viper"
-)
-
-var delallValidArgs = []string{"scheduled", "retry", "dead"}
-
-// delallCmd represents the delall command
-var delallCmd = &cobra.Command{
-	Use:   "delall [state]",
-	Short: "Deletes all tasks in the specified state",
-	Long: `Delall (asynq delall) will delete all tasks in the specified state.
-
-The argument should be one of "scheduled", "retry", or "dead".
-
-Example: asynq delall dead -> Deletes all dead tasks`,
-	ValidArgs: delallValidArgs,
-	Args:      cobra.ExactValidArgs(1),
-	Run:       delall,
-}
-
-func init() {
-	rootCmd.AddCommand(delallCmd)
-
-	// Here you will define your flags and configuration settings.
-
-	// Cobra supports Persistent Flags which will work for this command
-	// and all subcommands, e.g.:
-	// delallCmd.PersistentFlags().String("foo", "", "A help for foo")
-
-	// Cobra supports local flags which will only run when this command
-	// is called directly, e.g.:
-	// delallCmd.Flags().BoolP("toggle", "t", false, "Help message for toggle")
-}
-
-func delall(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
-	c := redis.NewClient(&redis.Options{
-		Addr:     viper.GetString("uri"),
-		DB:       viper.GetInt("db"),
-		Password: viper.GetString("password"),
-	})
-	r := rdb.NewRDB(c)
-	var err error
-	switch args[0] {
-	case "scheduled":
-		err = r.DeleteAllScheduledTasks()
-	case "retry":
-		err = r.DeleteAllRetryTasks()
-	case "dead":
-		err = r.DeleteAllDeadTasks()
-	default:
-		fmt.Printf("error: `asynq delall [state]` only accepts %v as the argument.\n", delallValidArgs)
-		os.Exit(1)
-	}
-	if err != nil {
-		fmt.Println(err)
-		os.Exit(1)
-	}
-	fmt.Printf("Deleted all tasks in %q state\n", args[0])
-}

tools/asynq/cmd/enq.go

@@ -1,76 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2020 Kentaro Hibino. All rights reserved.
-// Use of this source code is governed by a MIT license
-// that can be found in the LICENSE file.
-
-package cmd
-
-import (
-	"fmt"
-	"os"
-
-	"github.com/go-redis/redis/v7"
-	"github.com/hibiken/asynq/internal/rdb"
-	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
-	"github.com/spf13/viper"
-)
-
-// enqCmd represents the enq command
-var enqCmd = &cobra.Command{
-	Use:   "enq [task id]",
-	Short: "Enqueues a task given an identifier",
-	Long: `Enq (asynq enq) will enqueue a task given an identifier.
-
-The command takes one argument which specifies the task to enqueue.
-The task should be in either scheduled, retry or dead state.
-Identifier for a task should be obtained by running "asynq ls" command.
-
-The task enqueued by this command will be processed as soon as the task 
-gets dequeued by a processor.
-
-Example: asynq enq d:1575732274:bnogo8gt6toe23vhef0g`,
-	Args: cobra.ExactArgs(1),
-	Run:  enq,
-}
-
-func init() {
-	rootCmd.AddCommand(enqCmd)
-
-	// Here you will define your flags and configuration settings.
-
-	// Cobra supports Persistent Flags which will work for this command
-	// and all subcommands, e.g.:
-	// enqCmd.PersistentFlags().String("foo", "", "A help for foo")
-
-	// Cobra supports local flags which will only run when this command
-	// is called directly, e.g.:
-	// enqCmd.Flags().BoolP("toggle", "t", false, "Help message for toggle")
-}
-
-func enq(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
-	id, score, qtype, err := parseQueryID(args[0])
-	if err != nil {
-		fmt.Println(err)
-		os.Exit(1)
-	}
-	r := rdb.NewRDB(redis.NewClient(&redis.Options{
-		Addr:     viper.GetString("uri"),
-		DB:       viper.GetInt("db"),
-		Password: viper.GetString("password"),
-	}))
-	switch qtype {
-	case "s":
-		err = r.EnqueueScheduledTask(id, score)
-	case "r":
-		err = r.EnqueueRetryTask(id, score)
-	case "d":
-		err = r.EnqueueDeadTask(id, score)
-	default:
-		fmt.Println("invalid argument")
-		os.Exit(1)
-	}
-	if err != nil {
-		fmt.Println(err)
-		os.Exit(1)
-	}
-	fmt.Printf("Successfully enqueued %v\n", args[0])
-}

tools/asynq/cmd/enqall.go

@@ -1,75 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2020 Kentaro Hibino. All rights reserved.
-// Use of this source code is governed by a MIT license
-// that can be found in the LICENSE file.
-
-package cmd
-
-import (
-	"fmt"
-	"os"
-
-	"github.com/go-redis/redis/v7"
-	"github.com/hibiken/asynq/internal/rdb"
-	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
-	"github.com/spf13/viper"
-)
-
-var enqallValidArgs = []string{"scheduled", "retry", "dead"}
-
-// enqallCmd represents the enqall command
-var enqallCmd = &cobra.Command{
-	Use:   "enqall [state]",
-	Short: "Enqueues all tasks in the specified state",
-	Long: `Enqall (asynq enqall) will enqueue all tasks in the specified state.
-
-The argument should be one of "scheduled", "retry", or "dead".
-
-The tasks enqueued by this command will be processed as soon as it
-gets dequeued by a processor.
-
-Example: asynq enqall dead -> Enqueues all dead tasks`,
-	ValidArgs: enqallValidArgs,
-	Args:      cobra.ExactValidArgs(1),
-	Run:       enqall,
-}
-
-func init() {
-	rootCmd.AddCommand(enqallCmd)
-
-	// Here you will define your flags and configuration settings.
-
-	// Cobra supports Persistent Flags which will work for this command
-	// and all subcommands, e.g.:
-	// enqallCmd.PersistentFlags().String("foo", "", "A help for foo")
-
-	// Cobra supports local flags which will only run when this command
-	// is called directly, e.g.:
-	// enqallCmd.Flags().BoolP("toggle", "t", false, "Help message for toggle")
-}
-
-func enqall(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
-	c := redis.NewClient(&redis.Options{
-		Addr:     viper.GetString("uri"),
-		DB:       viper.GetInt("db"),
-		Password: viper.GetString("password"),
-	})
-	r := rdb.NewRDB(c)
-	var n int64
-	var err error
-	switch args[0] {
-	case "scheduled":
-		n, err = r.EnqueueAllScheduledTasks()
-	case "retry":
-		n, err = r.EnqueueAllRetryTasks()
-	case "dead":
-		n, err = r.EnqueueAllDeadTasks()
-	default:
-		fmt.Printf("error: `asynq enqall [state]` only accepts %v as the argument.\n", enqallValidArgs)
-		os.Exit(1)
-	}
-	if err != nil {
-		fmt.Println(err)
-		os.Exit(1)
-	}
-	fmt.Printf("Enqueued %d tasks in %q state\n", n, args[0])
-}

tools/asynq/cmd/history.go

@@ -1,71 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2020 Kentaro Hibino. All rights reserved.
-// Use of this source code is governed by a MIT license
-// that can be found in the LICENSE file.
-
-package cmd
-
-import (
-	"fmt"
-	"os"
-	"strings"
-	"text/tabwriter"
-
-	"github.com/go-redis/redis/v7"
-	"github.com/hibiken/asynq/internal/rdb"
-	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
-	"github.com/spf13/viper"
-)
-
-var days int
-
-// historyCmd represents the history command
-var historyCmd = &cobra.Command{
-	Use:   "history",
-	Short: "Shows historical aggregate data",
-	Long: `History (asynq history) will show the number of processed and failed tasks
-from the last x days.
-
-By default, it will show the data from the last 10 days.
-
-Example: asynq history -x=30 -> Shows stats from the last 30 days`,
-	Args: cobra.NoArgs,
-	Run:  history,
-}
-
-func init() {
-	rootCmd.AddCommand(historyCmd)
-	historyCmd.Flags().IntVarP(&days, "days", "x", 10, "show data from last x days")
-}
-
-func history(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
-	c := redis.NewClient(&redis.Options{
-		Addr:     viper.GetString("uri"),
-		DB:       viper.GetInt("db"),
-		Password: viper.GetString("password"),
-	})
-	r := rdb.NewRDB(c)
-
-	stats, err := r.HistoricalStats(days)
-	if err != nil {
-		fmt.Println(err)
-		os.Exit(1)
-	}
-	printDailyStats(stats)
-}
-
-func printDailyStats(stats []*rdb.DailyStats) {
-	format := strings.Repeat("%v\t", 4) + "\n"
-	tw := new(tabwriter.Writer).Init(os.Stdout, 0, 8, 2, ' ', 0)
-	fmt.Fprintf(tw, format, "Date (UTC)", "Processed", "Failed", "Error Rate")
-	fmt.Fprintf(tw, format, "----------", "---------", "------", "----------")
-	for _, s := range stats {
-		var errrate string
-		if s.Processed == 0 {
-			errrate = "N/A"
-		} else {
-			errrate = fmt.Sprintf("%.2f%%", float64(s.Failed)/float64(s.Processed)*100)
-		}
-		fmt.Fprintf(tw, format, s.Time.Format("2006-01-02"), s.Processed, s.Failed, errrate)
-	}
-	tw.Flush()
-}

tools/asynq/cmd/kill.go

@@ -1,72 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2020 Kentaro Hibino. All rights reserved.
-// Use of this source code is governed by a MIT license
-// that can be found in the LICENSE file.
-
-package cmd
-
-import (
-	"fmt"
-	"os"
-
-	"github.com/go-redis/redis/v7"
-	"github.com/hibiken/asynq/internal/rdb"
-	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
-	"github.com/spf13/viper"
-)
-
-// killCmd represents the kill command
-var killCmd = &cobra.Command{
-	Use:   "kill [task id]",
-	Short: "Kills a task given an identifier",
-	Long: `Kill (asynq kill) will put a task in dead state given an identifier.
-
-The command takes one argument which specifies the task to kill.
-The task should be in either scheduled or retry state.
-Identifier for a task should be obtained by running "asynq ls" command.
-
-Example: asynq kill r:1575732274:bnogo8gt6toe23vhef0g`,
-	Args: cobra.ExactArgs(1),
-	Run:  kill,
-}
-
-func init() {
-	rootCmd.AddCommand(killCmd)
-
-	// Here you will define your flags and configuration settings.
-
-	// Cobra supports Persistent Flags which will work for this command
-	// and all subcommands, e.g.:
-	// killCmd.PersistentFlags().String("foo", "", "A help for foo")
-
-	// Cobra supports local flags which will only run when this command
-	// is called directly, e.g.:
-	// killCmd.Flags().BoolP("toggle", "t", false, "Help message for toggle")
-}
-
-func kill(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
-	id, score, qtype, err := parseQueryID(args[0])
-	if err != nil {
-		fmt.Println(err)
-		os.Exit(1)
-	}
-	r := rdb.NewRDB(redis.NewClient(&redis.Options{
-		Addr:     viper.GetString("uri"),
-		DB:       viper.GetInt("db"),
-		Password: viper.GetString("password"),
-	}))
-	switch qtype {
-	case "s":
-		err = r.KillScheduledTask(id, score)
-	case "r":
-		err = r.KillRetryTask(id, score)
-	default:
-		fmt.Println("invalid argument")
-		os.Exit(1)
-	}
-	if err != nil {
-		fmt.Println(err)
-		os.Exit(1)
-	}
-	fmt.Printf("Successfully killed %v\n", args[0])
-
-}

tools/asynq/cmd/killall.go

@@ -1,70 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2020 Kentaro Hibino. All rights reserved.
-// Use of this source code is governed by a MIT license
-// that can be found in the LICENSE file.
-
-package cmd
-
-import (
-	"fmt"
-	"os"
-
-	"github.com/go-redis/redis/v7"
-	"github.com/hibiken/asynq/internal/rdb"
-	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
-	"github.com/spf13/viper"
-)
-
-var killallValidArgs = []string{"scheduled", "retry"}
-
-// killallCmd represents the killall command
-var killallCmd = &cobra.Command{
-	Use:   "killall [state]",
-	Short: "Kills all tasks in the specified state",
-	Long: `Killall (asynq killall) will update all tasks from the specified state to dead state.
-
-The argument should be either "scheduled" or "retry".
-
-Example: asynq killall retry -> Update all retry tasks to dead tasks`,
-	ValidArgs: killallValidArgs,
-	Args:      cobra.ExactValidArgs(1),
-	Run:       killall,
-}
-
-func init() {
-	rootCmd.AddCommand(killallCmd)
-
-	// Here you will define your flags and configuration settings.
-
-	// Cobra supports Persistent Flags which will work for this command
-	// and all subcommands, e.g.:
-	// killallCmd.PersistentFlags().String("foo", "", "A help for foo")
-
-	// Cobra supports local flags which will only run when this command
-	// is called directly, e.g.:
-	// killallCmd.Flags().BoolP("toggle", "t", false, "Help message for toggle")
-}
-
-func killall(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
-	c := redis.NewClient(&redis.Options{
-		Addr:     viper.GetString("uri"),
-		DB:       viper.GetInt("db"),
-		Password: viper.GetString("password"),
-	})
-	r := rdb.NewRDB(c)
-	var n int64
-	var err error
-	switch args[0] {
-	case "scheduled":
-		n, err = r.KillAllScheduledTasks()
-	case "retry":
-		n, err = r.KillAllRetryTasks()
-	default:
-		fmt.Printf("error: `asynq killall [state]` only accepts %v as the argument.\n", killallValidArgs)
-		os.Exit(1)
-	}
-	if err != nil {
-		fmt.Println(err)
-		os.Exit(1)
-	}
-	fmt.Printf("Successfully updated %d tasks to \"dead\" state\n", n)
-}

tools/asynq/cmd/ls.go

@@ -1,229 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2020 Kentaro Hibino. All rights reserved.
-// Use of this source code is governed by a MIT license
-// that can be found in the LICENSE file.
-
-package cmd
-
-import (
-	"fmt"
-	"io"
-	"os"
-	"strconv"
-	"strings"
-	"time"
-
-	"github.com/go-redis/redis/v7"
-	"github.com/hibiken/asynq/internal/rdb"
-	"github.com/rs/xid"
-	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
-	"github.com/spf13/viper"
-)
-
-var lsValidArgs = []string{"enqueued", "inprogress", "scheduled", "retry", "dead"}
-
-// lsCmd represents the ls command
-var lsCmd = &cobra.Command{
-	Use:   "ls [state]",
-	Short: "Lists tasks in the specified state",
-	Long: `Ls (asynq ls) will list all tasks in the specified state in a table format.
-
-The command takes one argument which specifies the state of tasks.
-The argument value should be one of "enqueued", "inprogress", "scheduled",
-"retry", or "dead".
-
-Example:
-asynq ls dead -> Lists all tasks in dead state
-
-Enqueued tasks requires a queue name after ":"
-Example:
-asynq ls enqueued:default  -> List tasks from default queue
-asynq ls enqueued:critical -> List tasks from critical queue 
-`,
-	Args: cobra.ExactValidArgs(1),
-	Run:  ls,
-}
-
-// Flags
-var pageSize int
-var pageNum int
-
-func init() {
-	rootCmd.AddCommand(lsCmd)
-	lsCmd.Flags().IntVar(&pageSize, "size", 30, "page size")
-	lsCmd.Flags().IntVar(&pageNum, "page", 0, "page number - zero indexed (default 0)")
-}
-
-func ls(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
-	if pageSize < 0 {
-		fmt.Println("page size cannot be negative.")
-		os.Exit(1)
-	}
-	if pageNum < 0 {
-		fmt.Println("page number cannot be negative.")
-		os.Exit(1)
-	}
-	c := redis.NewClient(&redis.Options{
-		Addr:     viper.GetString("uri"),
-		DB:       viper.GetInt("db"),
-		Password: viper.GetString("password"),
-	})
-	r := rdb.NewRDB(c)
-	parts := strings.Split(args[0], ":")
-	switch parts[0] {
-	case "enqueued":
-		if len(parts) != 2 {
-			fmt.Printf("error: Missing queue name\n`asynq ls enqueued:[queue name]`\n")
-			os.Exit(1)
-		}
-		listEnqueued(r, parts[1])
-	case "inprogress":
-		listInProgress(r)
-	case "scheduled":
-		listScheduled(r)
-	case "retry":
-		listRetry(r)
-	case "dead":
-		listDead(r)
-	default:
-		fmt.Printf("error: `asynq ls [state]`\nonly accepts %v as the argument.\n", lsValidArgs)
-		os.Exit(1)
-	}
-}
-
-// queryID returns an identifier used for "enq" command.
-// score is the zset score and queryType should be one
-// of "s", "r" or "d" (scheduled, retry, dead respectively).
-func queryID(id xid.ID, score int64, qtype string) string {
-	const format = "%v:%v:%v"
-	return fmt.Sprintf(format, qtype, score, id)
-}
-
-// parseQueryID is a reverse operation of queryID function.
-// It takes a queryID and return each part of id with proper
-// type if valid, otherwise it reports an error.
-func parseQueryID(queryID string) (id xid.ID, score int64, qtype string, err error) {
-	parts := strings.Split(queryID, ":")
-	if len(parts) != 3 {
-		return xid.NilID(), 0, "", fmt.Errorf("invalid id")
-	}
-	id, err = xid.FromString(parts[2])
-	if err != nil {
-		return xid.NilID(), 0, "", fmt.Errorf("invalid id")
-	}
-	score, err = strconv.ParseInt(parts[1], 10, 64)
-	if err != nil {
-		return xid.NilID(), 0, "", fmt.Errorf("invalid id")
-	}
-	qtype = parts[0]
-	if len(qtype) != 1 || !strings.Contains("srd", qtype) {
-		return xid.NilID(), 0, "", fmt.Errorf("invalid id")
-	}
-	return id, score, qtype, nil
-}
-
-func listEnqueued(r *rdb.RDB, qname string) {
-	tasks, err := r.ListEnqueued(qname, rdb.Pagination{Size: pageSize, Page: pageNum})
-	if err != nil {
-		fmt.Println(err)
-		os.Exit(1)
-	}
-	if len(tasks) == 0 {
-		fmt.Printf("No enqueued tasks in %q queue\n", qname)
-		return
-	}
-	cols := []string{"ID", "Type", "Payload", "Queue"}
-	printRows := func(w io.Writer, tmpl string) {
-		for _, t := range tasks {
-			fmt.Fprintf(w, tmpl, t.ID, t.Type, t.Payload, t.Queue)
-		}
-	}
-	printTable(cols, printRows)
-	fmt.Printf("\nShowing %d tasks from page %d\n", len(tasks), pageNum)
-}
-
-func listInProgress(r *rdb.RDB) {
-	tasks, err := r.ListInProgress(rdb.Pagination{Size: pageSize, Page: pageNum})
-	if err != nil {
-		fmt.Println(err)
-		os.Exit(1)
-	}
-	if len(tasks) == 0 {
-		fmt.Println("No in-progress tasks")
-		return
-	}
-	cols := []string{"ID", "Type", "Payload"}
-	printRows := func(w io.Writer, tmpl string) {
-		for _, t := range tasks {
-			fmt.Fprintf(w, tmpl, t.ID, t.Type, t.Payload)
-		}
-	}
-	printTable(cols, printRows)
-	fmt.Printf("\nShowing %d tasks from page %d\n", len(tasks), pageNum)
-}
-
-func listScheduled(r *rdb.RDB) {
-	tasks, err := r.ListScheduled(rdb.Pagination{Size: pageSize, Page: pageNum})
-	if err != nil {
-		fmt.Println(err)
-		os.Exit(1)
-	}
-	if len(tasks) == 0 {
-		fmt.Println("No scheduled tasks")
-		return
-	}
-	cols := []string{"ID", "Type", "Payload", "Process In", "Queue"}
-	printRows := func(w io.Writer, tmpl string) {
-		for _, t := range tasks {
-			processIn := fmt.Sprintf("%.0f seconds", t.ProcessAt.Sub(time.Now()).Seconds())
-			fmt.Fprintf(w, tmpl, queryID(t.ID, t.Score, "s"), t.Type, t.Payload, processIn, t.Queue)
-		}
-	}
-	printTable(cols, printRows)
-	fmt.Printf("\nShowing %d tasks from page %d\n", len(tasks), pageNum)
-}
-
-func listRetry(r *rdb.RDB) {
-	tasks, err := r.ListRetry(rdb.Pagination{Size: pageSize, Page: pageNum})
-	if err != nil {
-		fmt.Println(err)
-		os.Exit(1)
-	}
-	if len(tasks) == 0 {
-		fmt.Println("No retry tasks")
-		return
-	}
-	cols := []string{"ID", "Type", "Payload", "Next Retry", "Last Error", "Retried", "Max Retry", "Queue"}
-	printRows := func(w io.Writer, tmpl string) {
-		for _, t := range tasks {
-			var nextRetry string
-			if d := t.ProcessAt.Sub(time.Now()); d > 0 {
-				nextRetry = fmt.Sprintf("in %v", d.Round(time.Second))
-			} else {
-				nextRetry = "right now"
-			}
-			fmt.Fprintf(w, tmpl, queryID(t.ID, t.Score, "r"), t.Type, t.Payload, nextRetry, t.ErrorMsg, t.Retried, t.Retry, t.Queue)
-		}
-	}
-	printTable(cols, printRows)
-	fmt.Printf("\nShowing %d tasks from page %d\n", len(tasks), pageNum)
-}
-
-func listDead(r *rdb.RDB) {
-	tasks, err := r.ListDead(rdb.Pagination{Size: pageSize, Page: pageNum})
-	if err != nil {
-		fmt.Println(err)
-		os.Exit(1)
-	}
-	if len(tasks) == 0 {
-		fmt.Println("No dead tasks")
-		return
-	}
-	cols := []string{"ID", "Type", "Payload", "Last Failed", "Last Error", "Queue"}
-	printRows := func(w io.Writer, tmpl string) {
-		for _, t := range tasks {
-			fmt.Fprintf(w, tmpl, queryID(t.ID, t.Score, "d"), t.Type, t.Payload, t.LastFailedAt, t.ErrorMsg, t.Queue)
-		}
-	}
-	printTable(cols, printRows)
-	fmt.Printf("\nShowing %d tasks from page %d\n", len(tasks), pageNum)
-}

tools/asynq/cmd/migrate.go

@@ -0,0 +1,366 @@
+// Copyright 2020 Kentaro Hibino. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a MIT license
+// that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+package cmd
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/go-redis/redis/v7"
+	"github.com/google/uuid"
+	"github.com/hibiken/asynq/internal/base"
+	"github.com/spf13/cast"
+	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
+	"github.com/spf13/viper"
+)
+
+var migrateCmd = &cobra.Command{
+	Use:   "migrate",
+	Short: fmt.Sprintf("Migrate all tasks to be compatible with asynq v%s", base.Version),
+	Args:  cobra.NoArgs,
+	Run:   migrate,
+}
+
+func init() {
+	rootCmd.AddCommand(migrateCmd)
+}
+
+func migrate(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
+	c := redis.NewClient(&redis.Options{
+		Addr:     viper.GetString("uri"),
+		DB:       viper.GetInt("db"),
+		Password: viper.GetString("password"),
+	})
+	r := createRDB()
+
+	/*** Migrate from 0.9 to 0.10, 0.11 compatible ***/
+	lists := []string{"asynq:in_progress"}
+	allQueues, err := c.SMembers(base.AllQueues).Result()
+	if err != nil {
+		printError(fmt.Errorf("could not read all queues: %v", err))
+		os.Exit(1)
+	}
+	lists = append(lists, allQueues...)
+	for _, key := range lists {
+		if err := migrateList(c, key); err != nil {
+			printError(err)
+			os.Exit(1)
+		}
+	}
+
+	zsets := []string{"asynq:scheduled", "asynq:retry", "asynq:dead"}
+	for _, key := range zsets {
+		if err := migrateZSet(c, key); err != nil {
+			printError(err)
+			os.Exit(1)
+		}
+	}
+
+	/*** Migrate from 0.11 to 0.12 compatible ***/
+	if err := createBackup(c, base.AllQueues); err != nil {
+		printError(err)
+		os.Exit(1)
+	}
+	for _, qkey := range allQueues {
+		qname := strings.TrimPrefix(qkey, "asynq:queues:")
+		if err := c.SAdd(base.AllQueues, qname).Err(); err != nil {
+			err = fmt.Errorf("could not add queue name %q to %q set: %v\n",
+				qname, base.AllQueues, err)
+			printError(err)
+			os.Exit(1)
+		}
+	}
+	if err := deleteBackup(c, base.AllQueues); err != nil {
+		printError(err)
+		os.Exit(1)
+	}
+
+	for _, qkey := range allQueues {
+		qname := strings.TrimPrefix(qkey, "asynq:queues:")
+		if exists := c.Exists(qkey).Val(); exists == 1 {
+			if err := c.Rename(qkey, base.QueueKey(qname)).Err(); err != nil {
+				printError(fmt.Errorf("could not rename key %q: %v\n", qkey, err))
+				os.Exit(1)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	if err := partitionZSetMembersByQueue(c, "asynq:scheduled", base.ScheduledKey); err != nil {
+		printError(err)
+		os.Exit(1)
+	}
+	if err := partitionZSetMembersByQueue(c, "asynq:retry", base.RetryKey); err != nil {
+		printError(err)
+		os.Exit(1)
+	}
+	if err := partitionZSetMembersByQueue(c, "asynq:dead", base.DeadKey); err != nil {
+		printError(err)
+		os.Exit(1)
+	}
+	if err := partitionZSetMembersByQueue(c, "asynq:deadlines", base.DeadlinesKey); err != nil {
+		printError(err)
+		os.Exit(1)
+	}
+	if err := partitionListMembersByQueue(c, "asynq:in_progress", base.ActiveKey); err != nil {
+		printError(err)
+		os.Exit(1)
+	}
+
+	paused, err := c.SMembers("asynq:paused").Result()
+	if err != nil {
+		printError(fmt.Errorf("command SMEMBERS asynq:paused failed: ", err))
+		os.Exit(1)
+	}
+	for _, qkey := range paused {
+		qname := strings.TrimPrefix(qkey, "asynq:queues:")
+		if err := r.Pause(qname); err != nil {
+			printError(err)
+			os.Exit(1)
+		}
+	}
+	if err := deleteKey(c, "asynq:paused"); err != nil {
+		printError(err)
+		os.Exit(1)
+	}
+
+	if err := deleteKey(c, "asynq:servers"); err != nil {
+		printError(err)
+		os.Exit(1)
+	}
+	if err := deleteKey(c, "asynq:workers"); err != nil {
+		printError(err)
+		os.Exit(1)
+	}
+}
+
+func backupKey(key string) string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%s:backup", key)
+}
+
+func createBackup(c *redis.Client, key string) error {
+	err := c.Rename(key, backupKey(key)).Err()
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("could not rename key %q: %v", key, err)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func deleteBackup(c *redis.Client, key string) error {
+	return deleteKey(c, backupKey(key))
+}
+
+func deleteKey(c *redis.Client, key string) error {
+	exists := c.Exists(key).Val()
+	if exists == 0 {
+		// key does not exist
+		return nil
+	}
+	err := c.Del(key).Err()
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("could not delete key %q: %v", key, err)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func printError(err error) {
+	fmt.Println(err)
+	fmt.Println()
+	fmt.Println("Migrate command error")
+	fmt.Println("Please file an issue on Github at https://github.com/hibiken/asynq/issues/new/choose")
+}
+
+func partitionZSetMembersByQueue(c *redis.Client, key string, newKeyFunc func(string) string) error {
+	zs, err := c.ZRangeWithScores(key, 0, -1).Result()
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("command ZRANGE %s 0 -1 WITHSCORES failed: %v", key, err)
+	}
+	for _, z := range zs {
+		s := cast.ToString(z.Member)
+		msg, err := base.DecodeMessage(s)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("could not decode message from %q: %v", key, err)
+		}
+		if err := c.ZAdd(newKeyFunc(msg.Queue), &z).Err(); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("could not add %v to %q: %v", z, newKeyFunc(msg.Queue))
+		}
+	}
+	if err := deleteKey(c, key); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func partitionListMembersByQueue(c *redis.Client, key string, newKeyFunc func(string) string) error {
+	data, err := c.LRange(key, 0, -1).Result()
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("command LRANGE %s 0 -1 failed: %v", key, err)
+	}
+	for _, s := range data {
+		msg, err := base.DecodeMessage(s)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("could not decode message from %q: %v", key, err)
+		}
+		if err := c.LPush(newKeyFunc(msg.Queue), s).Err(); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("could not add %v to %q: %v", s, newKeyFunc(msg.Queue))
+		}
+	}
+	if err := deleteKey(c, key); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+type oldTaskMessage struct {
+	// Unchanged
+	Type      string
+	Payload   map[string]interface{}
+	ID        uuid.UUID
+	Queue     string
+	Retry     int
+	Retried   int
+	ErrorMsg  string
+	UniqueKey string
+
+	// Following fields have changed.
+
+	// Deadline specifies the deadline for the task.
+	// Task won't be processed if it exceeded its deadline.
+	// The string shoulbe be in RFC3339 format.
+	//
+	// time.Time's zero value means no deadline.
+	Timeout string
+
+	// Deadline specifies the deadline for the task.
+	// Task won't be processed if it exceeded its deadline.
+	// The string shoulbe be in RFC3339 format.
+	//
+	// time.Time's zero value means no deadline.
+	Deadline string
+}
+
+var defaultTimeout = 30 * time.Minute
+
+func convertMessage(old *oldTaskMessage) (*base.TaskMessage, error) {
+	timeout, err := time.ParseDuration(old.Timeout)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("could not parse Timeout field of %+v", old)
+	}
+	deadline, err := time.Parse(time.RFC3339, old.Deadline)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("could not parse Deadline field of %+v", old)
+	}
+	if timeout == 0 && deadline.IsZero() {
+		timeout = defaultTimeout
+	}
+	if deadline.IsZero() {
+		// Zero value used to be time.Time{},
+		// in the new schema zero value is represented by
+		// zero in Unix time.
+		deadline = time.Unix(0, 0)
+	}
+	return &base.TaskMessage{
+		Type:      old.Type,
+		Payload:   old.Payload,
+		ID:        uuid.New(),
+		Queue:     old.Queue,
+		Retry:     old.Retry,
+		Retried:   old.Retried,
+		ErrorMsg:  old.ErrorMsg,
+		UniqueKey: old.UniqueKey,
+		Timeout:   int64(timeout.Seconds()),
+		Deadline:  deadline.Unix(),
+	}, nil
+}
+
+func deserialize(s string) (*base.TaskMessage, error) {
+	// Try deserializing as old message.
+	d := json.NewDecoder(strings.NewReader(s))
+	d.UseNumber()
+	var old *oldTaskMessage
+	if err := d.Decode(&old); err != nil {
+		// Try deserializing as new message.
+		d = json.NewDecoder(strings.NewReader(s))
+		d.UseNumber()
+		var msg *base.TaskMessage
+		if err := d.Decode(&msg); err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("could not deserialize %s into task message: %v", s, err)
+		}
+		return msg, nil
+	}
+	return convertMessage(old)
+}
+
+func migrateZSet(c *redis.Client, key string) error {
+	if c.Exists(key).Val() == 0 {
+		// skip if key doesn't exist.
+		return nil
+	}
+	res, err := c.ZRangeWithScores(key, 0, -1).Result()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	var msgs []*redis.Z
+	for _, z := range res {
+		s, err := cast.ToStringE(z.Member)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("could not cast to string: %v", err)
+		}
+		msg, err := deserialize(s)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		encoded, err := base.EncodeMessage(msg)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("could not encode message from %q: %v", key, err)
+		}
+		msgs = append(msgs, &redis.Z{Score: z.Score, Member: encoded})
+	}
+	if err := c.Rename(key, key+":backup").Err(); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("could not rename key %q: %v", key, err)
+	}
+	if err := c.ZAdd(key, msgs...).Err(); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("could not write new messages to %q: %v", key, err)
+	}
+	if err := c.Del(key + ":backup").Err(); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("could not delete back up key %q: %v", key+":backup", err)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func migrateList(c *redis.Client, key string) error {
+	if c.Exists(key).Val() == 0 {
+		// skip if key doesn't exist.
+		return nil
+	}
+	res, err := c.LRange(key, 0, -1).Result()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	var msgs []interface{}
+	for _, s := range res {
+		msg, err := deserialize(s)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		encoded, err := base.EncodeMessage(msg)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("could not encode message from %q: %v", key, err)
+		}
+		msgs = append(msgs, encoded)
+	}
+	if err := c.Rename(key, key+":backup").Err(); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("could not rename key %q: %v", key, err)
+	}
+	if err := c.LPush(key, msgs...).Err(); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("could not write new messages to %q: %v", key, err)
+	}
+	if err := c.Del(key + ":backup").Err(); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("could not delete back up key %q: %v", key+":backup", err)
+	}
+	return nil
+}

tools/asynq/cmd/pause.go

@@ -1,47 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2020 Kentaro Hibino. All rights reserved.
-// Use of this source code is governed by a MIT license
-// that can be found in the LICENSE file.
-
-package cmd
-
-import (
-	"fmt"
-	"os"
-
-	"github.com/go-redis/redis/v7"
-	"github.com/hibiken/asynq/internal/rdb"
-	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
-	"github.com/spf13/viper"
-)
-
-// pauseCmd represents the pause command
-var pauseCmd = &cobra.Command{
-	Use:   "pause [queue name]",
-	Short: "Pauses the specified queue",
-	Long: `Pause (asynq pause) will pause the specified queue.
-Asynq servers will not process tasks from paused queues.
-Use the "unpause" command to resume a paused queue.
-
-Example: asynq pause default -> Pause the "default" queue`,
-	Args: cobra.ExactValidArgs(1),
-	Run:  pause,
-}
-
-func init() {
-	rootCmd.AddCommand(pauseCmd)
-}
-
-func pause(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
-	c := redis.NewClient(&redis.Options{
-		Addr:     viper.GetString("uri"),
-		DB:       viper.GetInt("db"),
-		Password: viper.GetString("password"),
-	})
-	r := rdb.NewRDB(c)
-	err := r.Pause(args[0])
-	if err != nil {
-		fmt.Printf("error: %v\n", err)
-		os.Exit(1)
-	}
-	fmt.Printf("Successfully paused queue %q\n", args[0])
-}

tools/asynq/cmd/queue.go

@@ -0,0 +1,256 @@
+// Copyright 2020 Kentaro Hibino. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a MIT license
+// that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+package cmd
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"os"
+
+	"github.com/fatih/color"
+	"github.com/hibiken/asynq"
+	"github.com/hibiken/asynq/internal/rdb"
+	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
+)
+
+const separator = "================================================="
+
+func init() {
+	rootCmd.AddCommand(queueCmd)
+	queueCmd.AddCommand(queueListCmd)
+	queueCmd.AddCommand(queueInspectCmd)
+	queueCmd.AddCommand(queueHistoryCmd)
+	queueHistoryCmd.Flags().IntP("days", "x", 10, "show data from last x days")
+
+	queueCmd.AddCommand(queuePauseCmd)
+	queueCmd.AddCommand(queueUnpauseCmd)
+	queueCmd.AddCommand(queueRemoveCmd)
+	queueRemoveCmd.Flags().BoolP("force", "f", false, "remove the queue regardless of its size")
+}
+
+var queueCmd = &cobra.Command{
+	Use:   "queue",
+	Short: "Manage queues",
+}
+
+var queueListCmd = &cobra.Command{
+	Use:   "ls",
+	Short: "List queues",
+	// TODO: Use RunE instead?
+	Run: queueList,
+}
+
+var queueInspectCmd = &cobra.Command{
+	Use:   "inspect QUEUE [QUEUE...]",
+	Short: "Display detailed information on one or more queues",
+	Args:  cobra.MinimumNArgs(1),
+	// TODO: Use RunE instead?
+	Run: queueInspect,
+}
+
+var queueHistoryCmd = &cobra.Command{
+	Use:   "history QUEUE [QUEUE...]",
+	Short: "Display historical aggregate data from one or more queues",
+	Args:  cobra.MinimumNArgs(1),
+	Run:   queueHistory,
+}
+
+var queuePauseCmd = &cobra.Command{
+	Use:   "pause QUEUE [QUEUE...]",
+	Short: "Pause one or more queues",
+	Args:  cobra.MinimumNArgs(1),
+	Run:   queuePause,
+}
+
+var queueUnpauseCmd = &cobra.Command{
+	Use:   "unpause QUEUE [QUEUE...]",
+	Short: "Unpause one or more queues",
+	Args:  cobra.MinimumNArgs(1),
+	Run:   queueUnpause,
+}
+
+var queueRemoveCmd = &cobra.Command{
+	Use:   "rm QUEUE [QUEUE...]",
+	Short: "Remove one or more queues",
+	Args:  cobra.MinimumNArgs(1),
+	Run:   queueRemove,
+}
+
+func queueList(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
+	type queueInfo struct {
+		name    string
+		keyslot int64
+		nodes   []asynq.ClusterNode
+	}
+	inspector := createInspector()
+	queues, err := inspector.Queues()
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Printf("error: Could not fetch list of queues: %v\n", err)
+		os.Exit(1)
+	}
+	var qs []queueInfo
+	for _, qname := range queues {
+		q := queueInfo{name: qname}
+		if useRedisCluster {
+			keyslot, err := inspector.ClusterKeySlot(qname)
+			if err != nil {
+				fmt.Errorf("error: Could not get cluster keyslot for %q\n", qname)
+				continue
+			}
+			q.keyslot = keyslot
+			nodes, err := inspector.ClusterNodes(qname)
+			if err != nil {
+				fmt.Errorf("error: Could not get cluster nodes for %q\n", qname)
+				continue
+			}
+			q.nodes = nodes
+		}
+		qs = append(qs, q)
+	}
+	if useRedisCluster {
+		printTable(
+			[]string{"Queue", "Cluster KeySlot", "Cluster Nodes"},
+			func(w io.Writer, tmpl string) {
+				for _, q := range qs {
+					fmt.Fprintf(w, tmpl, q.name, q.keyslot, q.nodes)
+				}
+			},
+		)
+	} else {
+		for _, q := range qs {
+			fmt.Println(q.name)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func queueInspect(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
+	inspector := createInspector()
+	for i, qname := range args {
+		if i > 0 {
+			fmt.Printf("\n%s\n", separator)
+		}
+		fmt.Println()
+		stats, err := inspector.CurrentStats(qname)
+		if err != nil {
+			fmt.Printf("error: %v\n", err)
+			continue
+		}
+		printQueueStats(stats)
+	}
+}
+
+func printQueueStats(s *asynq.QueueStats) {
+	bold := color.New(color.Bold)
+	bold.Println("Queue Info")
+	fmt.Printf("Name:   %s\n", s.Queue)
+	fmt.Printf("Size:   %d\n", s.Size)
+	fmt.Printf("Paused: %t\n\n", s.Paused)
+	bold.Println("Task Count by State")
+	printTable(
+		[]string{"active", "pending", "scheduled", "retry", "dead"},
+		func(w io.Writer, tmpl string) {
+			fmt.Fprintf(w, tmpl, s.Active, s.Pending, s.Scheduled, s.Retry, s.Dead)
+		},
+	)
+	fmt.Println()
+	bold.Printf("Daily Stats %s UTC\n", s.Timestamp.UTC().Format("2006-01-02"))
+	printTable(
+		[]string{"processed", "failed", "error rate"},
+		func(w io.Writer, tmpl string) {
+			var errRate string
+			if s.Processed == 0 {
+				errRate = "N/A"
+			} else {
+				errRate = fmt.Sprintf("%.2f%%", float64(s.Failed)/float64(s.Processed)*100)
+			}
+			fmt.Fprintf(w, tmpl, s.Processed, s.Failed, errRate)
+		},
+	)
+}
+
+func queueHistory(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
+	days, err := cmd.Flags().GetInt("days")
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Printf("error: Internal error: %v\n", err)
+		os.Exit(1)
+	}
+	inspector := createInspector()
+	for i, qname := range args {
+		if i > 0 {
+			fmt.Printf("\n%s\n", separator)
+		}
+		fmt.Printf("\nQueue: %s\n\n", qname)
+		stats, err := inspector.History(qname, days)
+		if err != nil {
+			fmt.Printf("error: %v\n", err)
+			continue
+		}
+		printDailyStats(stats)
+	}
+}
+
+func printDailyStats(stats []*asynq.DailyStats) {
+	printTable(
+		[]string{"date (UTC)", "processed", "failed", "error rate"},
+		func(w io.Writer, tmpl string) {
+			for _, s := range stats {
+				var errRate string
+				if s.Processed == 0 {
+					errRate = "N/A"
+				} else {
+					errRate = fmt.Sprintf("%.2f%%", float64(s.Failed)/float64(s.Processed)*100)
+				}
+				fmt.Fprintf(w, tmpl, s.Date.Format("2006-01-02"), s.Processed, s.Failed, errRate)
+			}
+		},
+	)
+}
+
+func queuePause(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
+	inspector := createInspector()
+	for _, qname := range args {
+		err := inspector.PauseQueue(qname)
+		if err != nil {
+			fmt.Println(err)
+			continue
+		}
+		fmt.Printf("Successfully paused queue %q\n", qname)
+	}
+}
+
+func queueUnpause(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
+	inspector := createInspector()
+	for _, qname := range args {
+		err := inspector.UnpauseQueue(qname)
+		if err != nil {
+			fmt.Println(err)
+			continue
+		}
+		fmt.Printf("Successfully unpaused queue %q\n", qname)
+	}
+}
+
+func queueRemove(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
+	// TODO: Use inspector once RemoveQueue become public API.
+	force, err := cmd.Flags().GetBool("force")
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Printf("error: Internal error: %v\n", err)
+		os.Exit(1)
+	}
+
+	r := createRDB()
+	for _, qname := range args {
+		err = r.RemoveQueue(qname, force)
+		if err != nil {
+			if _, ok := err.(*rdb.ErrQueueNotEmpty); ok {
+				fmt.Printf("error: %v\nIf you are sure you want to delete it, run 'asynq queue rm --force %s'\n", err, qname)
+				continue
+			}
+			fmt.Printf("error: %v\n", err)
+			continue
+		}
+		fmt.Printf("Successfully removed queue %q\n", qname)
+	}
+}

tools/asynq/cmd/rmq.go

@@ -1,54 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2020 Kentaro Hibino. All rights reserved.
-// Use of this source code is governed by a MIT license
-// that can be found in the LICENSE file.
-
-package cmd
-
-import (
-	"fmt"
-	"os"
-
-	"github.com/go-redis/redis/v7"
-	"github.com/hibiken/asynq/internal/rdb"
-	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
-	"github.com/spf13/viper"
-)
-
-// rmqCmd represents the rmq command
-var rmqCmd = &cobra.Command{
-	Use:   "rmq [queue name]",
-	Short: "Removes the specified queue",
-	Long: `Rmq (asynq rmq) will remove the specified queue.
-By default, it will remove the queue only if it's empty.
-Use --force option to override this behavior.
-
-Example: asynq rmq low -> Removes "low" queue`,
-	Args: cobra.ExactValidArgs(1),
-	Run:  rmq,
-}
-
-var rmqForce bool
-
-func init() {
-	rootCmd.AddCommand(rmqCmd)
-	rmqCmd.Flags().BoolVarP(&rmqForce, "force", "f", false, "remove the queue regardless of its size")
-}
-
-func rmq(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
-	c := redis.NewClient(&redis.Options{
-		Addr:     viper.GetString("uri"),
-		DB:       viper.GetInt("db"),
-		Password: viper.GetString("password"),
-	})
-	r := rdb.NewRDB(c)
-	err := r.RemoveQueue(args[0], rmqForce)
-	if err != nil {
-		if _, ok := err.(*rdb.ErrQueueNotEmpty); ok {
-			fmt.Printf("error: %v\nIf you are sure you want to delete it, run 'asynq rmq --force %s'\n", err, args[0])
-			os.Exit(1)
-		}
-		fmt.Printf("error: %v", err)
-		os.Exit(1)
-	}
-	fmt.Printf("Successfully removed queue %q\n", args[0])
-}

tools/asynq/cmd/root.go

@@ -5,12 +5,17 @@
 package cmd
 
 import (
+	"crypto/tls"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"os"
 	"strings"
 	"text/tabwriter"
 
+	"github.com/go-redis/redis/v7"
+	"github.com/hibiken/asynq"
+	"github.com/hibiken/asynq/internal/base"
+	"github.com/hibiken/asynq/internal/rdb"
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 
 	homedir "github.com/mitchellh/go-homedir"
@@ -19,16 +24,33 @@ import (
 
 var cfgFile string
 
-// Flags
-var uri string
-var db int
-var password string
+// Global flag variables
+var (
+	uri      string
+	db       int
+	password string
+
+	useRedisCluster bool
+	clusterAddrs    string
+	tlsServerName   string
+)
 
 // rootCmd represents the base command when called without any subcommands
 var rootCmd = &cobra.Command{
-	Use:   "asynq",
-	Short: "A monitoring tool for asynq queues",
-	Long:  `Asynq is a montoring CLI to inspect tasks and queues managed by asynq.`,
+	Use:     "asynq",
+	Short:   "A monitoring tool for asynq queues",
+	Long:    `Asynq is a montoring CLI to inspect tasks and queues managed by asynq.`,
+	Version: base.Version,
+}
+
+var versionOutput = fmt.Sprintf("asynq version %s\n", base.Version)
+
+var versionCmd = &cobra.Command{
+	Use:    "version",
+	Hidden: true,
+	Run: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
+		fmt.Print(versionOutput)
+	},
 }
 
 // Execute adds all child commands to the root command and sets flags appropriately.
@@ -43,13 +65,26 @@ func Execute() {
 func init() {
 	cobra.OnInitialize(initConfig)
 
+	rootCmd.AddCommand(versionCmd)
+	rootCmd.SetVersionTemplate(versionOutput)
+
 	rootCmd.PersistentFlags().StringVar(&cfgFile, "config", "", "config file to set flag defaut values (default is $HOME/.asynq.yaml)")
 	rootCmd.PersistentFlags().StringVarP(&uri, "uri", "u", "127.0.0.1:6379", "redis server URI")
 	rootCmd.PersistentFlags().IntVarP(&db, "db", "n", 0, "redis database number (default is 0)")
 	rootCmd.PersistentFlags().StringVarP(&password, "password", "p", "", "password to use when connecting to redis server")
+	rootCmd.PersistentFlags().BoolVar(&useRedisCluster, "cluster", false, "connect to redis cluster")
+	rootCmd.PersistentFlags().StringVar(&clusterAddrs, "cluster_addrs",
+		"127.0.0.1:7000,127.0.0.1:7001,127.0.0.1:7002,127.0.0.1:7003,127.0.0.1:7004,127.0.0.1:7005",
+		"list of comma-separated redis server addresses")
+	rootCmd.PersistentFlags().StringVar(&tlsServerName, "tls_server",
+		"", "server name for TLS validation")
+	// Bind flags with config.
 	viper.BindPFlag("uri", rootCmd.PersistentFlags().Lookup("uri"))
 	viper.BindPFlag("db", rootCmd.PersistentFlags().Lookup("db"))
 	viper.BindPFlag("password", rootCmd.PersistentFlags().Lookup("password"))
+	viper.BindPFlag("cluster", rootCmd.PersistentFlags().Lookup("cluster"))
+	viper.BindPFlag("cluster_addrs", rootCmd.PersistentFlags().Lookup("cluster_addrs"))
+	viper.BindPFlag("tls_server", rootCmd.PersistentFlags().Lookup("tls_server"))
 }
 
 // initConfig reads in config file and ENV variables if set.
@@ -78,6 +113,56 @@ func initConfig() {
 	}
 }
 
+// createRDB creates a RDB instance using flag values and returns it.
+func createRDB() *rdb.RDB {
+	var c redis.UniversalClient
+	if useRedisCluster {
+		addrs := strings.Split(viper.GetString("cluster_addrs"), ",")
+		c = redis.NewClusterClient(&redis.ClusterOptions{
+			Addrs:     addrs,
+			Password:  viper.GetString("password"),
+			TLSConfig: getTLSConfig(),
+		})
+	} else {
+		c = redis.NewClient(&redis.Options{
+			Addr:      viper.GetString("uri"),
+			DB:        viper.GetInt("db"),
+			Password:  viper.GetString("password"),
+			TLSConfig: getTLSConfig(),
+		})
+	}
+	return rdb.NewRDB(c)
+}
+
+// createRDB creates a Inspector instance using flag values and returns it.
+func createInspector() *asynq.Inspector {
+	var connOpt asynq.RedisConnOpt
+	if useRedisCluster {
+		addrs := strings.Split(viper.GetString("cluster_addrs"), ",")
+		connOpt = asynq.RedisClusterClientOpt{
+			Addrs:     addrs,
+			Password:  viper.GetString("password"),
+			TLSConfig: getTLSConfig(),
+		}
+	} else {
+		connOpt = asynq.RedisClientOpt{
+			Addr:      viper.GetString("uri"),
+			DB:        viper.GetInt("db"),
+			Password:  viper.GetString("password"),
+			TLSConfig: getTLSConfig(),
+		}
+	}
+	return asynq.NewInspector(connOpt)
+}
+
+func getTLSConfig() *tls.Config {
+	tlsServer := viper.GetString("tls_server")
+	if tlsServer == "" {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return &tls.Config{ServerName: tlsServer}
+}
+
 // printTable is a helper function to print data in table format.
 //
 // cols is a list of headers and printRow specifies how to print rows.

tools/asynq/cmd/server.go

@@ -12,18 +12,24 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 	"time"
 
-	"github.com/go-redis/redis/v7"
-	"github.com/hibiken/asynq/internal/rdb"
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
-	"github.com/spf13/viper"
 )
 
-// serversCmd represents the servers command
-var serversCmd = &cobra.Command{
-	Use:   "servers",
-	Short: "Shows all running worker servers",
-	Long: `Servers (asynq servers) will show all running worker servers
-pulling tasks from the specified redis instance.
+func init() {
+	rootCmd.AddCommand(serverCmd)
+	serverCmd.AddCommand(serverListCmd)
+}
+
+var serverCmd = &cobra.Command{
+	Use:   "server",
+	Short: "Manage servers",
+}
+
+var serverListCmd = &cobra.Command{
+	Use:   "ls",
+	Short: "List servers",
+	Long: `Server list (asynq server ls) shows all running worker servers
+pulling tasks from the given redis instance.
 
 The command shows the following for each server:
 * Host and PID of the process in which the server is running
@@ -34,20 +40,11 @@ The command shows the following for each server:
 
 A "running" server is pulling tasks from queues and processing them.
 A "quiet" server is no longer pulling new tasks from queues`,
-	Args: cobra.NoArgs,
-	Run:  servers,
+	Run: serverList,
 }
 
-func init() {
-	rootCmd.AddCommand(serversCmd)
-}
-
-func servers(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
-	r := rdb.NewRDB(redis.NewClient(&redis.Options{
-		Addr:     viper.GetString("uri"),
-		DB:       viper.GetInt("db"),
-		Password: viper.GetString("password"),
-	}))
+func serverList(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
+	r := createRDB()
 
 	servers, err := r.ListServers()
 	if err != nil {
@@ -81,12 +78,6 @@ func servers(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
 	printTable(cols, printRows)
 }
 
-// timeAgo takes a time and returns a string of the format "<duration> ago".
-func timeAgo(since time.Time) string {
-	d := time.Since(since).Round(time.Second)
-	return fmt.Sprintf("%v ago", d)
-}
-
 func formatQueues(qmap map[string]int) string {
 	// sort queues by priority and name
 	type queue struct {
@@ -116,3 +107,9 @@ func formatQueues(qmap map[string]int) string {
 	}
 	return b.String()
 }
+
+// timeAgo takes a time and returns a string of the format "<duration> ago".
+func timeAgo(since time.Time) string {
+	d := time.Since(since).Round(time.Second)
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%v ago", d)
+}

tools/asynq/cmd/stats.go

@@ -6,15 +6,16 @@ package cmd
 
 import (
 	"fmt"
+	"io"
 	"os"
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 	"text/tabwriter"
+	"time"
 
-	"github.com/go-redis/redis/v7"
+	"github.com/fatih/color"
 	"github.com/hibiken/asynq/internal/rdb"
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
-	"github.com/spf13/viper"
 )
 
 // statsCmd represents the stats command
@@ -51,57 +52,93 @@ func init() {
 	// statsCmd.Flags().BoolP("toggle", "t", false, "Help message for toggle")
 }
 
+type AggregateStats struct {
+	Active    int
+	Pending   int
+	Scheduled int
+	Retry     int
+	Dead      int
+	Processed int
+	Failed    int
+	Timestamp time.Time
+}
+
 func stats(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
-	c := redis.NewClient(&redis.Options{
-		Addr:     viper.GetString("uri"),
-		DB:       viper.GetInt("db"),
-		Password: viper.GetString("password"),
-	})
-	r := rdb.NewRDB(c)
+	r := createRDB()
 
-	stats, err := r.CurrentStats()
+	queues, err := r.AllQueues()
 	if err != nil {
 		fmt.Println(err)
 		os.Exit(1)
 	}
-	info, err := r.RedisInfo()
+
+	var aggStats AggregateStats
+	var stats []*rdb.Stats
+	for _, qname := range queues {
+		s, err := r.CurrentStats(qname)
+		if err != nil {
+			fmt.Println(err)
+			os.Exit(1)
+		}
+		aggStats.Active += s.Active
+		aggStats.Pending += s.Pending
+		aggStats.Scheduled += s.Scheduled
+		aggStats.Retry += s.Retry
+		aggStats.Dead += s.Dead
+		aggStats.Processed += s.Processed
+		aggStats.Failed += s.Failed
+		aggStats.Timestamp = s.Timestamp
+		stats = append(stats, s)
+	}
+	var info map[string]string
+	if useRedisCluster {
+		info, err = r.RedisClusterInfo()
+	} else {
+		info, err = r.RedisInfo()
+	}
 	if err != nil {
 		fmt.Println(err)
 		os.Exit(1)
 	}
-	fmt.Println("STATES")
-	printStates(stats)
+	bold := color.New(color.Bold)
+	bold.Println("Task Count by State")
+	printStatsByState(&aggStats)
 	fmt.Println()
 
-	fmt.Println("QUEUES")
-	printQueues(stats.Queues)
+	bold.Println("Task Count by Queue")
+	printStatsByQueue(stats)
 	fmt.Println()
 
-	fmt.Printf("STATS FOR %s UTC\n", stats.Timestamp.UTC().Format("2006-01-02"))
-	printStats(stats)
+	bold.Printf("Daily Stats %s UTC\n", aggStats.Timestamp.UTC().Format("2006-01-02"))
+	printSuccessFailureStats(&aggStats)
 	fmt.Println()
 
-	fmt.Println("REDIS INFO")
-	printInfo(info)
+	if useRedisCluster {
+		bold.Println("Redis Cluster Info")
+		printClusterInfo(info)
+	} else {
+		bold.Println("Redis Info")
+		printInfo(info)
+	}
 	fmt.Println()
 }
 
-func printStates(s *rdb.Stats) {
+func printStatsByState(s *AggregateStats) {
 	format := strings.Repeat("%v\t", 5) + "\n"
 	tw := new(tabwriter.Writer).Init(os.Stdout, 0, 8, 2, ' ', 0)
-	fmt.Fprintf(tw, format, "InProgress", "Enqueued", "Scheduled", "Retry", "Dead")
+	fmt.Fprintf(tw, format, "active", "pending", "scheduled", "retry", "dead")
 	fmt.Fprintf(tw, format, "----------", "--------", "---------", "-----", "----")
-	fmt.Fprintf(tw, format, s.InProgress, s.Enqueued, s.Scheduled, s.Retry, s.Dead)
+	fmt.Fprintf(tw, format, s.Active, s.Pending, s.Scheduled, s.Retry, s.Dead)
 	tw.Flush()
 }
 
-func printQueues(queues []*rdb.Queue) {
+func printStatsByQueue(stats []*rdb.Stats) {
 	var headers, seps, counts []string
-	for _, q := range queues {
-		title := queueTitle(q)
+	for _, s := range stats {
+		title := queueTitle(s)
 		headers = append(headers, title)
 		seps = append(seps, strings.Repeat("-", len(title)))
-		counts = append(counts, strconv.Itoa(q.Size))
+		counts = append(counts, strconv.Itoa(s.Size))
 	}
 	format := strings.Repeat("%v\t", len(headers)) + "\n"
 	tw := new(tabwriter.Writer).Init(os.Stdout, 0, 8, 2, ' ', 0)
@@ -111,19 +148,19 @@ func printQueues(queues []*rdb.Queue) {
 	tw.Flush()
 }
 
-func queueTitle(q *rdb.Queue) string {
+func queueTitle(s *rdb.Stats) string {
 	var b strings.Builder
-	b.WriteString(strings.Title(q.Name))
-	if q.Paused {
-		b.WriteString(" (Paused)")
+	b.WriteString(s.Queue)
+	if s.Paused {
+		b.WriteString(" (paused)")
 	}
 	return b.String()
 }
 
-func printStats(s *rdb.Stats) {
+func printSuccessFailureStats(s *AggregateStats) {
 	format := strings.Repeat("%v\t", 3) + "\n"
 	tw := new(tabwriter.Writer).Init(os.Stdout, 0, 8, 2, ' ', 0)
-	fmt.Fprintf(tw, format, "Processed", "Failed", "Error Rate")
+	fmt.Fprintf(tw, format, "processed", "failed", "error rate")
 	fmt.Fprintf(tw, format, "---------", "------", "----------")
 	var errrate string
 	if s.Processed == 0 {
@@ -138,7 +175,7 @@ func printStats(s *rdb.Stats) {
 func printInfo(info map[string]string) {
 	format := strings.Repeat("%v\t", 5) + "\n"
 	tw := new(tabwriter.Writer).Init(os.Stdout, 0, 8, 2, ' ', 0)
-	fmt.Fprintf(tw, format, "Version", "Uptime", "Connections", "Memory Usage", "Peak Memory Usage")
+	fmt.Fprintf(tw, format, "version", "uptime", "connections", "memory usage", "peak memory usage")
 	fmt.Fprintf(tw, format, "-------", "------", "-----------", "------------", "-----------------")
 	fmt.Fprintf(tw, format,
 		info["redis_version"],
@@ -150,6 +187,19 @@ func printInfo(info map[string]string) {
 	tw.Flush()
 }
 
+func printClusterInfo(info map[string]string) {
+	printTable(
+		[]string{"State", "Known Nodes", "Cluster Size"},
+		func(w io.Writer, tmpl string) {
+			fmt.Fprintf(w, tmpl,
+				strings.ToUpper(info["cluster_state"]),
+				info["cluster_known_nodes"],
+				info["cluster_size"],
+			)
+		},
+	)
+}
+
 func toInterfaceSlice(strs []string) []interface{} {
 	var res []interface{}
 	for _, s := range strs {

tools/asynq/cmd/task.go

@@ -0,0 +1,463 @@
+// Copyright 2020 Kentaro Hibino. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a MIT license
+// that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+package cmd
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"os"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/hibiken/asynq"
+	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
+)
+
+func init() {
+	rootCmd.AddCommand(taskCmd)
+	taskCmd.AddCommand(taskListCmd)
+	taskListCmd.Flags().StringP("queue", "q", "", "queue to inspect")
+	taskListCmd.Flags().StringP("state", "s", "", "state of the tasks to inspect")
+	taskListCmd.Flags().Int("page", 1, "page number")
+	taskListCmd.Flags().Int("size", 30, "page size")
+	taskListCmd.MarkFlagRequired("queue")
+	taskListCmd.MarkFlagRequired("state")
+
+	taskCmd.AddCommand(taskCancelCmd)
+
+	taskCmd.AddCommand(taskKillCmd)
+	taskKillCmd.Flags().StringP("queue", "q", "", "queue to which the task belongs")
+	taskKillCmd.Flags().StringP("key", "k", "", "key of the task")
+	taskKillCmd.MarkFlagRequired("queue")
+	taskKillCmd.MarkFlagRequired("key")
+
+	taskCmd.AddCommand(taskDeleteCmd)
+	taskDeleteCmd.Flags().StringP("queue", "q", "", "queue to which the task belongs")
+	taskDeleteCmd.Flags().StringP("key", "k", "", "key of the task")
+	taskDeleteCmd.MarkFlagRequired("queue")
+	taskDeleteCmd.MarkFlagRequired("key")
+
+	taskCmd.AddCommand(taskRunCmd)
+	taskRunCmd.Flags().StringP("queue", "q", "", "queue to which the task belongs")
+	taskRunCmd.Flags().StringP("key", "k", "", "key of the task")
+	taskRunCmd.MarkFlagRequired("queue")
+	taskRunCmd.MarkFlagRequired("key")
+
+	taskCmd.AddCommand(taskKillAllCmd)
+	taskKillAllCmd.Flags().StringP("queue", "q", "", "queue to which the tasks belong")
+	taskKillAllCmd.Flags().StringP("state", "s", "", "state of the tasks")
+	taskKillAllCmd.MarkFlagRequired("queue")
+	taskKillAllCmd.MarkFlagRequired("state")
+
+	taskCmd.AddCommand(taskDeleteAllCmd)
+	taskDeleteAllCmd.Flags().StringP("queue", "q", "", "queue to which the tasks belong")
+	taskDeleteAllCmd.Flags().StringP("state", "s", "", "state of the tasks")
+	taskDeleteAllCmd.MarkFlagRequired("queue")
+	taskDeleteAllCmd.MarkFlagRequired("state")
+
+	taskCmd.AddCommand(taskRunAllCmd)
+	taskRunAllCmd.Flags().StringP("queue", "q", "", "queue to which the tasks belong")
+	taskRunAllCmd.Flags().StringP("state", "s", "", "state of the tasks")
+	taskRunAllCmd.MarkFlagRequired("queue")
+	taskRunAllCmd.MarkFlagRequired("state")
+}
+
+var taskCmd = &cobra.Command{
+	Use:   "task",
+	Short: "Manage tasks",
+}
+
+var taskListCmd = &cobra.Command{
+	Use:   "ls --queue=QUEUE --state=STATE",
+	Short: "List tasks",
+	Long: `List tasks of the given state from the specified queue.
+
+The value for the state flag should be one of:
+- active
+- pending
+- scheduled
+- retry
+- dead
+
+List opeartion paginates the result set.
+By default, the command fetches the first 30 tasks.
+Use --page and --size flags to specify the page number and size.
+
+Example: 
+To list pending tasks from "default" queue, run
+  asynq task ls --queue=default --state=pending
+
+To list the tasks from the second page, run
+  asynq task ls --queue=default --state=pending --page=1`,
+	Run: taskList,
+}
+
+var taskCancelCmd = &cobra.Command{
+	Use:   "cancel TASK_ID [TASK_ID...]",
+	Short: "Cancel one or more active tasks",
+	Args:  cobra.MinimumNArgs(1),
+	Run:   taskCancel,
+}
+
+var taskKillCmd = &cobra.Command{
+	Use:   "kill --queue=QUEUE --key=KEY",
+	Short: "Kill a task with the given key",
+	Args:  cobra.NoArgs,
+	Run:   taskKill,
+}
+
+var taskDeleteCmd = &cobra.Command{
+	Use:   "delete --queue=QUEUE --key=KEY",
+	Short: "Delete a task with the given key",
+	Args:  cobra.NoArgs,
+	Run:   taskDelete,
+}
+
+var taskRunCmd = &cobra.Command{
+	Use:   "run --queue=QUEUE --key=KEY",
+	Short: "Run a task with the given key",
+	Args:  cobra.NoArgs,
+	Run:   taskRun,
+}
+
+var taskKillAllCmd = &cobra.Command{
+	Use:   "kill-all --queue=QUEUE --state=STATE",
+	Short: "Kill all tasks in the given state",
+	Args:  cobra.NoArgs,
+	Run:   taskKillAll,
+}
+
+var taskDeleteAllCmd = &cobra.Command{
+	Use:   "delete-all --queue=QUEUE --key=KEY",
+	Short: "Delete all tasks in the given state",
+	Args:  cobra.NoArgs,
+	Run:   taskDeleteAll,
+}
+
+var taskRunAllCmd = &cobra.Command{
+	Use:   "run-all --queue=QUEUE --key=KEY",
+	Short: "Run all tasks in the given state",
+	Args:  cobra.NoArgs,
+	Run:   taskRunAll,
+}
+
+func taskList(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
+	qname, err := cmd.Flags().GetString("queue")
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Println(err)
+		os.Exit(1)
+	}
+	state, err := cmd.Flags().GetString("state")
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Println(err)
+		os.Exit(1)
+	}
+	pageNum, err := cmd.Flags().GetInt("page")
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Println(err)
+		os.Exit(1)
+	}
+	pageSize, err := cmd.Flags().GetInt("size")
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Println(err)
+		os.Exit(1)
+	}
+
+	switch state {
+	case "active":
+		listActiveTasks(qname, pageNum, pageSize)
+	case "pending":
+		listPendingTasks(qname, pageNum, pageSize)
+	case "scheduled":
+		listScheduledTasks(qname, pageNum, pageSize)
+	case "retry":
+		listRetryTasks(qname, pageNum, pageSize)
+	case "dead":
+		listDeadTasks(qname, pageNum, pageSize)
+	default:
+		fmt.Printf("error: state=%q is not supported\n", state)
+		os.Exit(1)
+	}
+}
+
+func listActiveTasks(qname string, pageNum, pageSize int) {
+	i := createInspector()
+	tasks, err := i.ListActiveTasks(qname, asynq.PageSize(pageSize), asynq.Page(pageNum))
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Println(err)
+		os.Exit(1)
+	}
+	if len(tasks) == 0 {
+		fmt.Printf("No active tasks in %q queue\n", qname)
+		return
+	}
+	printTable(
+		[]string{"ID", "Type", "Payload"},
+		func(w io.Writer, tmpl string) {
+			for _, t := range tasks {
+				fmt.Fprintf(w, tmpl, t.ID, t.Type, t.Payload)
+			}
+		},
+	)
+}
+
+func listPendingTasks(qname string, pageNum, pageSize int) {
+	i := createInspector()
+	tasks, err := i.ListPendingTasks(qname, asynq.PageSize(pageSize), asynq.Page(pageNum))
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Println(err)
+		os.Exit(1)
+	}
+	if len(tasks) == 0 {
+		fmt.Printf("No pending tasks in %q queue\n", qname)
+		return
+	}
+	printTable(
+		[]string{"ID", "Type", "Payload"},
+		func(w io.Writer, tmpl string) {
+			for _, t := range tasks {
+				fmt.Fprintf(w, tmpl, t.ID, t.Type, t.Payload)
+			}
+		},
+	)
+}
+
+func listScheduledTasks(qname string, pageNum, pageSize int) {
+	i := createInspector()
+	tasks, err := i.ListScheduledTasks(qname, asynq.PageSize(pageSize), asynq.Page(pageNum))
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Println(err)
+		os.Exit(1)
+	}
+	if len(tasks) == 0 {
+		fmt.Printf("No scheduled tasks in %q queue\n", qname)
+		return
+	}
+	printTable(
+		[]string{"Key", "Type", "Payload", "Process In"},
+		func(w io.Writer, tmpl string) {
+			for _, t := range tasks {
+				processIn := fmt.Sprintf("%.0f seconds",
+					t.NextProcessAt.Sub(time.Now()).Seconds())
+				fmt.Fprintf(w, tmpl, t.Key(), t.Type, t.Payload, processIn)
+			}
+		},
+	)
+}
+
+func listRetryTasks(qname string, pageNum, pageSize int) {
+	i := createInspector()
+	tasks, err := i.ListRetryTasks(qname, asynq.PageSize(pageSize), asynq.Page(pageNum))
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Println(err)
+		os.Exit(1)
+	}
+	if len(tasks) == 0 {
+		fmt.Printf("No retry tasks in %q queue\n", qname)
+		return
+	}
+	printTable(
+		[]string{"Key", "Type", "Payload", "Next Retry", "Last Error", "Retried", "Max Retry"},
+		func(w io.Writer, tmpl string) {
+			for _, t := range tasks {
+				var nextRetry string
+				if d := t.NextProcessAt.Sub(time.Now()); d > 0 {
+					nextRetry = fmt.Sprintf("in %v", d.Round(time.Second))
+				} else {
+					nextRetry = "right now"
+				}
+				fmt.Fprintf(w, tmpl, t.Key(), t.Type, t.Payload, nextRetry, t.ErrorMsg, t.Retried, t.MaxRetry)
+			}
+		},
+	)
+}
+
+func listDeadTasks(qname string, pageNum, pageSize int) {
+	i := createInspector()
+	tasks, err := i.ListDeadTasks(qname, asynq.PageSize(pageSize), asynq.Page(pageNum))
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Println(err)
+		os.Exit(1)
+	}
+	if len(tasks) == 0 {
+		fmt.Printf("No dead tasks in %q queue\n", qname)
+		return
+	}
+	printTable(
+		[]string{"Key", "Type", "Payload", "Last Failed", "Last Error"},
+		func(w io.Writer, tmpl string) {
+			for _, t := range tasks {
+				fmt.Fprintf(w, tmpl, t.Key(), t.Type, t.Payload, t.LastFailedAt, t.ErrorMsg)
+			}
+		})
+}
+
+func taskCancel(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
+	r := createRDB()
+	for _, id := range args {
+		err := r.PublishCancelation(id)
+		if err != nil {
+			fmt.Printf("error: could not send cancelation signal: %v\n", err)
+			continue
+		}
+		fmt.Printf("Sent cancelation signal for task %s\n", id)
+	}
+}
+
+func taskKill(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
+	qname, err := cmd.Flags().GetString("queue")
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Printf("error: %v\n", err)
+		os.Exit(1)
+	}
+	key, err := cmd.Flags().GetString("key")
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Printf("error: %v\n", err)
+		os.Exit(1)
+	}
+
+	i := createInspector()
+	err = i.KillTaskByKey(qname, key)
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Printf("error: %v\n", err)
+		os.Exit(1)
+	}
+	fmt.Println("task transitioned to dead state")
+}
+
+func taskDelete(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
+	qname, err := cmd.Flags().GetString("queue")
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Printf("error: %v\n", err)
+		os.Exit(1)
+	}
+	key, err := cmd.Flags().GetString("key")
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Printf("error: %v\n", err)
+		os.Exit(1)
+	}
+
+	i := createInspector()
+	err = i.DeleteTaskByKey(qname, key)
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Printf("error: %v\n", err)
+		os.Exit(1)
+	}
+	fmt.Println("task deleted")
+}
+
+func taskRun(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
+	qname, err := cmd.Flags().GetString("queue")
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Printf("error: %v\n", err)
+		os.Exit(1)
+	}
+	key, err := cmd.Flags().GetString("key")
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Printf("error: %v\n", err)
+		os.Exit(1)
+	}
+
+	i := createInspector()
+	err = i.RunTaskByKey(qname, key)
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Printf("error: %v\n", err)
+		os.Exit(1)
+	}
+	fmt.Println("task transitioned to pending state")
+}
+
+func taskKillAll(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
+	qname, err := cmd.Flags().GetString("queue")
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Printf("error: %v\n", err)
+		os.Exit(1)
+	}
+	state, err := cmd.Flags().GetString("state")
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Printf("error: %v\n", err)
+		os.Exit(1)
+	}
+
+	i := createInspector()
+	var n int
+	switch state {
+	case "scheduled":
+		n, err = i.KillAllScheduledTasks(qname)
+	case "retry":
+		n, err = i.KillAllRetryTasks(qname)
+	default:
+		fmt.Printf("error: unsupported state %q\n", state)
+		os.Exit(1)
+	}
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Printf("error: %v\n", err)
+		os.Exit(1)
+	}
+	fmt.Printf("%d tasks transitioned to dead state\n", n)
+}
+
+func taskDeleteAll(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
+	qname, err := cmd.Flags().GetString("queue")
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Printf("error: %v\n", err)
+		os.Exit(1)
+	}
+	state, err := cmd.Flags().GetString("state")
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Printf("error: %v\n", err)
+		os.Exit(1)
+	}
+
+	i := createInspector()
+	var n int
+	switch state {
+	case "scheduled":
+		n, err = i.DeleteAllScheduledTasks(qname)
+	case "retry":
+		n, err = i.DeleteAllRetryTasks(qname)
+	case "dead":
+		n, err = i.DeleteAllDeadTasks(qname)
+	default:
+		fmt.Printf("error: unsupported state %q\n", state)
+		os.Exit(1)
+	}
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Printf("error: %v\n", err)
+		os.Exit(1)
+	}
+	fmt.Printf("%d tasks deleted\n", n)
+}
+
+func taskRunAll(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
+	qname, err := cmd.Flags().GetString("queue")
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Printf("error: %v\n", err)
+		os.Exit(1)
+	}
+	state, err := cmd.Flags().GetString("state")
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Printf("error: %v\n", err)
+		os.Exit(1)
+	}
+
+	i := createInspector()
+	var n int
+	switch state {
+	case "scheduled":
+		n, err = i.RunAllScheduledTasks(qname)
+	case "retry":
+		n, err = i.RunAllRetryTasks(qname)
+	case "dead":
+		n, err = i.RunAllDeadTasks(qname)
+	default:
+		fmt.Printf("error: unsupported state %q\n", state)
+		os.Exit(1)
+	}
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Printf("error: %v\n", err)
+		os.Exit(1)
+	}
+	fmt.Printf("%d tasks transitioned to pending state\n", n)
+}

tools/asynq/cmd/unpause.go

@@ -1,46 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2020 Kentaro Hibino. All rights reserved.
-// Use of this source code is governed by a MIT license
-// that can be found in the LICENSE file.
-
-package cmd
-
-import (
-	"fmt"
-	"os"
-
-	"github.com/go-redis/redis/v7"
-	"github.com/hibiken/asynq/internal/rdb"
-	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
-	"github.com/spf13/viper"
-)
-
-// unpauseCmd represents the unpause command
-var unpauseCmd = &cobra.Command{
-	Use:   "unpause [queue name]",
-	Short: "Unpauses the specified queue",
-	Long: `Unpause (asynq unpause) will unpause the specified queue.
-Asynq servers will process tasks from unpaused/resumed queues.
-
-Example: asynq unpause default -> Resume the "default" queue`,
-	Args: cobra.ExactValidArgs(1),
-	Run:  unpause,
-}
-
-func init() {
-	rootCmd.AddCommand(unpauseCmd)
-}
-
-func unpause(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
-	c := redis.NewClient(&redis.Options{
-		Addr:     viper.GetString("uri"),
-		DB:       viper.GetInt("db"),
-		Password: viper.GetString("password"),
-	})
-	r := rdb.NewRDB(c)
-	err := r.Unpause(args[0])
-	if err != nil {
-		fmt.Printf("error: %v\n", err)
-		os.Exit(1)
-	}
-	fmt.Printf("Successfully resumed queue %q\n", args[0])
-}

tools/asynq/cmd/workers.go

@@ -1,75 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2020 Kentaro Hibino. All rights reserved.
-// Use of this source code is governed by a MIT license
-// that can be found in the LICENSE file.
-
-package cmd
-
-import (
-	"fmt"
-	"io"
-	"os"
-	"sort"
-
-	"github.com/go-redis/redis/v7"
-	"github.com/hibiken/asynq/internal/rdb"
-	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
-	"github.com/spf13/viper"
-)
-
-// workersCmd represents the workers command
-var workersCmd = &cobra.Command{
-	Use:   "workers",
-	Short: "Shows all running workers information",
-	Long: `Workers (asynq workers) will show all running workers information.
-
-The command shows the following for each worker:
-* Process in which the worker is running
-* ID of the task worker is processing
-* Type of the task worker is processing
-* Payload of the task worker is processing
-* Queue that the task was pulled from.
-* Time the worker started processing the task`,
-	Args: cobra.NoArgs,
-	Run:  workers,
-}
-
-func init() {
-	rootCmd.AddCommand(workersCmd)
-}
-
-func workers(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
-	r := rdb.NewRDB(redis.NewClient(&redis.Options{
-		Addr:     viper.GetString("uri"),
-		DB:       viper.GetInt("db"),
-		Password: viper.GetString("password"),
-	}))
-
-	workers, err := r.ListWorkers()
-	if err != nil {
-		fmt.Println(err)
-		os.Exit(1)
-	}
-
-	if len(workers) == 0 {
-		fmt.Println("No workers")
-		return
-	}
-
-	// sort by started timestamp or ID.
-	sort.Slice(workers, func(i, j int) bool {
-		x, y := workers[i], workers[j]
-		if x.Started != y.Started {
-			return x.Started.Before(y.Started)
-		}
-		return x.ID < y.ID
-	})
-
-	cols := []string{"Process", "ID", "Type", "Payload", "Queue", "Started"}
-	printRows := func(w io.Writer, tmpl string) {
-		for _, wk := range workers {
-			fmt.Fprintf(w, tmpl,
-				fmt.Sprintf("%s:%d", wk.Host, wk.PID), wk.ID, wk.Type, wk.Payload, wk.Queue, timeAgo(wk.Started))
-		}
-	}
-	printTable(cols, printRows)
-}

tools/go.mod

@@ -3,12 +3,17 @@ module github.com/hibiken/asynq/tools
 go 1.13
 
 require (
-	github.com/go-redis/redis/v7 v7.2.0
+	github.com/coreos/go-etcd v2.0.0+incompatible // indirect
+	github.com/cpuguy83/go-md2man v1.0.10 // indirect
+	github.com/fatih/color v1.9.0
+	github.com/go-redis/redis/v7 v7.4.0
+	github.com/google/uuid v1.1.1
 	github.com/hibiken/asynq v0.4.0
 	github.com/mitchellh/go-homedir v1.1.0
-	github.com/rs/xid v1.2.1
-	github.com/spf13/cobra v0.0.5
+	github.com/spf13/cast v1.3.1
+	github.com/spf13/cobra v1.0.0
 	github.com/spf13/viper v1.6.2
+	github.com/ugorji/go/codec v0.0.0-20181204163529-d75b2dcb6bc8 // indirect
 )
 
 replace github.com/hibiken/asynq => ./..

tools/go.sum

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 cloud.google.com/go v0.26.0/go.mod h1:aQUYkXzVsufM+DwF1aE+0xfcU+56JwCaLick0ClmMTw=
+github.com/BurntSushi/toml v0.3.1 h1:WXkYYl6Yr3qBf1K79EBnL4mak0OimBfB0XUf9Vl28OQ=
 github.com/BurntSushi/toml v0.3.1/go.mod h1:xHWCNGjB5oqiDr8zfno3MHue2Ht5sIBksp03qcyfWMU=
 github.com/OneOfOne/xxhash v1.2.2/go.mod h1:HSdplMjZKSmBqAxg5vPj2TmRDmfkzw+cTzAElWljhcU=
 github.com/alecthomas/template v0.0.0-20160405071501-a0175ee3bccc/go.mod h1:LOuyumcjzFXgccqObfd/Ljyb9UuFJ6TxHnclSeseNhc=
@@ -15,21 +16,23 @@ github.com/coreos/go-semver v0.2.0/go.mod h1:nnelYz7RCh+5ahJtPPxZlU+153eP4D4r3Ee
 github.com/coreos/go-systemd v0.0.0-20190321100706-95778dfbb74e/go.mod h1:F5haX7vjVVG0kc13fIWeqUViNPyEJxv/OmvnBo0Yme4=
 github.com/coreos/pkg v0.0.0-20180928190104-399ea9e2e55f/go.mod h1:E3G3o1h8I7cfcXa63jLwjI0eiQQMgzzUDFVpN/nH/eA=
 github.com/cpuguy83/go-md2man v1.0.10/go.mod h1:SmD6nW6nTyfqj6ABTjUi3V3JVMnlJmwcJI5acqYI6dE=
+github.com/cpuguy83/go-md2man/v2 v2.0.0/go.mod h1:maD7wRr/U5Z6m/iR4s+kqSMx2CaBsrgA7czyZG/E6dU=
+github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1 h1:vj9j/u1bqnvCEfJOwUhtlOARqs3+rkHYY13jYWTU97c=
 github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1/go.mod h1:J7Y8YcW2NihsgmVo/mv3lAwl/skON4iLHjSsI+c5H38=
 github.com/dgrijalva/jwt-go v3.2.0+incompatible/go.mod h1:E3ru+11k8xSBh+hMPgOLZmtrrCbhqsmaPHjLKYnJCaQ=
 github.com/dgryski/go-sip13 v0.0.0-20181026042036-e10d5fee7954/go.mod h1:vAd38F8PWV+bWy6jNmig1y/TA+kYO4g3RSRF0IAv0no=
+github.com/fatih/color v1.9.0 h1:8xPHl4/q1VyqGIPif1F+1V3Y3lSmrq01EabUW3CoW5s=
+github.com/fatih/color v1.9.0/go.mod h1:eQcE1qtQxscV5RaZvpXrrb8Drkc3/DdQ+uUYCNjL+zU=
 github.com/fsnotify/fsnotify v1.4.7 h1:IXs+QLmnXW2CcXuY+8Mzv/fWEsPGWxqefPtCP5CnV9I=
 github.com/fsnotify/fsnotify v1.4.7/go.mod h1:jwhsz4b93w/PPRr/qN1Yymfu8t87LnFCMoQvtojpjFo=
 github.com/ghodss/yaml v1.0.0/go.mod h1:4dBDuWmgqj2HViK6kFavaiC9ZROes6MMH2rRYeMEF04=
 github.com/go-kit/kit v0.8.0/go.mod h1:xBxKIO96dXMWWy0MnWVtmwkA9/13aqxPnvrjFYMA2as=
 github.com/go-logfmt/logfmt v0.3.0/go.mod h1:Qt1PoO58o5twSAckw1HlFXLmHsOX5/0LbT9GBnD5lWE=
 github.com/go-logfmt/logfmt v0.4.0/go.mod h1:3RMwSq7FuexP4Kalkev3ejPJsZTpXXBr9+V4qmtdjCk=
-github.com/go-redis/redis v6.15.7+incompatible h1:3skhDh95XQMpnqeqNftPkQD9jL9e5e36z/1SUm6dy1U=
-github.com/go-redis/redis/v7 v7.0.0-beta.4/go.mod h1:xhhSbUMTsleRPur+Vgx9sUHtyN33bdjxY+9/0n9Ig8s=
-github.com/go-redis/redis/v7 v7.1.0 h1:I4C4a8UGbFejiVjtYVTRVOiMIJ5pm5Yru6ibvDX/OS0=
-github.com/go-redis/redis/v7 v7.1.0/go.mod h1:JDNMw23GTyLNC4GZu9njt15ctBQVn7xjRfnwdHj/Dcg=
 github.com/go-redis/redis/v7 v7.2.0 h1:CrCexy/jYWZjW0AyVoHlcJUeZN19VWlbepTh1Vq6dJs=
 github.com/go-redis/redis/v7 v7.2.0/go.mod h1:JDNMw23GTyLNC4GZu9njt15ctBQVn7xjRfnwdHj/Dcg=
+github.com/go-redis/redis/v7 v7.4.0 h1:7obg6wUoj05T0EpY0o8B59S9w5yeMWql7sw2kwNW1x4=
+github.com/go-redis/redis/v7 v7.4.0/go.mod h1:JDNMw23GTyLNC4GZu9njt15ctBQVn7xjRfnwdHj/Dcg=
 github.com/go-stack/stack v1.8.0/go.mod h1:v0f6uXyyMGvRgIKkXu+yp6POWl0qKG85gN/melR3HDY=
 github.com/gogo/protobuf v1.1.1/go.mod h1:r8qH/GZQm5c6nD/R0oafs1akxWv10x8SbQlK7atdtwQ=
 github.com/gogo/protobuf v1.2.1/go.mod h1:hp+jE20tsWTFYpLwKvXlhS1hjn+gTNwPg2I6zVXpSg4=
@@ -38,10 +41,15 @@ github.com/golang/groupcache v0.0.0-20190129154638-5b532d6fd5ef/go.mod h1:cIg4er
 github.com/golang/mock v1.1.1/go.mod h1:oTYuIxOrZwtPieC+H1uAHpcLFnEyAGVDL/k47Jfbm0A=
 github.com/golang/protobuf v1.2.0/go.mod h1:6lQm79b+lXiMfvg/cZm0SGofjICqVBUtrP5yJMmIC1U=
 github.com/golang/protobuf v1.3.1/go.mod h1:6lQm79b+lXiMfvg/cZm0SGofjICqVBUtrP5yJMmIC1U=
+github.com/golang/protobuf v1.3.2 h1:6nsPYzhq5kReh6QImI3k5qWzO4PEbvbIW2cwSfR/6xs=
 github.com/golang/protobuf v1.3.2/go.mod h1:6lQm79b+lXiMfvg/cZm0SGofjICqVBUtrP5yJMmIC1U=
 github.com/google/btree v1.0.0/go.mod h1:lNA+9X1NB3Zf8V7Ke586lFgjr2dZNuvo3lPJSGZ5JPQ=
 github.com/google/go-cmp v0.2.0/go.mod h1:oXzfMopK8JAjlY9xF4vHSVASa0yLyX7SntLO5aqRK0M=
+github.com/google/go-cmp v0.4.0 h1:xsAVV57WRhGj6kEIi8ReJzQlHHqcBYCElAvkovg3B/4=
 github.com/google/go-cmp v0.4.0/go.mod h1:v8dTdLbMG2kIc/vJvl+f65V22dbkXbowE6jgT/gNBxE=
+github.com/google/uuid v1.1.1 h1:Gkbcsh/GbpXz7lPftLA3P6TYMwjCLYm83jiFQZF/3gY=
+github.com/google/uuid v1.1.1/go.mod h1:TIyPZe4MgqvfeYDBFedMoGGpEw/LqOeaOT+nhxU+yHo=
+github.com/gopherjs/gopherjs v0.0.0-20181017120253-0766667cb4d1 h1:EGx4pi6eqNxGaHF6qqu48+N2wcFQ5qg5FXgOdqsJ5d8=
 github.com/gopherjs/gopherjs v0.0.0-20181017120253-0766667cb4d1/go.mod h1:wJfORRmW1u3UXTncJ5qlYoELFm8eSnnEO6hX4iZ3EWY=
 github.com/gorilla/websocket v1.4.0/go.mod h1:E7qHFY5m1UJ88s3WnNqhKjPHQ0heANvMoAMk2YaljkQ=
 github.com/grpc-ecosystem/go-grpc-middleware v1.0.0/go.mod h1:FiyG127CGDf3tlThmgyCl78X/SZQqEOJBCDaAfeWzPs=
@@ -49,23 +57,31 @@ github.com/grpc-ecosystem/go-grpc-prometheus v1.2.0/go.mod h1:8NvIoxWQoOIhqOTXgf
 github.com/grpc-ecosystem/grpc-gateway v1.9.0/go.mod h1:vNeuVxBJEsws4ogUvrchl83t/GYV9WGTSLVdBhOQFDY=
 github.com/hashicorp/hcl v1.0.0 h1:0Anlzjpi4vEasTeNFn2mLJgTSwt0+6sfsiTG8qcWGx4=
 github.com/hashicorp/hcl v1.0.0/go.mod h1:E5yfLk+7swimpb2L/Alb/PJmXilQ/rhwaUYs4T20WEQ=
-github.com/hibiken/asynq v0.4.0 h1:NvAfYX0DRe04WgGMKRg5oX7bs6ktv2fu9YwB6O356FI=
-github.com/hibiken/asynq v0.4.0/go.mod h1:dtrVkxCsGPVhVNHMDXAH7lFq64kbj43+G6lt4FQZfW4=
+github.com/hpcloud/tail v1.0.0 h1:nfCOvKYfkgYP8hkirhJocXT2+zOD8yUNjXaWfTlyFKI=
 github.com/hpcloud/tail v1.0.0/go.mod h1:ab1qPbhIpdTxEkNHXyeSf5vhxWSCs/tWer42PpOxQnU=
+github.com/inconshreveable/mousetrap v1.0.0 h1:Z8tu5sraLXCXIcARxBp/8cbvlwVa7Z1NHg9XEKhtSvM=
 github.com/inconshreveable/mousetrap v1.0.0/go.mod h1:PxqpIevigyE2G7u3NXJIT2ANytuPF1OarO4DADm73n8=
 github.com/jonboulle/clockwork v0.1.0/go.mod h1:Ii8DK3G1RaLaWxj9trq07+26W01tbo22gdxWY5EU2bo=
+github.com/jtolds/gls v4.20.0+incompatible h1:xdiiI2gbIgH/gLH7ADydsJ1uDOEzR8yvV7C0MuV77Wo=
 github.com/jtolds/gls v4.20.0+incompatible/go.mod h1:QJZ7F/aHp+rZTRtaJ1ow/lLfFfVYBRgL+9YlvaHOwJU=
 github.com/julienschmidt/httprouter v1.2.0/go.mod h1:SYymIcj16QtmaHHD7aYtjjsJG7VTCxuUUipMqKk8s4w=
 github.com/kisielk/errcheck v1.1.0/go.mod h1:EZBBE59ingxPouuu3KfxchcWSUPOHkagtvWXihfKN4Q=
 github.com/kisielk/gotool v1.0.0/go.mod h1:XhKaO+MFFWcvkIS/tQcRk01m1F5IRFswLeQ+oQHNcck=
 github.com/konsorten/go-windows-terminal-sequences v1.0.1/go.mod h1:T0+1ngSBFLxvqU3pZ+m/2kptfBszLMUkC4ZK/EgS/cQ=
 github.com/kr/logfmt v0.0.0-20140226030751-b84e30acd515/go.mod h1:+0opPa2QZZtGFBFZlji/RkVcI2GknAs/DXo4wKdlNEc=
+github.com/kr/pretty v0.1.0 h1:L/CwN0zerZDmRFUapSPitk6f+Q3+0za1rQkzVuMiMFI=
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@@ -148,6 +164,7 @@ golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20181114220301-adae6a3d119a/go.mod h1:mL1N/T3taQHkDXs73r
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@@ -160,18 +177,22 @@ golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20181107165924-66b7b1311ac8/go.mod h1:STP8DvDyc/dI5b8T5h
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@@ -180,11 +201,14 @@ google.golang.org/grpc v1.21.0/go.mod h1:oYelfM1adQP15Ek0mdvEgi9Df8B9CZIaU1084ij
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